Joseph Jastrow
reliable, independent, third-party sources. (December 2014) ) |
Joseph Jastrow | |
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Born | Warsaw, Poland | January 30, 1863
Died | January 8, 1944 | (aged 80)
Alma mater | Johns Hopkins University |
Parent |
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Scientific career | |
Fields | Psychology |
Institutions | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
Thesis | The Perception of Space by Disparate Senses (1886) |
Doctoral advisor | Charles Sanders Peirce |
Doctoral students | Clark L. Hull |
Joseph Jastrow (January 30, 1863 – January 8, 1944) was a Polish-born American psychologist notorious for inventions in
Biography
Jastrow was born in
Jastrow was head of the psychological section of the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893,[7] where he collected "psychophysical and reaction time data" from thousands of attendees.[8] He was one of the charter members of the American Psychological Association, and eventually became the president in 1900.[1]
Jastrow was noted for his outreach in popular media, exposing the general public to research in psychology.
Jastrow also suffered from bouts of depression throughout his life.[8] He died in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.[13] His wife was Rachel Szold, a sister of Henrietta Szold.[3] Elisabeth Jastrow, the classical archaeologist, was a cousin.
His former home was in Madison, Wisconsin, which is now located in the Langdon Street Historic District.
Psychical research
Jastrow was one of the founding members of the American Society for Psychical Research for study of the "mesmeric, psychical, and spiritual".[14][15] The early members of the society were skeptical of paranormal phenomena; Jastrow took a psychological approach to psychical phenomena, believing that it was foolish to separate "... a class of problems from their natural habitat ...".[14][16] By 1890 he had resigned from the society, and he became an outspoken critic of parapsychology.[14] Psychical researchers were rarely trained psychologists, and Jastrow thought their research lacked credibility.[17] Given the lack of evidence of psychical phenomena, he believed psychologists should not prioritize disproving claimed psychical phenomenon.[18] In his book The Psychology of Conviction (1918) he included an entire chapter exposing what he called Eusapia Palladino's tricks.[19]
Anomalistic psychology
Jastrow was a leading figure in the field of
Jastrow studied the
Other research
Use of analogy in society
Jastrow thought that analogies represented a more primitive way of interpreting the world.[27] He gave many examples of cultures that acted analogously, including the "Zulu chewing a bit of wood to soften the heart ...", and the "Illinois Indians making figures of those whose days they desire to shorten, and stabbing these images in the heart."[28] He wrote about cultures that ate animals to gain their physical attributes;[29] he said this tradition still persisted in his day, through superstitions, rituals, and folk medicine.[30] The underlying motivation for this mentality, Jastrow wrote, was that "one kind of connection ... will bring it to others."[30]
Optical illusions
Jastrow was interested in perception, especially eyesight. He thought that eyesight was more complex than a camera, and that the mental processing of images was central to interpretation of the world.
Involuntary movement
To detect unconscious movement of the hand, Jastrow invented a machine he called the automagraph.[34] He found that when a subject was asked to concentrate on an object, their hand moved unconsciously in that direction.[35] The magnitude of the effect varied across individuals, especially in children, where the movement was more random.[36]
Dreams of the blind
Jastrow found that people who had lost their eyesight after age six still were able to see in their dreams, and that people who had lost their eyesight before the age of five could not.
Criticisms of psychoanalysis and Freud
As early as 1913, at the congress of the German Psychiatric Association held in Breslau, Joseph Jastrow criticized psychoanalysis as unscientific and pseudoscience. He published a book (The House that Freud Built.[42]) about it in 1932.[43]
Publications
Jastrow's publications include:
- Charles Sanders Peirce and Joseph Jastrow (1885). "On Small Differences in Sensation". Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 3: 73–83.
- Jastrow, Joseph (1890). The Time-Relations of Mental Phenomena. New York: N.D.C. Hodges.
Time Relations of Mental Phenomena.
- Oldenberg, Hermann; Jastrow, Joseph; Cornill, Carl Heinrich (1890). Epitomes of Three Sciences: Comparative Philology, Psychology, and Old Testament History. Open Court Publishing Company.
- Jastrow, Joseph (1900). Fact and Fable in Psychology. Houghton, Mifflin and Co.
- Jastrow, Joseph (1906). The Subconscious. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 3.
- Jastrow, Joseph (1910). The Qualities of Men: An Essay in Appreciation. Houghton, Mifflin.
The Qualities of Men.
- Jastrow, Joseph (1915). Character and Temperament. Appleton.
Character and Temperament.
- "Charles Peirce as a Teacher" in The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, v. 13, n. 26, December, 723–726 (1916). Google Books and text-string search.
- Jastrow, Joseph (1918). The Psychology of Conviction: A Study of Beliefs and Attitudes. Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 1.
The Psychology of Conviction.
- Jastrow, Joseph (1932). The House that Freud Built. Greenberg.
- Jastrow, Joseph (1932). Wish and Wisdom: Episodes in the Vagaries of Belief. Appleton-Century.
- Jastrow, Joseph (1936). Story of Human Error. Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 9780836905687.
Notes
- Ronald A. Fisher).[5]
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Hull 1944, p. 581.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. vii.
- ^ a b Kimble, Wertheimer & White 2013, p. 78.
- ^ * Peirce, Charles Sanders; Jastrow, Joseph (1885). "On Small Differences in Sensation". Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 3: 73–83.
- S2CID 52201011.
S2CID 143685203.
Dehue, Trudy (December 1997). "Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design" (PDF).S2CID 23526321. - PMID 17421028.
- ^ Hull 1944, p. 582.
- ^ a b Kimble, Wertheimer & White 2013, p. 82.
- ^ a b Kimble, Wertheimer & White 2013, p. 86.
- ^ Hull 1944, p. 582,584.
- ^ Kimble, Wertheimer & White 2013, p. 84.
- ISSN 1939-2087.
- ISBN 978-3570059647
- ^ a b c Coon 1992, p. 144.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 50.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 54.
- ^ Coon 1992, p. 148.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 74.
- ^ Joseph Jastrow. (1918). The Psychology of Conviction. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 101–127.
- ISBN 978-0805805086
- ^ Jastrow 1900, pp. 7–18, 26–33.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 4.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, pp. 4, 13–14.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 40.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 46.
- ISBN 978-0313398995
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 238.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 240.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 242.
- ^ a b Jastrow 1900, p. 253.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 275.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 295.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 294–296.
- ^ Kimble, Wertheimer & White 2013, p. 79.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 312–313.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 332–333.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 342.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 343–344.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 369.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 364.
- ^ Jastrow 1900, p. 353–358.
- ^ "APA PsycNet".
- ^ Le dossier Freud : enquête sur l’histoire de la psychanalyse by Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and Sonu Shamdasani,2006
References
- Jastrow, Joseph (1900). Fact and Fable in Psychology. Houghton, Mifflin and Co.
- Hull, Clark L. (Oct 1944). "Joseph Jastrow: 1863–1944". The American Journal of Psychology. 57 (4): 581–585. PMID 17783701.
- Kimble, Gregory A.; Wertheimer, Michael; White, Charlotte (31 October 2013). Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology. Psychology Press. pp. 75–87. ISBN 978-1-317-75992-8.
- Coon, Deborah J. (Feb 1992). "Testing the Limits of Sense and Science: American Experimental Psychologists Combat Spiritualism, 1880–1920". American Psychologist. 47 (2): 144. .
External links
- Works by or about Joseph Jastrow at Wikisource
- Media related to Joseph Jastrow at Wikimedia Commons
- Works by Joseph Jastrow at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Joseph Jastrow at Internet Archive
- Works by Joseph Jastrow at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Rabbit-Duck Illusion
- Mind Tricks for the Masses, On Wisconsin magazine article
- Joseph Jastrow's biography at University of Wisconsin - Madison's Psychology Department