Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption
Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong | |||||||||
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Assumed office 18 December 2019 | |||||||||
Appointed by | Carrie Lam | ||||||||
Personal details | |||||||||
Born | 9 December 1948 | ||||||||
Nationality | British citizenship | ||||||||
Spouse(s) | Teresa Sumption, née Whelan | ||||||||
Children | 2 daughters; 1 son | ||||||||
Parent(s) | Anthony Sumption Hilda Hedigan | ||||||||
Residence(s) | London, England | ||||||||
Education | Eton College | ||||||||
Alma mater | Magdalen College, Oxford | ||||||||
Occupation | Barrister; judge | ||||||||
Profession | Law | ||||||||
Chinese name | |||||||||
Chinese | 岑耀信 | ||||||||
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Jonathan Philip Chadwick Sumption, Lord Sumption,
Sumption was sworn in as a Justice of the Supreme Court on 11 January 2012, succeeding Lawrence Collins, Baron Collins of Mapesbury.[1] Exceptionally, he was appointed to the Supreme Court directly from the practising bar, without having been a full-time judge. He retired from the Supreme Court on 9 December 2018 upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70.
Sumption is well known for his role as a
A former academic, Sumption was appointed an
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Sumption criticised lockdowns and associated British government policies as economically harmful.[8]
Early life and education
Jonathan Sumption was born on 9 December 1948. He is the eldest of the four children of
In the 1970s, Sumption served as an adviser to the Conservative MP and Cabinet Minister
In the late 1970s Sumption was a regular contributor to The Sunday Telegraph.
Legal career
Sumption joined
On 30 November 2007, when a practising barrister, Sumption successfully represented himself before
Earnings as a barrister
The Guardian once described him as being a member of the "million-a-year club", the elite group of barristers earning over a million pounds a year.[12][21] In a letter to The Guardian in 2001, he compared his "puny £1.6 million a year" to the vastly larger amounts that comparable individuals in business, sports and entertainment are paid.[21]
For a four-week trial (and all the preparatory work) in the UK in 2005 he charged £800,000 to represent HM Government in the largest
Sumption earned £7.8 million for his defence of Roman Abramovich in the 2012 case Berezovsky v Abramovich. This is believed to be the highest fee ever earned in British legal history.[23]
Judicial career
On 4 May 2011 Sumption's appointment as a
Sumption was sworn of the Privy Council on 14 December 2011 in advance of his joining the Court, whose Justices also serve as members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.[27] He retired from the Supreme Court on 9 December 2018.[28]
Sumption is the first lawyer appointed to the Supreme Court without previously serving as a full-time judge since its inception in 2009. There were only five such appointments as
After his retirement, Sumption sat on the Supplementary Panel of the Supreme Court[30] from 13 December 2018 to 30 January 2021.[31] He voluntarily retired in 2021 because he considered it inappropriate to serve on the panel in view of his public criticisms of the government.[32]
On 13 December 2019, Sumption was appointed as a Non-Permanent Judge of the
Historian
The Hundred Years' War
Sumption's narrative history of the Hundred Years' War between England and France (of which five volumes have been published, between 1990 and 2023) has been widely praised as "earning a place alongside Steven Runciman's A History of the Crusades" according to Frederic Raphael, and as a work that "deploys an enormous variety of documentary material ... and interprets it with imaginative and intelligent sympathy" and is "elegantly written" (Rosamond McKitterick, Evening Standard); for Allan Massie it is "An enterprise on a truly Victorian scale ... What is most impressive about this work, apart from the author's mastery of his material and his deployment of it, is his political intelligence".[b] Volume I (covering the years from the funeral of Charles IV of France in 1329 to the Surrender of Calais in 1347) was first published in 1990. Volume II (covering the years from 1347 to 1369) was published in 1999. Volume III (covering the years from 1369 to 1399) appeared in 2009. Volume IV (covering the years from 1399 to 1422) appeared in 2015, the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Agincourt. Volume V (covering the years from 1422 to 1453) was published in 2023.
Sumption has been praised[by whom?] for a clipped and polished prose style, which he credits to his unwillingness to employ cliché. He admires Edward Gibbon but points out that "if anybody wrote like him today they'd be dismissed as a pompous fart".[36]
Political views
Sumption has been described as a "
He has said that an attempt to rapidly achieve
He has criticised the historical curriculum in
In 2023, the New Statesman named him as the 47th most influential right-wing figure in British politics.[43]
Brexit
He voted to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum, describing the decision to leave as, "a serious mistake that will do lasting damage to our economy"[44] and that, "Britain will be dominated by the European Union whether we belong to it or not".[45] Nevertheless, he believed there were strong arguments for Brexit on the grounds of national sovereignty and identity.[46] He said that leavers, "were not mad. They are not irrational, not naive and have not been deceived".[44] He wrote that, "All of these patronising explanations of their decision seems to me to be mere attempts to evade unpalatable truths."[47]
Judicial review and politics
Sumption has written in detail about his concerns regarding the relationship between the
COVID-19 pandemic
Sumption has been highly critical of the British government's lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic on civil libertarian grounds, seeing them as a slippery slope,[53][37] while also criticising the legal basis for their enactment and the enforceability of COVID-19 control measures.[54][55][56][57] He has also questioned whether the virus is serious enough to justify restrictive measures, while also arguing that the effects of lockdowns may be worse than the effects of the actual virus, attracting controversy and debate in British media outlets.[8][58][59][54]
On 17 January 2021, Sumption appeared on The Big Questions to discuss the question of whether the lockdown was "punishing too many for the greater good", and said (with reference to the medical concept of quality-adjusted life years) that "I don't accept that all lives are of equal value. My children's and my grandchildren's life is worth much more than mine because they've got a lot more of it ahead". When a cancer patient taking part in the debate said that he was saying that her life was "not valuable", Sumption interrupted her, saying: "I didn't say your life was not valuable, I said it was less valuable."[60] Health experts have criticised his views, stating that the concept of "quality adjusted life years" is primarily useful for debates on the allocation of scarce healthcare resources, and may not be useful for discussion of a nationwide lockdown.[61]
In July 2021, Full Fact concluded in a fact-checking article that Sumption had "made several mistakes with Covid-19 data when talking about the disease" on BBC Radio 4's Today programme. This included incorrect statements that many recorded COVID-19 deaths were people who had the virus but had died of unrelated causes, that people who had died of COVID-19 "would probably have died within a year after" (on average, British COVID-19 victims lost around a decade of life), and that only "hundreds" of people without pre-existing medical conditions in the UK had died of COVID-19 (the true figure, up to the end of March 2021, was 15,883 in England and Wales alone).[62]
Professor of Health and Law John Coggon critiqued Sumption's philosophical and legal arguments against COVID-19 restrictions in the Journal of Medical Ethics; he also contrasted Sumption's libertarian arguments against such restrictions with arguments he himself had made against the right to die when giving his judgment in R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice, when he argued that the moral principle of sanctity of life should be protected in law.[63]
Personal life
Sumption married Teresa Whelan and they have two daughters, one son, and five grandchildren. He lives in Greenwich and has a second home, a chateau in the village of Berbiguières in the south of France.[11]
Sumption speaks French and Italian fluently, and reads Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, Catalan and Latin.[12] He "rarely learned them using guides, instead I preferred to muddle on through a text with a dictionary by my side".[36]
An opera lover, he serves as a director of the English National Opera and as a governor of the Royal Academy of Music.[64]
Full style
- PC
Notable cases
As counsel
- Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1987] 1 WLR 987
- R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers Ex parte Datafin Plc[1987] QB 815
- Powdrill v Watson [1995] 2 AC 394
- Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd[1995] 1 AC 74
- Target Holdings Ltd v Redferns [1996] AC 421
- Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC [1996] AC 669
- Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Citibank NA[1997] AC 254 (fraud, misrepresentation)
- South Australia Asset Management Corp v York Montague Ltd [1997] AC 191
- Bristol & West Building Society v Mothew[1998] Ch 1
- Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR 896
- Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge (No 2) [2001] UKHL 44
- Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam [2002] UKHL 48
- HIH Casualty & General Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank[2003] UKHL 6
- Wilson v First County Trust [2003] UKHL 40
- Three Rivers District Council v Bank of England [2004] 3 WLR 1274 (about the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International)
- Barclays Bank plc.
- Stone & Rolls v Moore Stephens [2009] UKHL 39, won, representing the accountants
As judge
Two books are dedicated to Sumption's contribution to private and public law, respectively.[65] The following cases are an excerpt of his contribution to the law:
- Kelly v Fraser [2012] UKPC 25 [15], [2013] 1 AC 450[66] – on apparent authority based on an agent's misrepresentation that the principal had approved the transaction
- Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd & Ors [2013] UKSC 34, [2013] 2 AC 415[67] – on piercing the corporate veil
- Bank Mellat v Her Majesty's Treasury (No. 2) [2013] UKSC 39, [2014] 1 AC 700[68] – On the test of proportionality and the lawfulness of the UK government's sanctions of Bank Mellat
- Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v Premium Aircraft Interiors UK Ltd [2013] UKSC 46, [2014] AC 160[69] – on the rule of res judicata
- Williams v Central Bank of Nigeria [2014] UKSC 10, [2014] AC 1189[70] – on the correct construction of the Limitation Act 1980 with important remarks on the nature of constructive trust and a claim of knowing receipt
- Coventry v Lawrence [2014] UKSC 13
- R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice [2014] UKSC 38, [2015] AC 657[71] – On the compatibility of the prohibition of assisting suicide with the European Convention on Human Rights
- R (Lord Carlile of Berriew) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2014] UKSC 60, [2015] AC 945[72] – the role of the courts when applying the proportionality test in cases concerning interferences with qualified human rights
- Pham v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2015] UKSC 19, [2015] 1 WLR 1591[73] – on the development of the common law test of unreasonableness and its relationship with the proportionality test
- Bilta (UK) Ltd v Nazir (No 2) [2015] UKSC 23, [2016] AC 1[74] – on the rules of attribution in company law
- Papadimitriou v Crédit Agricole Corpn and Investment Bank [2015] UKPC 13, [2015] 1 WLR 4265[75] – On the fault requirement necessary for liability in knowing receipt
- Bunge SA v Nidera BV [2015] UKSC 43, [2015] 3 All ER 1082[76] – on the proper assessment date of contractual damages
- Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi (Rev 3) [2015] UKSC 67, [2016] AC 1172[77] – on the law of penalty and liquidated damages clause
- Angove's Pty Ltd v Bailey [2016] UKSC 47, [2016] 1 WLR 3179[78] – on proprietary restitution
- Patel v Mirza [2016] UKSC 42, [2017] AC 467[79] – dissenting judgment on illegal contracts
- Lord Lloyd-Jones)
- Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd [2018] UKSC 24, [2019] AC 119[81] – on the effect of a No Oral Modification clause in a contract
Books
- Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion. 1975. ISBN 1-58768-025-4.
- The Albigensian Crusade. 1978. ISBN 0-571-11064-9.
- Equality. 1979. ISBN 0-7195-3651-0. with Sir Keith Joseph)
- The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle. 1990. ISBN 978-0-571-20095-5
- The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire. 1999. ISBN 0-571-20737-5
- The Hundred Years War III: Divided Houses. 2009. ISBN 0-571-13897-7.
- The Hundred Years War IV: Cursed Kings. 2015. ISBN 0-571-27454-4.
- ISBN 1-788-16372-9.
- Law in a Time of Crisis. 2021. ISBN 9781788167116.
- The Hundred Years War V: Triumph and Illusion. 2023. ISBN 0-571-27457-9.
References
Notes
- ^ For example, Akai Holdings Ltd v Thanakharn Kasikorn Thai Chamkat, FACV 16/2009, reported at (2010) 13 HKCFAR 479, and Goldlion Properties Limited v Regent National Enterprises Limited, FACV 10/2008, reported at (2009) 12 HKCFAR 512
- ^ Quotations from the selection of reviews displayed on the back of The Hundred Years War III: Divided Houses
Citations
- ^ a b "Jonathan Sumption QC to be sworn in as Supreme Court Justice" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ Dodd (2003).
- ^ Law Lords Department (2000).
- ^ a b Irvine (2011).
- ^ Leigh (2010).
- ^ Croft (2012).
- ^ "No. 56797". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2002. p. 24.
- ^ a b Toynbee, Polly (7 April 2020). "Your money or your life? Coronavirus has sparked the latest culture war". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
- ^ Daily Telegraph (2008).
- ^ a b Steavenson, Wendell (6 August 2015). "Jonathan Sumption: the Brain of Britain". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d Steavenson, Wendell (6 August 2015). "Jonathan Sumption: the brain of Britain". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
- ^ Brick Court Chambers website: Jonathan Sumption QC’s Full CV Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 16 October 2011
- ^ a b "Jonathan Sumption Appointed to Supreme Court". Magdalen College, University of Oxford. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Bogdanor, Vernon (21 May 2013). "Sir Keith Joseph and the Market Economy, Lecture delivered at Gresham College". Lecture delivered at Gresham College. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
- ^ a b Irvine, Ian (14 October 2011). "Jonathan Sumption: Donnish but deadly". The Independent.
- Sumption, Jonathan (29 May 2020). "The Jonathan Sumption One". Political Thinking with Nick Robinson (Interview). Interviewed by Nick Robinson. London, United Kingdom: BBC Radio 4. Archived from the originalon 31 October 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ "Judiciary". Jersey Law. Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ East Hants Council (2007).
- ^ "R (Sumption) v Greenwich LBC [2007] EWHC 2776 (Admin), [2008] P & CR 20 (25 March 2015)" (PDF).
- ^ a b Dyer (2003).
- ^ Daily Telegraph (2005).
- ^ "Chelsea's big defender – the QC paid £8m". The Times. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ "Press Release:Senior Judicial Appointments". Number 10. 4 May 2011.
- ^ "Courtesy titles for Justices of the Supreme Court" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ "No. 59746". The London Gazette. 1 April 2011. pp. 6177–6178.
- ^ "Orders approved at Privy Council 14 December 2011" (PDF). Privy Council Office. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ "Former Justices". Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
- ^ "Burke's Peerage". burkespeerage.com.
- ^ Constitutional Reform Act 2005, section 39
- ^ "Lord Sumption – a Freedom of Information request to Supreme Court of the United Kingdom". WhatDoTheyKnow. 14 June 2021.
- ^ Email from Sumption dated 30.01.2021 provided by the Supreme Court in a FOI request, 'FOI 2021 29 Recorded information 12 7 21.pdf'[1]
- ^ a b "Appointments of non-permanent judge from another common law jurisdiction of the Court of Final Appeal and the Chief Judge of the High Court". Government of Hong Kong. 13 December 2019.
- ^ "Oaths and Declarations Ordinance (Cap. 11)". Hong Kong e-Legislation.
Section 17, Part V of Schedule 2, and Part I of Schedule 3
- ^ Shum, Michael (19 March 2021). "Calls for UK judges to quit are 'out of order'". The Standard (Hong Kong). Retrieved 25 March 2021.
As a Hong Kong judge...
- ^ a b c "Jonathan Sumption Interview | Quadrapheme". quadrapheme.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- ^ S2CID 225786565. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ Johnston, Philip (4 June 2021). "Lord Sumption: 'I have observed that lockdown scepticism goes with high levels of education'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ Cohen, Nick (27 September 2015). "Why the Women's Equality party is long overdue". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ Bentham, Martin (21 September 2015). "Rush for gender equality with top judges 'could have appalling consequences for justice'". Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ Sumption 2021, p. 203.
- ^ a b Sumption 2021, p. 25.
- ^ "The New Statesman's right power list". New Statesman. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ^ a b Sumption 2021, p. 166.
- ^ Sumption 2021, p. 182.
- ^ Sumption 2021, pp. 172–173.
- ^ Sumption 2021, p. 172.
- ^ Sumption 2021, p. 202.
- ^ Petley, Giannoulopoulos, Julian, Dimitrios (10 June 2019). ""Attacks on Grieve and Bercow stem from flawed, feudal ideas of 'sovereignty'"". Retrieved 17 September 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sumption, Jonathan (2013). The Limits of the Law: 27th Sultan Azlan Shah Lecture. Speech in Kuala Lumpur.
- ^ Sumption, Jonathan (2019). Trials of the State: Law and the Decline of Politics. Profile Books. pp. 56–57.
- ^ Sumption, Jonathan (2019). Human Rights and Wrongs. BBC Reith Lectures.
- ^ Sumption, Jonathan (17 May 2020). "Set us free from lockdown, ministers, and stop covering your backs". The Sunday Times.
- ^ a b Compton, Jonathan (19 May 2020). "Lord Sumption is wrong on lockdown liberty". Law Gazette. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ Pearson, Allison; Halligan, Liam (10 September 2020). "Planet Normal: Use of fear has brought about 'the greatest invasion of personal liberty in our history' –Lord Sumption". The Daily Telegraph. London.
- ^ "Ex–Supreme Court judge Lord Sumption says rule of six is ′unenforceable′". LBC News. London. 13 September 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ^ Hymas, Charles (27 October 2020). "Lord Sumption: Ministers stoked fear to justify lockdowns". The Daily Telegraph. London.
- ^ The World at One. BBC Radio 4. 30 March 2020.
- ^ Buchan, Lizzy (30 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Former Supreme Court justice warns of 'collective hysteria' over outbreak". The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ Skopeliti, Clea (17 January 2021). "Lord Sumption tells stage 4 cancer patient her life is 'less valuable'". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ "Experts unconvinced by Lord Sumption's lockdown ethics". The Guardian. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ^ "Lord Sumption made several errors about Covid on Today". Full Fact. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- S2CID 235808548.
- ^ "Governing Body". Royal Academy of Music. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ Day & Worthington, Challenging Private Law – Lord Sumption on the Supreme Court (Hart 2020); Ekins, Yowell & Barber, Lord Sumption and the Limits of the Law (Hart 2016)
- ^ "Kelly & Ors v Fraser (Jamaicas) [2012] UKPC 25 (12 July 2012)".
- ^ "Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd & Ors [2013] UKSC 34 (12 June 2013)".
- ^ "Bank Mellat v Her Majesty's Treasury (No. 2) [2013] UKSC 39 (19 June 2013)".
- ^ "Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v Zodiac Seats UK Ltd [2013] UKSC 46 (3 July 2013)".
- ^ "Williams v Central Bank of Nigeria [2014] UKSC 10 (19 February 2014)".
- ^ "Nicklinson & Anor R (On the application of) (Rev 1) [2014] UKSC 38 (25 June 2014)".
- ^ "Lord Carlile of Berriew QC, & Ors, R (On the application of) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2014] UKSC 60 (12 November 2014)".
- ^ "Pham v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2015] UKSC 19 (25 March 2015)".
- ^ "Jetivia SA & Anor v Bilta (UK) Ltd & Ors [2015] UKSC 23 (22 April 2015)".
- ^ "Credit Agricole Corporation and Investment Bank v Papadimitriou (Gibraltar) [2015] UKPC 13 (24 March 2015)".
- ^ "Bunge SA v Nidera BV [2015] UKSC 43 (1 July 2015)".
- ^ "Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal el Makdessi (Rev 3) [2015] UKSC 67 (4 November 2015)".
- ^ "Bailey & Anor v Angove's PTY Ltd [2016] UKSC 47 (27 July 2016)".
- ^ "Patel v Mirza [2016] UKSC 42 (20 July 2016)".
- ^ "JSC BTA Bank v Khrapunov [2018] UKSC 19 (21 March 2018)".
- ^ "Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd [2018] UKSC 24 (16 May 2018)".
Sources
- Dyer, Clare (17 September 2003). "Government calls in top QC". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- Bowcott, Owen (4 May 2011). "Supreme court judges appointed". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Dodd, Vikram (26 September 2003). "Ministers 'did nothing wrong' in revealing identity of Dr Kelly". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- "Government's brief is a pretty expensive silk". The Daily Telegraph. London. 30 April 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- "Obituaries: Anthony Sumption". The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 February 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- Irvine, Ian (15 October 2011). "Jonathan Sumption: Donnish but deadly". The Independent. London: Independent Print Ltd. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- Law Lords Department (18 May 2000). "House of Lords Judgments – Three Rivers District Council and Others (Original Appellants and Cross-Respondents) v. Governor and Company of The Bank of England (Original Respondents and Cross-Appellants)". Hrothgar.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 February 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - "Sumption & another v London Borough of Greenwich (2007) EWHC 2776 (Admin)" (PDF). East Hants Council Planning Dept. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- Leigh, David (15 March 2010). "Taxpayer paid £80,000 to barrister in Binyam Mohamed case". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- "Jonathan Sumption QC". The Lawyer. London: Centaur Media. 18 December 2000. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Rozenberg, Joshua (23 March 2011). "Supreme Court: runners, riders and delays". Standpoint. London: Social Affairs Unit. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Rozenberg, Joshua (6 April 2011). "Sumption plays hard to get". Standpoint. London: Social Affairs Unit. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Croft, Jane (31 August 2012). "Berezovsky loses against Abramovich". Financial Times. London. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
External links
- Brick Court Chambers information. Accessed 30 December 2022.
- "People of Today", debretts.com. Accessed 30 December 2022.
- Profile, supremecourt.gov.uk. Accessed 30 December 2022.