Joshua ben Gamla
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Joshua ben Gamla (
Joshua married the rich widow Martha of the high-priestly family Boethus[2] and was appointed High Priest by Herod Agrippa II.[3] According to Talmudic sources,[4] Martha bribed a "King Jannai" into appointing Joshua High Priest with a tarkab of denarii.[5] This cannot refer to Alexander Jannaeus, who reigned 150 years earlier and was himself the High Priest, but may refer to King Agrippa II as is mentioned in the Talmudic notes.[6] The two lots used on Yom Kippur, previously of boxwood, he made of gold.[7] Joshua did not remain long in office, being forced, after a year, to give way to Mattathias ben Theophilus.[8]
Although Joshua was not a scholar, he cared for the instruction of the young and provided schools in every town for children over five years of age, earning thereby the praises of posterity.[9] The Talmud states, "Joshua b. Gamala came and ordained that teachers of young children should be appointed in each district and each town, and that children should enter school at the age of six or seven.".[9] He is therefore regarded as the founder of the institution of formal Jewish education.
Although no longer High Priest, Joshua remained one of the leaders of Jerusalem. Together with another former high priest,
Joshua attempted peaceably to prevent the
Identification
Scholars have argued that Joshua ben Gamla of the Talmud is the same high priest from the days of the destruction, and that the priesthood was acquired from Herod Agrippa II.[13]
References
- ^ Josephus Flavius De Bello Judaico, [1], 4-3-9
- ^ Yebamot vi. 4
- ^ Josephus, "Antiquities" 20:9, § 4.
- ^ Talmud Yebamot. 61a; Yoma 18a
- ^ Talmud Yebamoth 61a
- ^ Talmud Yebamoth 61a, note 20 (Rabbi Epstein edition).
- ^ Yoma 3:9
- ^ Josephus, "Antiquities" 20:9, § 7
- ^ a b Bavli, Baba Bathra 21a
- ^ Josephus "B. J." 4:3, § 9
- ^ Josephus "Life" 204-205
- ^ Josephus "B. J." iv. 5, § 2
- ^ Isaac Hirsch Weiss, דור דור ודורשיו, Part I, Page 182
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Joshua ben Gamla". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.