José Sarney
José Sarney | |||||||||||||||||||||
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President of Brazil | |||||||||||||||||||||
In office 21 April 1985 – 14 March 1990 Acting: 15 March 1985 – 21 April 1985 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vice President | None | ||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | João Figueiredo | ||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Fernando Collor de Mello | ||||||||||||||||||||
Vice President of Brazil | |||||||||||||||||||||
In office 15 March 1985 – 21 April 1985 | |||||||||||||||||||||
President | Tancredo Neves[a] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Aureliano Chaves | ||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Itamar Franco | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||
Born | José Ribamar Ferreira de Araújo Costa 24 April 1930 Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil | ||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | PMDB (1985–present) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other political affiliations | Other parties
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Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||
Children | Roseana, Fernando, José | ||||||||||||||||||||
Alma mater | Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Signature | |||||||||||||||||||||
José Sarney de Araújo Costa (Portuguese pronunciation:
Sarney was a member of the
Sarney ran for Vice-President on the ticket of
Following his presidency, Sarney resumed his senate career elected again in 1991 and serving until 2015. He also held the position of President of the Federal Senate three times following his presidency. At age 93, he is the oldest living former Brazilian president, and at the time of his retirement in 2015, had one of the longest congressional careers in Brazilian history.[4]
Early life
Born in Pinheiro, Maranhão, as José Ribamar Ferreira de Araújo Costa, he was the son of Sarney de Araújo Costa, a wealthy land-owner and sugarcane producer, and Kiola Ferreira.[5] His family has origins in Viseu in Portugal.[6] He attended Colégio Marista and the Licéu Maranhense before attending the Federal University of Maranhão.[7] In 1953, he graduated from the federal university receiving his bachelor's degree in law.[7] After his graduation, he launched a postmodernist literary journal titled A Ilha.[7]
In 1965 he legally adopted the name José Sarney de Araújo Costa, usually shortened to José Sarney, for electoral purposes.[8][7] He was known as "Zé do Sarney", as in "José, son of Sarney".[8][7] Sarney's father acquired the name after being born on a land owned by an Englishman named "Sir Ney".[7]
Political career
Early activities
Sarney started his political career in the 1950s after becoming a replacement deputy and later as a federal deputy in 1955.
Vice presidency
Despite his support for the government's heavy-handed measures against dissent, Sarney had never been quite accepted by the military establishment, which tried to block his career.[11] In 1979 ARENA reorganized as the Democratic Social Party (PDS), and Sarney remained the party's president.[12] In 1984, the junta was under pressure due to popular protests to reinstate direct elections for president (Diretas Já movement).[12] PDS was divided but launched Paulo Maluf as its candidate for the presidency in indirect elections.[13]
Sarney disagreed with this decision and left PDS to form the Liberal Front Party, which then allied with the PMDB.[14] As part of the deal, Sarney became Tancredo Neves' running mate on the opposition ticket.[1] Neves won the election of 15 January 1985, but became gravely ill the night before his inauguration.[1] Sarney assumed office as vice-president and acting president until Neves died on 21 April, and he formally became the first civilian president in 21 years.[1][15]
Presidency
His succession raised some question because as Neves could not attend the inauguration ceremony on 15 March, several politicians contended at the time that Sarney should not have been inaugurated as vice-president and allowed to become acting president.[1] They believed that Sarney had been elected vice-president only by virtue of the election of his running mate as president.[1][16] Each member of the Electoral College cast one vote, for president, and the choice of president carried with it the automatic selection of the ticket's running mate as vice-president, Sarney could take office only as vice-president together with Neves.[1][16] Some critics argued that in the event of the head of the presidential ticket not being able to assume office, the presidential powers and duties should pass to the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, Ulysses Guimarães.[9][16]
There was some partisanship in this line of thought since both Neves and Guimarães were members of the same party, and Sarney was not.[9] He had been a supporter of the military, and only recently had joined the coalition to defeat the military's candidate in the electoral college.[9] The challenge to Sarney's inauguration was short-lived, however, because in the early hours of inauguration day, Guimarães himself stated that he believed that Sarney had the right to be inaugurated even without Neves, as the role of the vice-president was precisely that of replacing the president when needed.[16]
Sarney and the president of
Sarney faced many problems: enormous
Post-presidency
Sarney supported
Sarney is regarded as the foremost of Brazil's
Sérgio Machado, former president of Transpetro, said in his plea agreement within the Operation Car Wash that Sarney received R$18.5 million of the bribe money from a Petrobras subsidiary, in the PMDB account during the period in which he directed the company (2003–2015).[28]
Electoral history
Election | Political result | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 Brazilian Senate election in Amapá Electorate: 360,614 Turnout: 298,309 (82.72%) | MDB | 152,486 | 53.87 | ||||
Cristina Almeida | PSB | 123,378 | 43.59 | ||||
Celisa Penna | PSOL | 3,608 | 1.27 | ||||
Juraci Freitas | PSDB | 1,360 | 0.48 | ||||
Liduína Bastos | PSTU | 1,150 | 0.41 | ||||
Cosmo Silva | PRP | 753 | 0.27 | ||||
1998 Brazilian Senate election in Amapá Electorate: 213,289 Turnout: 184,348 (86.43%) | PTdoB | 3,228 | 1.96 | ||||
1990 Brazilian Senate election in Amapá Three candidates elected Electorate: 135,939 Turnout: 105,937 (77.93%) | PMN | 1,810 | 0.84 | ||||
Milton Pauletto | PDS | 1,274 | 0.59 | ||||
MDB | 480 | 72.73 | |||||
Flávio Marcílio | PDS | 180 | 27.27 | ||||
1978 Brazilian Senate election in Maranhão Electorate: 1,077,915 Turnout: 758,306 (70.35%) | ARENA hold Majority: 247,761 | José Sarney | ARENA | 409,633 | 64.16 | ||
Mário Ribeiro | MDB | 161,872 | 25.36 | ||||
Américo de Souza | ARENA | 66,897 | 10.48 | ||||
1970 Brazilian Senate election in Maranhão Two candidates elected Electorate: 470,731 Turnout: 351,850 (74.75%) | ARENA hold Majority: 52,628 | José Sarney | ARENA | 236,618 | 42.35 | ||
Alexandre Costa | ARENA | 183,990 | 32.93 | ||||
Epitácio Cafeteira | MDB | 138,111 | 24.72 | ||||
1965 Maranhão gubernatorial election Electorate: 401,153 Turnout: 247,156 (61.61%) | UDN Majority: 52,502 | José Sarney | UDN | 121,062 | 53.63 | ||
Costa Rodrigues | PDC | 68,560 | 30.37 | ||||
Renato Archer | PTB | 36,103 | 15.99 |
Personal life
In 1952, Sarney married Marly Macieira.[29] Their children are Congressman José Sarney Filho, Governor Roseana Sarney, and the businessman Fernando Sarney.[29]
As a writer, his best known work is the poetry book Os Marimbondos de Fogo ("The Fire Wasps").
In April 2012, Sarney was hospitalized and underwent an angioplasty.[32] In July 2021, he was hospitalized for pleural effusion and had a procedure to remove fluid from his lungs.[33]
In July 2023, Sarney was hospitalized after a fall and was diagnosed with
Awards and decorations
Below is a selected list of awards Sarney has received:[35]
National honours
Ribbon bar | Honour | Date |
---|---|---|
Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross | 1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office | |
Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco | 1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office | |
Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit | 1995 – automatic upon taking presidential office | |
Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit | 1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office | |
Grand Cross of the Order of Aeronautical Merit | 1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office | |
Grand Cross of the Order of Military Judicial Merit | 1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office | |
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit | 1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office |
Foreign honours
Ribbon bar | Country | Honour |
---|---|---|
France | Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour | |
Italy | Medal of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George | |
Norway | Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit | |
Peru | Grand Cross with diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru | |
Portugal | Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword | |
Portugal | Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
| |
Portugal | Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry | |
Romania | Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania |
See also
- List of presidents of Brazil
- History of Brazil (1964-present)
- Presidency of Sarney
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f g De Onis, Juan (10 May 1985). "President by Chance, Sarney of Brazil is Agitator Who Makes Things Happen". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ Brooke, James (13 March 1990). "In Brazil, Scathing Criticism For the Departing President". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Graham, Bradley (17 March 1987). "SARNEY'S TENURE EMBROILS BRAZILIAN POLITICS". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d Romero, Simon (25 December 2014). "Decline of a Political Family Opens the Way for a Shift in Brazil". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Dona Kiola, mãe de Sarney, 94 anos" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Senado.leg.br. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Os laços de Jader com o escândalo da fazenda fantasma" (in Portuguese). Politica. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ ISBN 9780313346729. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^ a b "JOSE RIBAMAR FERREIRA DE ARAUJO COSTA" (in Portuguese). FGV.br. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f "President Jose Sarney - 1985-1990". Global Security. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ a b c "Sarney's Presidency, 1985-90". Country Side. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "DEMOCRACY IN BRAZIL: ORIGINS, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS" (PDF). Kellogg. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ JSTOR 41799827. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Veteran Brazilian politician jailed for corruption". France24. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- The Los Angeles Times. 9 October 1987. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Jose Sarney was sworn in as Brazil's first civilian president". UPI. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d "José Sarney, Hyperinflation and The Cruzado Plan in Brazil in the Late 1980s". SJSU. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "El día que Raúl Alfonsín y José Sarney intentaron romper la rivalidad entre Argentina y Brasil y plantaron la semilla del Mercosur". Infobae. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- JSTOR 40241255. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "In-depth: 30 years ago, Mercosur's creation put an end to the historic tensions between Brazil and Argentina". Rio Times Online. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ a b "PLANO CRUZADO". FGV. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso". Brasilescola. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Lula tem encontro com Sarney após Bolsonaro tentar se aproximar de emedebista" (in Portuguese). Folha. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Presidentes do Senado Federal - Nova República". 22 January 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "How Brazil's Poorest State Minted One Of The Country's Richest -- And Most Controversial -- Political Clans". Forbes. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Ph.D. Thesis Uncovers Widespread Nepotism in Brazil's Congress". AP. 15 March 1989. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Where dinosaurs still roam". The Economist. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "O oligarca perfeito". Veja. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Sérgio Machado relata repasse de R$ 18,5 milhões a Sarney" (in Portuguese). Revista Exame. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9788532302168. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Livro: Os Maribondos de Fogo". Estantevirtual. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "BRAZILIAN ACADEMY OF LETTERS". Glli-us. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Brazil's former president Jose Sarney has heart surgery". BBC. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "José Sarney é internado em hospital em Brasília" (in Portuguese). Oimparcial. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
- ^ "José Sarney é diagnosticado com isquemia cerebral e recebe alta em São Luís". G1. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ "Presidentes da Câmara dos Deputados – República – Michel Temer". Portal da Câmara. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
External links