Joshua
Joshua | |
---|---|
Prophet, Righteous, Forefather | |
Born | Goshen (Lower Egypt), Ancient Egypt |
Died | Canaan |
Venerated in | Judaism, Christianity, Islam |
Major shrine |
|
Feast |
|
Attributes | Often depicted with Caleb, carrying the grapes out of Canaan |
Judges in the Hebrew Bible שופטים |
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Italics indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges |
Book of Exodus |
Book of Joshua |
Book of Judges |
First Book of Samuel |
Joshua (
The Hebrew Bible identifies Joshua as one of the twelve spies of Israel sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan. In Numbers 13:1 and after the death of Moses, he led the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan, and allocated lands to the tribes. According to biblical chronology, Joshua lived some time in the Bronze Age. According to Joshua 24:29 Joshua died at the age of 110.
Joshua holds a position of respect among
Name
The English name "Joshua" is a rendering of the
"
Biblical narrative
The Exodus
Joshua was a major figure in the events of the Exodus. He was charged by Moses with selecting and commanding a militia group for their first battle after exiting Egypt, against the
in which they were victorious.He later accompanied Moses when he ascended
Later, Joshua was identified as one of the twelve spies sent by Moses to explore and report on the land of Canaan,[30] and only he and Caleb gave an encouraging report, a reward for which would be that only these two of their entire generation would enter the promised land.[31]
According to Joshua 1:1,[32] God appointed Joshua to succeed Moses as leader of the Israelites along with giving him a blessing of invincibility during his lifetime.[33][34] The first part of the book of Joshua covers the period when he led the conquest of Canaan.
Conquest of Canaan
At the
The Israelites faced an alliance of five
According to the Talmud, Joshua in his book enumerated only those towns on the frontier.[c]
Death
When he was "old and well advanced in years",[36] Joshua convened the elders and chiefs of the Israelites and exhorted them to have no fellowship with the native population, because it could lead them to be unfaithful to God.[37] At a general assembly of the clans at Shechem, he took leave of the people, admonishing them to be loyal to their God, who had been so mightily manifested in the midst of them. As a witness of their promise to serve God, Joshua set up a great stone under an oak by the sanctuary of God. Soon afterward he died, at the age of 110, and was buried at Timnath-heres, in the hill country of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash.[38]
Historicity
Current mainstream opinion
The prevailing scholarly view is that the Book of Joshua is not a factual account of historical events.[39][40] The apparent setting of Joshua is the 13th century BCE[41] which was a time of widespread city-destruction, but with a few exceptions (Hazor, Lachish) the destroyed cities are not the ones the Bible associates with Joshua, and the ones it does associate with him show little or no sign of even being occupied at the time.[42] Given its lack of historicity, Carolyn Pressler in her commentary for the Westminster Bible Companion series suggests that readers of Joshua should give priority to its theological message ("what passages teach about God") and be aware of what these would have meant to audiences in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE.[43] Richard Nelson explained that the needs of the centralised monarchy favoured a single story of origins, combining old traditions of an exodus from Egypt, belief in a national god as "divine warrior," and explanations for ruined cities, social stratification and ethnic groups, and contemporary tribes.[44]
It has been argued that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value.
M. Noth (1930s)
In the 1930s
W.F. Albright (1930s)
William Foxwell Albright questioned the "tenacity" of etiologies, which were key to Noth's analysis of the campaigns in Joshua. Archaeological evidence in the 1930s showed that the city of Ai, an early target for conquest in the putative Joshua account, had existed and been destroyed, but in the 22nd century BCE.[49] Some alternate sites for Ai have been proposed which would partially resolve the discrepancy in dates, but these sites have not been widely accepted.[52]
K. Kenyon (1951)
In 1951
G.E. Wright (1955)
In 1955, G. Ernest Wright discussed the correlation of archaeological data to the early Israelite campaigns, which he divided into three phases per the Book of Joshua. He pointed to two sets of archaeological findings that "seem to suggest that the biblical account is in general correct regarding the nature of the late thirteenth and twelfth-eleventh centuries in the country" (i.e., "a period of tremendous violence").[55] He gives particular weight to what were then recent digs at Hazor by Yigael Yadin.[55]
Religious views
In Judaism
In rabbinical literature
In
"God would speak to Moses face to face, like someone would speak to his friend. Then he would return to the camp. But his attendant, Joshua the son of Nun, a young man, would not leave the tent. Joshua never moved from the tent".
According to
Moreover, Joshua, on dividing the land of Canaan amongst the tribes of Israel, made the tribes agree to ten conditions, the most important of which being the common use of the forests as pasture for cattle, and the common right of fishing in the
In prayer
According to Jewish religious tradition, upon making
It is our duty to praise the Master of all, to exalt the Creator of the Universe, who has not made us like the nations of the world and has not placed us like the families of the earth, who has not designed our destiny to be like theirs, nor our lot like that of all their multitude.[68]
In Christianity
Most modern Bibles translate Hebrews 4:8–10 to identify Jesus as a better Joshua, as Joshua led Israel into the rest of Canaan, but Jesus leads the people of God into "God's rest". Among the early Church Fathers, Joshua is considered a type of Jesus Christ.[69]
The story of Joshua and the Canaanite kings is also alluded to in the 2 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[70]
In Islam
Yūšaʿ | |
---|---|
يُوشَعُ Joshua | |
Predecessor | Kalib |
Successor | Khidr |
Quranic references
Joshua (
They said, "Moses, there is a fearsome people in this land. We will not go there until they leave. If they leave, then we will enter." Yet the two men whom God had blessed among those who were afraid said, "Go in to them through the gate and when you go in you will overcome them. If you are true believers, put your trust in God.
— Quran, sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayah 22–23, Haleem translation[72]
Joshua is also referred to in the journey Musa (Moses) took with him to find Khidr.
And remember when Moses said to his young assistant, "I will never give up until I reach the junction of the two seas, even if I travel for ages". But when they finally reached the point where the seas met, they forgot their salted fish, and it made its way into the sea, slipping away wondrously. He replied, "Do you remember when we rested by the rock? That is when I forgot the fish. None made me forget to mention this except Satan. And the fish made its way into the sea miraculously". Moses responded, "That is exactly what we were looking for". So they returned, retracing their footsteps. There they found a servant of Ours, to whom We had granted mercy from Us and enlightened with knowledge of Our Own.
The narration collected by Bukhari reports that a man approached Moses after he gave a talk and asked him, "Who is the most knowledgeable person on earth?" Moses responded, "That would be me!" So Allah revealed to Moses that he should not have said this and there was in fact someone who was more knowledgeable than him. Moses was commanded to travel to meet this man, named Al-Khaḍir, at the junction of the two seas. Islamic scholars have argued this could be the northern part of the Sinai Peninsula between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, the southern part of Sinai where the Rea Sea splits into the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba, or the Bosporus in Istanbul which is a strait between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara.
Hadith, exegesis, traditions
Joshua was regarded by some classical scholars as the prophetic successor to Moses (موسى)[d] Al-Tabari relates in his History of the Prophets and Kings that Joshua was one of the twelve spies, and Muslim scholars believe that the two believing spies referred to in the Quran are Joshua and Caleb. Joshua was exceptional among the Israelites for being one of the few faithful followers of Allah.
Significant events from Joshua's Muslim narratives include the crossing of the
The traditional Muslim commentary al-Jalalayn says, "Ahmad [b. Hanbal] reported in his Musnad, the [following] hadīth, 'The sun was never detained for any human, except for Joshua during those days in which he marched towards the Holy House [of Jerusalem]'."[75]
Muslim literature includes traditions of Joshua not found in the
In art and literature
In the literary tradition of medieval Europe, Joshua is known as one of the
Nomenclature in biology
According to legend, Mormon pioneers in the United States first referred to the yucca brevifolia agave plant as the Joshua tree because its branches reminded them of Joshua stretching his arms upward in supplication, guiding the travelers westward.[81]
Joshua is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of snake, Joshua's blind snake (Trilepida joshuai), the holotype of which was collected at Jericó, Antioquia, Colombia.[82]
Jewish holidays
Religious holiday
The annual commemoration of Joshua's
Israeli Zionist holiday
Tomb of Joshua
Samaritan and Jewish traditions
According to a Samaritan tradition, noted in 1877, the tombs of Joshua and Caleb were in Kifl Haris.[83]
According to Joshua 24:30, the
It seems that old Jewish traditions once associated Meron in the Upper Galilee with the burial site of Joshua.[85]
Islamic sites
Joshua is believed by some Muslims to be buried on
See also
References
Explanatory notes
- ^ (In Greek) "Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰησοῦς ὁ Δίκαιος". Megas Synaxaristis.
- Latin: Iosue
- ^ 3:6.
- Stories of the Prophets
Citations
- ^ "Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi)". Oca. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ISBN 978-1783746767.
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3091. Yehoshua". Bible Hub.
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Josue (Joshua)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
- ^ Coogan 2009, pp. 166–167.
- ^ "Conjugation of לְהוֹשִׁיעַ". Pealim.
- ^ Bible Numbers 13:16
- ^ "Jami' at-Tirmidhi 3149 - Chapters on Tafsir - كتاب تفسير القرآن عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
- ^ "Sahih Muslim 2380a - The Book of Virtues - كتاب الفضائل - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
- ^ Gesenius 1906, pp. 221, 446.
- ^ "Fausset's Bible Dictionary". Study Light. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ^ Ayali-Darshan 2018.
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3444. yeshuah". Bible Hub.
- ^ "Inflection of יְשׁוּעָה". Pealim.
- ^ "Klein Dictionary, יְשׁוּעָה". Sefaria.
- ^ "Jastrow, יְשׁוּעָה". Sefaria.
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3467. yasha". Bible Hub.
- ^ "Klein Dictionary, ישׁע". Sefaria.
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 474. Elishua". Bible Hub.
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 410. êlî". Bible Hub.
- ^ Bible Nehemiah 8:17
- ^ Numbers 13:16 LXX Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine καὶ ἐπωνόμασεν Μωυσῆς τὸν Αὐσῆ υἱὸν Ναυῆ 'Ἰησοῦν' (and Moses named Hosea, son of Naue, Jesus)
- ^ "Zechariah", Online Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX) UTF8 Bible, Bible database, 3:1–10, archived from the original on 23 July 2011, retrieved 8 January 2018
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3442. Yeshua". Bible Hub.
- ^ Bible Exodus 17:8–16
- ^ Exodus 24:13
- ^ Bible Exodus 32:17
- ^ a b Exodus 33:11
- ^ Exodus 34:3
- ^ Bible Numbers 13:16–17
- ^ Bible Numbers 14:22–24
- ^ Bible Joshua 1:1–9
- ^ Bible Joshua 1:5
- ^ Goldingay 2023, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Bible Joshua 10:14
- ^ Bible Joshua 23:1–2
- ^ Bible Joshua 23:7–8, 23:12–13
- ^ Bible Joshua 24:29–30
- ^ a b Coote 2000, p. 275.
- ^ McConville & Williams 2010, p. 4.
- ^ McConville & Williams 2010.
- ^ Miller & Hayes 1986, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Pressler 2002, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Nelson 1997, p. 5.
- ^ Killebrew 2005, p. 152: "Almost without exception, scholars agree that the account in Joshua holds little historical value vis-à-vis early Israel and most likely reflects much later historical times.15"
- ^ Bartlett 2006, p. 63.
- ^ Nigro 2020, pp. 202–204.
- ^ Creach 2003, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b c Albright 1939, pp. 11–23.
- ^ Noort 1998, pp. 127–144.
- ^ Rendsburg 1992, pp. 510–527.
- ^ Hawkins 2013, p. 109.
- ^ Kenyon 1967, pp. 268–275.
- ^ Kenyon 2013, pp. 101–138.
- ^ a b Wright 1955, pp. 106–108.
- Proverbs27:18
- ^ Numbers Rabbah 12
- ^ Yalkut Shimoni, Joshua 2; Numbers Rabbah 12:21
- Proverbs29:23
- ^ Numbers Rabbah 13
- ^ Numbers Rabbah 12
- ^ Yalkut Shimoni, Numbers 776
- ^ Nachman of Breslov, Likutey Halakhot VII
- Babylonian Talmud (Bava Kamma80b—81a).
- Acha of Shabha, Sheiltoth, P. Ra’eh 147; Jerusalem Talmud, Baba Bathra 5:1. Even if the source of the natural spring were to originate in a distant tribal territory, and flowed along its course through another tribal territory, the people living in the territory where the water currently passes through have first-rights over the water.
- ^ "Shiur #18: Aleinu | VBM haretzion". Archived from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^ "The Origins of Aleinu – Anshe Sholom". Archived from the original on 2021-07-16. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^ "Online Siddur with Commentary". Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^ Nichols 2007, p. 195.
- ^ "Torah of Yeshuah: Book of Meqabyan I - III". Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
- ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Note. 726 to verse 23: "Among those who returned after spying out the land were two men who had faith and courage. They were Joshua and Caleb. Joshua afterwards succeeded Moses in the leadership after 40 years. These two men pleaded for an immediate entry through the proper Gate, which I understand to mean, 'after taking all due precautions and making all due preparations.' Cf. 2:189 and n. 203. But of course, they said, they must put their trust in Allah for victory."
- ^ M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, translator (2005). The Qur'an. Oxford University Press. p. 70.
- ^ "Surah Al-Kahf - 60". Quran.com. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
- ^ Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, Vol. I: 414–429, 498–499, 503–516
- ^ "QuranX.com The most complete Quran / Hadith / Tafsir collection available!". quranx.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. XI, pg. 351, Yusha ibn Nun [Joshua, son of Nun]
- ^ Bukhari, Book 6, Volume 60, Hadiths 249, 250, 251: Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh))
- ^ Bukhari, Book 1, Volume 3, Hadith 124: Knowledge
- ^ Muslim, Book 30, Hadith 5864: The Book Pertaining to the Excellent Qualities of the Holy Prophet (may Peace be upon them) and His Companions (Kitab Al-Fada'il)
- ^ Simons 2018, pp. 371–380.
- ^ "Joshua Trees". nps.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
- ^ Beolens, Watkins & Grayson 2011, p. 136.
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. 218 - 219
- ^ "Jews Barred from Visiting Tomb of Biblical Joshua".
- Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 131. Retrieved 17 April 2024 – via online ed., posted 02/06/2019. Citing Reiner, Elchanan (2012). "Joshua is Simeon Bar Yohai, Hazor is Meron: Towards a Typology of the History of the Establishment of Galilee (Another Chapter in the Religious World of the Galilean Jews)". Tarbiz80(2):1 pp. 79–218 (Hebrew).
- ^ "ISTANBUL, Extended On Two Continents". Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ^ a b Mazar Hazrat Yusha’ bin Noon, on the website of the Islamic Supreme Council of Canada [1] Archived 2017-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tomb of Prophet Yusha' (photo of the tomb; Islamic view on Prophet Yusha'/Joshua)[2] Archived 2018-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The buried prophets in Iran – Arash Nooraghayee". nooraghayee.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-29. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
- ^ The Shrine of Prophet Yusha/Joshua (pbuh) Archived 2019-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, Sacred Places in Lebanon - Holy Places in Lebanon
- ^ El-Nabi Yusha' Mosque and Maqam Archived 2019-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, at DestinationLebanon.gov.lb, Lebanon Ministry of Tourism
General and cited sources
- Albright, W. F. (1939). "The Israelite Conquest of Canaan in the Light of Archaeology". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 74 (74): 11–23. S2CID 163336577.
- Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2018). "The Elements ש(ו)ע/שבע/תע in Biblical Proper Names: A Re-evaluation". Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages. 44 (1). .
- Auzou, Georges (1964), Le Don d'une conquête: étude du livre de Josué, Connaissance de la Bible (in French), Édition de l'Orante
- Bartlett, John R. (2006). "3: Archeology". In Rogerson, J.W.; Lieu, Judith M. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925425-5.
- Barton, John; Muddiman, John, eds. (2001), Oxford Bible Commentary, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198755005, archivedfrom the original on 2020-07-16, retrieved 2017-05-01
- ISBN 9780415350914, archivedfrom the original on 2017-05-02, retrieved 2017-05-01
- Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- Brettler, Marc Zvi, How to read the Bible Archived 2017-05-01 at the Wayback Machine (Jewish Publication Society, 2005).
- Bright, John (2000). A History of Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22068-6. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
- Coogan, Michael D. (ed), The Oxford History of the Biblical World Archived 2020-11-15 at the Wayback Machine (Oxford University Press, 1998)
- Coogan, Michael D. (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford: University Press.
- Coote, Robert B. (31 December 2000). "Conquest: Biblical narrative". In David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
- Creach, Jerome F.D. (2003). Joshua. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-23738-7. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
- Day, John, Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan Archived 2021-07-16 at the Wayback Machine (Sheffield Academic Press, 2002)
- de Pury, Albert; Römer, Thomas; Jean-Daniel, Macchi (2000), Israël constructs its history: Deuteronomistic historiography in recent research, Sheffield Academic Press, ISBN 9781841270999, archivedfrom the original on 2021-07-16, retrieved 2017-05-01
- Dever, William, What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? Archived 2021-01-18 at the Wayback Machine (Eerdmans, 2001)
- Dever, William, Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? Archived 2020-04-21 at the Wayback Machine (Eerdmans, 2003, 2006)
- Douglas, James Dixon; Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1982). "Joshua". New Bible Dictionary. Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8423-4667-2.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B., The Quest for the Historical Israel Archived 2016-06-03 at the Wayback Machine (Society of Biblical Literature, 2007)
- Gesenius, Wilhelm (1906). Francis Brown (ed.). A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic. Translated by Edward Robinson. Houghton Mifflin.
- Graham, M.P, and McKenzie, Steven L., The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues Archived 2019-07-03 at the Wayback Machine (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998)
- Goldingay, John (2023). Joshua. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament: Historical Books. Baker Books. ISBN 978-1-4934-4005-4.
- Hawkins, Ralph (2013). How Israel Became a People. Abingdon. ISBN 978-1-4267-5487-6. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
- Kenyon, Kathleen M. (1967). "Jericho". Archaeology. 20 (4): 268–275. JSTOR 41667764.
- Kenyon, Kathleen M. (2013) [1951]. "Some Notes on the History of Jericho in the Second Millennium B.C.". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 83 (2): 101–38. .
- Killebrew, Ann E. (2005), Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, Society of Biblical Lit, ISBN 9781589830974, archivedfrom the original on 2020-07-26, retrieved 2017-05-01.
- McConville, Gordon; Williams, Stephen (2010). Joshua. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2702-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
- McNutt, Paula (1999). Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22265-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
- Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-21262-X. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
- Miller, Robert D. (2005). Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries BC. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-0988-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
- Nelson, Richard D (1997). Joshua. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22666-4. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
- ISBN 9781586171681. Archivedfrom the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
- Nigro, Lorenzo (2020). "The Italian-Palestinian Expedition to Tell es-Sultan, Ancient Jericho (1997–2015)". In Sparks, Rachel T.; Finlayson, Bill; Wagemakers, Bart; SJ, Josef Mario Briffa (eds.). Digging Up Jericho: Past, Present and Future. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1789693522.
- Noort, Ed. (1998). "4QJOSHª and the History of Tradition in the Book of Joshua". Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages. 24 (2): 127–144.
- Pressler, Carolyn (2002). Joshua, Judges and Ruth. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25526-8. Archivedfrom the original on 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
- Rendsburg, Gary A. (1992). "The Date of the Exodus and the Conquest/Settlement: The Case for the 1100S". Vetus Testamentum. 42 (4): 510–27. JSTOR 1518961.
- Simons, Dorothy Lister (8 January 2018). "The Individual Human Dramatis Personae of the "Divine Comedy"". Modern Philology. 16 (7): 371–380. S2CID 162391725.
- Wright, G. Ernest (1955). "Archaeological News and Views: Hazor and the Conquest of Canaan". The Biblical Archaeologist. 18 (4): 106–8. S2CID 165857556.
- Younger, K. Lawson (2003). "Joshua". In James D.G. Dunn; John William Rogerson (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm B. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.