Joseph Louis Cook
Joseph Louis Cook, or Akiatonharónkwen (died October 1814) (
During the
Early life and education
Cook was born as Nia-man-rigounant to an
Later he learned English as well. Among English-language records, he is most often referred to as Louis Cook or Colonel Louis.
French and Indian War
Cook lived in the Mohawk village of Kahnawake. He fought with the
Cook was given his first command in the 1758
Following the war, Cook returned to Caughnawaga and married Marie-Charlotte.[5] As he never fully accepted the British victory and found his homeland increasingly overrun by American colonists, he moved with his family to Akwesasne, a Mohawk village along the St. Lawrence River in what was then Quebec.
American Revolution
Although the Mohawk and three other of the
In New York, Louis Cook was present at the
Cook was with the Continental Army at
The nickname of "Colonel Louis" was made fact on June 15, 1779, when Cook received a commission from the Continental Congress as a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army.[5] This commission was the highest rank awarded to an American Indian during the Revolution.[16] It is the only known Continental Army commission given to a man of known African descent.[17][18] Colonel Louis led a Native American delegation to greet General Rochambeau in 1780, where some officers noted he spoke French with no discernible accent.[19] Louis was with Lieutenant-Colonel Marinus Willett at the Battle of Johnstown in 1781, one of the last North American battles of the Revolution.[5]
During the war, Cook became a personal enemy of Captain
Later life
Cook settled in the area of
Cook convinced the Oneida to lease their lands, using the example of the Mohawk tribe at Kahnawake. The Oneida leased nearly 5 million acres (20,000 km2) to Colonel John Livingston for 999 years.[17] Conflicting claims were made on many of the Iroquois lands, and much of the land was lost to the state of New York because the Iroquois were forced to cede land, as the majority had been allies of the defeated British.
The Oneida named Cook and Peter Otsequette to negotiate with Governor George Clinton for a return of, or compensation for, their land. Governor Clinton made some minor concessions to the Oneida in the Treaty of Fort Schuyler, but generally did not yield much to the Oneida representatives.[21] Today, Cook has been criticized for negotiating bad land deals for the Oneida.
Despite his shortcomings in the Oneida land negotiations, between 1792 and 1796 Cook was selected by the Seven Nations of Canada on six separate occasions to represent them in land negotiations with New York state.[22] The negotiations were related to lands sold by the people of two villages, Grand River and Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, Ontario, who were led by Joseph Brant. The Mohawk peoples of Akwesasne and Kahnawake, then considered two of the Seven Nations, denied that those villages had the right to sell what was common Mohawk land in New York. Ultimately, New York prevailed in keeping control of the land, and the division between Cook and Brant was deepened.
By 1789, Cook had settled at Akwesasne, where he became an influential chief. The Mohawk reserve eventually established there spans the New York (US)-Quebec (Canada) border and the St. Lawrence River. He argued that the St. Regis Indians (as they were called in New York) and the Seven Nations should remain neutral in the War of 1812 between the US and Great Britain.[23] The United States forgot Cook's earlier service and detained the Mohawk at Fort Niagara; he was released after producing proof of his commission in the Continental Army, as well as letters from George Washington.[24]
Although too elderly to participate in the War of 1812, Cook followed the United States Army into Canada during the war; he was present at the Battle of Lundy's Lane. He was involved in a skirmish and fell from his horse. The injuries proved fatal; he died in the American camp in October 1814. Cook was given a military salute at his funeral,[24] and was buried near Buffalo, New York.[5]
Notes
- ^ Taylor, 169
- ^ a b c Darren Bonaparte, "Too Many Chiefs", Wampum Chronicles, p. 6
- ^ a b c Darren Bonaparte, "Louis Cook: A French and Indian Warrior", Wampum Chronicles, 16 September 2005
- ^ Taylor, 172
- ^ a b c d e f "Colonel Louis Cook", Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
- ^ Cooper, 84
- ^ Bonaparte, Darren "Louis Cook: A “Colonel” of Truth?", Wampum Chronicles, accessed 13 April 2009
- ^ Calloway, p. 223
- ^ "1776: The Chapter Closes On Canada", Mother Bedford Website, accessed 13 April 2009
- ^ Washington describes "Colonel Louis" in a note as the principal of the "French Caghnawaga tribe". [Note: Because many of the Mohawk at Caughnawaga had converted to Catholicism, some Americans referred to them as a different tribe, but they identified as Mohawk.] His note is available online from the Library of Congress.
- ^ Boyle, Joseph Lee (10 Nov 2020). "Native Americans at Valley Forge". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved 10 Nov 2020.
- ^ Stone, pp. 121-122
- ^ Darren Bonaparte, "Colonel Louis at Oriskany and Valley Forge", Wampum Chronicles, 30 September 2005
- ^ Bonaparte, Darren "The Missions of Atiatonharongwen", Wampum Chronicles, accessed 13 April 2009
- ISBN 0-8147-5782-0.
- ^ Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust Archived 2009-04-20 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Indian Affairs, pg 3-159
- ^ a b Taylor, 173
- ^ African Americans in the American Revolution, Buzzle.com website
- ^ Calloway, 224
- ^ "Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust" Archived 2009-04-20 at the Wayback Machine pg 3-168, Department of Indian Affairs
- ^ Taylor, 180-185
- ^ Taylor, 345
- ISBN 0-8020-8145-2.
- ^ a b Williams (see link, below)
References
- Bonaparte, Darren (2007). Too Many Chiefs, Not Enough Indians. The History of the Three Chief System and the Constitution of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe.
- Calloway, Colin G (2018). The Indian World of George Washington. New York: Oxford University Press. LCCN 2017028686.
- Cooper, Helen A., ed. (2008). Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: American Art from the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven, Connecticut: ISBN 978-0-300-12289-3.
- Jefferson, Thomas. "To Colonel Louis Cook and Jacob Francis of the St.Regis Indians, 5 May 1808".[dead link]
- Stone, William L. (1900). Border Wars of the American Revolution. New York: A. L. Fowle.
- Taylor, Alan (2006). The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45471-3.
- Williams, Rev. Eleazer (1851). "The Life of Colonel Louis Cook". Papers of Franklin B. Hough. Darren Bonaparte (trans.). New York State Archives. Retrieved 19 December 2008.