José Mariano Salas
José Mariano Salas | |
---|---|
16th President of Mexico | |
In office 5 August – 23 December 1846 | |
Preceded by | Nicolás Bravo |
Succeeded by | Valentín Gómez Farías |
Provisional President of Mexico by the Plan of Tacubaya | |
In office 21 January – 2 February 1859 | |
Preceded by | Manuel Robles Pezuela |
Succeeded by | Miguel Miramón |
Member of the Regency of the Second Mexican Empire | |
In office 11 July 1863 – 10 April 1864 | |
Monarch | Maximilian I of Mexico |
Succeeded by | Maximilian I of Mexico |
Personal details | |
Born | Order of Guadalupe | 11 May 1797
José Mariano Salas Barbosa
He was a known partisan of
His second presidency during the
Early life
Mariano Salas was born in
After the establishment of the
During the Centralist Republic of Mexico he participated in the war against Texas and was present at the Battle of the Alamo, and returned to Matamors after the decisive defeat at San Jacinto. He defended the government against the federalist uprisings that were flaring up all over the nation during this time, and battled the federalist chief Mejia at the Hacienda of San Miguel La Blanca, in which Salas was wounded by bayonet and fractured a rib, but through which he was also promoted to brigadier general. During the Federalist Uprising of 1840 in which federalist rebels invaded the National Palace and took the president hostage. He marched against the National Palace and went second in command of the government forces, Alcorta was wounded, Salas was designated to replace him.[4]
Four years later he was named commandant general of Mexico and was one of the few individuals that remained loyal to Santa Anna when he was overthrown in 1844, for which he was removed by the triumphant rebels from his military posts. When Mariano Paredes assumed the presidency in 1846, he returned him to the post of commandant general and he was named deputy to the constituent congress that was meant to meet later in the year and draft a new constitution.[5]
Presidency
Government of Mariano Salas[6] | ||
---|---|---|
Office | Name | Term |
Relations | Jose Maria Ortiz Monasterio | 5 August 1846 – 26 August 1846 |
Manuel Crescencio Rejón | 27 August 1846 – 20 October 1846 | |
José María Lafragua | 21 October 1846 – 23 December 1846 | |
Justice | Jose Maria Duran | 5 August 1846 – 26 August 1846 |
José Ramón Pacheco | 27 August 1846 – 16 October 1846 | |
Jose Maria Duran | 17 October 1846 – 20 October 1846 | |
Joaquin Ladron de Guevara | 21 October 1846 – 21 December 1846 | |
Jose Maria Duran | 22 December 1846 – 23 December 1846 | |
Treasury | Jose Luis Huici | 5 August 1846 – 26 August 1846 |
Valentín Gómez Farías | 28 August 1846 – 21 September 1846 | |
Juan Almonte | 22 September 1846 – 22 September 1846 | |
Francisco María Lombardo | 23 September 1846 – 24 September 1846 | |
Antonio de Haro y Tamariz | 25 September 1846 – 24 September 1846 | |
Jose Lazaro Villamil | 14 November 1846 – 10 December 1846 | |
Juan Almonte | 11 December 1846 – 22 December 1846 | |
Manuel Maria Sandoval | 23 December 1846 – 23 December 1846 | |
War | Ignacio de Mora y Villamil | 5 August 1846 – 5 August 1846 |
Manuel Maria Sandoval | 6 August 1846 – 27 August 1846 | |
Juan Almonte | 28 August 1846 – 23 December 1846 |
The Mexican American War broke out during Paredes’ presidency, and the first few months were filled with military disasters leading to a rise in opposition against the president. On August 4, 1846, Salas proclaimed a revolt against the government. The revolution had two aims: one was the return of Santa Anna and the convocation of an constituent congress for revising the constitution. Unable to suppress the revolt, Paredes had stepped down from the presidency and an arrangement was made with interim president
Santa Anna disembarked at
Towards the end of August, a proposal for peace arrived from the American government through the intermediary of the governor of Veracruz. The American government advised President Salas to treat the annexation of Texas as an established, irrevocable fact. Salas decided to stall, and replied that he could not deal with the matter until congress met. Salas intended to continue the war and resolved to fire all civic servants and soldiers not collaborating with the war effort. All men between the ages of sixteen and fifty were called upon to fight. He removed all restrictions to the importation and sale of arms, and the manufacture of gunpowder. He called upon each state to contribute a contingent of thirty thousand soldiers, he named a commission to form the regulations for the national guard. He manufactured artillery and urged the governors to take advantage of their troops both active and retired.[11]
The government was shocked by the capitulation of Monterey on 24 September 1846, all of its munitions having fallen into the hands of Zachary Taylor. Salas changed previous orders to fall back upon San Luis and gave out new orders that Saltillo be defended, an order that was ignored by a third of the relevant troops who had preferred to fall back upon San Luis and they arrived there towards the end of October, the rest of the troops fell back after being defeated. They were the remnants of the troops that had been defeated at Angostura and Cerro Gordo. They reformed and Santa Anna arrived to lead them against the Americans who were now in possession of the state of Nuevo León. President Salas continued to struggle in finding funds and decreed that all urban properties hand over a month of rent. Those who refused were to be imprisoned[12]
Salas himself ceremonially joined a battalion of the national guard, and petitions arrived to his office urging him to stay in the presidency instead of holding the scheduled elections out of fear that the liberal front runner
Under the influence of the liberal party, President Salas replaced Minister Rejon with Lafragua. Minister Lafragua wished to establish academies of history and languages and also a public library, at the same time that the financial resources of the nation were being diverted to the war effort. Veracruz was blockaded, cutting off customs from the government, and the government offered to reduce customs to those ships that evaded the blockade.[14] The poor course of the war produced opposition to Salas and to help prevent any sort of mutiny Santa Anna sent out a manifesto assuring that he stood behind the president.[15] A law was passed to censor the press, and a National Academy of Painting was established.[16]
Congress finally opened its sessions on 5 December 1846 at midnight, composed mostly of liberals. General Salas opened the session by lamenting the defeats that the military had faced, but expressed hope for the army of twenty thousand men that Santa Anna had gathered at San Luis Potosí. He expressed that he was completely behind continuing the war, and told congress that during great crises, one needed great efforts and virtues as had been shown during the Mexican War of Independence. He also expounded upon the peace proposals that had been forwarded to him by the American government. In December, voting by states and territories, the congress elected Santa Anna and Gomez Farias as president and vice-president respectively. They assumed power on the 24th.[17]
Later life
After stepping down from the presidency, Salas served in the military and was taken prisoner by the Americans at Padierna in August 1847. He was released after the war ended. He was then named commandant general of Querétaro, he resigned this post though, and was later awarded with the Presidency of the Military Court, when General Filisola died. He once again would support Santa Anna, when the latter sought to overthrow the government in 1853. He was the assigned to be the commandant general of the Department of Mexico, and opposed himself to the Revolution of Ayutla in 1854. When the revolution triumphed, Salas faced no other punishment other than being completely exlucluded from politics by the triumphant liberals.[18]
War of Reform
During the
Second Empire
During the
Salas would barely outlive the empire which fell in June 1867. Being affected by this event and falling into poor health, Salas died at the villa of Guadalupe Hidalgo on the morning of 24 December 1867.[23]
See also
References
- ^ Araujo, Matias E. (8 February 2023). "Cómo luce actualmente la tumba de Antonio López de Santa Anna". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 303.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 303.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. pp. 303–304.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 304.
- ^ Memoria de hacienda y credito publico. Mexico City: Mexican Government. 1042–1043. p. 1052.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 302.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 302.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 304.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 304.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 305.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 306.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 307.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 308.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 308.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. pp. 308–309.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. pp. 309–310.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 311.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824–1861. p. 753.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 311.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume VI: 1861–1887. p. 74.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume VI: 1861–1887. pp. 77–79.
- ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 643.