Juan Manuel Santos
Presidential Designate of Colombia | |
---|---|
In office 11 August 1993 – 7 August 1994 | |
President | César Gaviria |
Preceded by | Humberto De la Calle |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
Personal details | |
Born | Juan Manuel Santos Calderón 10 August 1951 Social Party of National Unity (since 2005) |
Spouse(s) | Silvia Amaya Londoño (divorced) María Clemencia Rodríguez Múnera (m. 1987) |
Children | Martín María Antonia Esteban |
Awards | Nobel Peace Prize (2016) |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Colombia |
Branch/service | Colombian Navy |
Years of service | 1967–1971 |
Juan Manuel Santos Calderón
An
In 1991, Santos was appointed by President
Santos rose to prominence during the administration of President
In 2010, Santos won the presidential election as the protégé of Uribe.[2][3] Some months later, Uribe became his strongest opponent, and also founded three years later the opposition party Democratic Center.[4][5] This rivalry determined both Santos' unpopularity and his near-missed defeat during the 2014 Colombian presidential election against Uribe's protégé Óscar Iván Zuluaga.[6][7]
On 7 October 2016, Santos was announced as recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts negotiating a peace treaty with the FARC-guerrilla in the country, despite his defeat in the referendum held over the deal, where the "No" campaign led by Uribe's Democratic Center won narrowly.[8] The Colombian government and the FARC signed a revised peace deal on 24 November and sent it to Congress for ratification instead of conducting a second referendum.[9] Both houses of Congress ratified the revised peace accord on 29–30 November 2016, marking an end to the conflict. The treaty brought deep divisions and polarization in the country, which questions its legitimacy.[10] Santos has been named as one of Time's 100 most influential people.[11] Santos left office with one of the lowest levels of popular approval ever,[12][13] and his successor was Uribe's new protégé, Iván Duque, a moderate critic of Santos' peace treaty with the FARC guerillas.[14]
Life and career
Santos was born in Bogotá, Colombia. He attended
After leaving the Navy, Santos moved to the United States where he attended the University of Kansas. A member of Delta Upsilon fraternity,[17] he graduated in 1973 with a Bachelor in Economics and Business Administration.[18] On 31 October 2017, Santos received an honorary doctorate of human letters from KU.[19]
After graduating from the University of Kansas, Santos served as Chief Executive of the
A
He was
In 1994 Juan Manuel Santos founded the Good Government Foundation, whose stated objective is helping and improving the governability and efficiency of the Colombian Government.
Minister of Defense
This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. (October 2016) |
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Santos also founded the
In 2008 the
There are different estimates for the number of civilians who may have been killed in this manner. As of May 2009, prosecutors were investigating more than 900 cases involving over 1,500 victims and 1,177 members of the Colombian security forces.[41][42] According to the Coordinación Colombia-Europa-Estados Unidos NGO coalition and the Fundación para la Educación y el Desarrollo, an estimated 3,756 extrajudicial executions occurred between 1994 and 2009, of which 3,084 cases would have taken place after 2002.[43][44]
Families of the victims and non-governmental organisations have held the Uribe administration and Santos, as Defence Minister, responsible for the extrajudicial killings because they consider that the government's reward policies motivated the crimes.[43][44] Directive 029 of 2005 issued under Defence Minister Camilo Ospina Bernal and presidential decree 1400 of May 2006 have been questioned for offering incentives and benefits in exchange for capturing or killing members of illegal armed groups.[42][44]
In June 2009,
In March 2010, Santos publicly stated these executions had stopped since October 2008 and that this had been confirmed by the CINEP, one of Colombia's foremost human rights defence institutions. Semana, a well-respected weekly magazine, reported that a few days later the CINEP responded to Santos's declarations by issuing a press release which stated that, while the number of reported cases had been significantly reduced after the Defence Ministry's measures were announced, the period between November 2008 and December 2009 still saw 7 such executions and 2 arbitrary detentions.[46]
Juan Manuel Santos announced his resignation from the Defence Ministry on 18 May 2009. Santos said that his resignation did not necessarily imply tossing his hat into the 2010 presidential race and that his participation in the electoral race depended on whether Uribe would pursue a third term, which he was willing to support. His resignation took effect on 23 May 2009. When the Constitutional Court ruled out the possibility of Uribe's participation in the upcoming elections, Santos officially launched his campaign for the presidency of the Republic of Colombia.[47]
Presidency (2010-2018)
On 20 June 2010, after two rounds of voting in the
Negotiations with FARC
Santos announced on 27 August 2012 that the Colombian government had engaged in exploratory talks with
In October 2012, Santos received the Shalom Prize "for his commitment to seeking peace in his country and worldwide." Upon accepting the award from the Latin American chapter of the World Jewish Congress, Santos stated that "Both the people here and the people in Israel have been seeking peace for decades," adding that Colombia is in favour of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[53][54]
In September 2016, Santos announced that an agreement had been made completely settling the dispute between the Colombian government and FARC on the basis of a
The 52-year Colombian war has cost the country 152 billion (USD), according to conflict monitoring NGO Indepaz. Within the last five years the daily cost of the war has escalated to US$9.3 million per day – enough to feed 3 million people in Colombia and wipe out extreme poverty in that country.[56]
Relations with Trump administration
In May 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump and Santos held a joint news conference at the White House, where Trump praised Colombia's efforts to end a 52-year civil war that left more than 220,000 dead as a "great thing to watch."[57]
Around that time, it was reported that Trump had an "unusual meeting with former presidents
In September 2017, Santos defended Colombia's record against Trump's complaints about what he called unacceptable growth in coca cultivation and production.[59][60] Trump added that he considered downgrading the country in a White House assessment, which would result in reduced development and security funding. One source of contention is the usage of glyphosate to eradicate coca crops, which Colombia had halted in favor of other methods due to health concerns.[60]
Colombia defended its anti-narcotics efforts after the threat of Trump to decertify the country as a partner in counter-narcotics efforts.
For more than 30 years Colombia has demonstrated its commitment – paying a very high cost in human lives – with overcoming the drug problem. This commitment stems from the profound conviction that the consumption, production and trafficking of drugs constitute a serious threat to the well-being and security of citizens. Colombia is undoubtedly the country that has fought the most drugs and with more successes on this front. No one has to threaten us to meet this challenge.
— Colombia’s National Government[61]
The problem of drugs is global. Overcoming it can only be achieved through cooperation and under the principle of joint responsibility. Consumer countries' authorities have a fundamental responsibility to their fellow citizens and the world to reduce consumption and to attack trafficking and distribution organizations in their own countries.
— Colombia’s National Government[61]
In July 2018, Santos called on Trump to urge Russian president
Other views
During a Google hangout hosted by the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo on 20 May 2014, Santos voiced his support for same-sex marriage, saying: "Marriage between homosexuals to me is perfectly acceptable and what's more I am defending unions that exist between two people of the same sex with the rights and all of the same privileges that this union should receive."[64]
Presidential campaigns
2014 presidential campaign
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On 20 November 2013, Santos announced his intent to run for re-election in a presidential address,[65] and formalized his intent by filing election papers with the National Civil Registry on 25 November.[66][67] As the incumbent president he ran virtually unopposed in the Social Party of National Unity convention, receiving 772 votes of the 787 party delegates, and receiving the party's nomination on 28 January 2014.[68] Santos and his allies also lobbied for the support of other political parties, receiving the nomination from the Liberal and Radical Change parties,[69][70] forming the National Unity Coalition.
On 12 March Santos officially launched his re-election campaign for the 2014 presidential election under the slogan: "We have done much, there is much to be done".[71] On 24 February, Santos announced that the running mate for his 2014 reelection campaign would be is Germán Vargas Lleras, a veteran politician from one of Colombia's most powerful political dynasties, and his former Minister of Housing, City and Territory. The decision to replace Vice President Garzón as his running mate was an expected one, as Garzón had already announced his desire to retire from politics.
On 15 May, Santos obtained 25.69% of the votes, falling behind his main rival,
On 15 June, Santos won 50.95% of the popular vote in the second round of the election. President Santos addressed supporters and volunteers gathered at the campaign's headquarters in the Claustro de La Enseñanza after his reelection and said: "This is the end of 50 years of conflict in this country, and it is the beginning of a new Colombia". Santos's victory, which was much smaller than his landslide result in 2010, was credited with strategic endorsements from left-wing politicians such as Clara López who appeared on a T.V. endorsement for Santos despite having nearly polar opposite views on many issues. This helped Santos, who had been neck and neck with his Conservative challenger on polls up to the second election round. Many among the Left whose fortunes had declined since the start of the FARC insurgency hoped a peaceful negotiation with FARC, which required a Santos victory, would help rehabilitate the left among the Conservative-Liberal dominated political scene in Colombia.
Payments from Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht
On 14 March 2017 Santos acknowledged that his 2010 election campaign received illegal payments from Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht.[73]
Paradise Papers
In November 2017, an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism claimed Juan Manuel Santos was in control of two offshore companies in Barbados.[74] Following this, Santos clarified that he left the managing board of one of these companies before holding a ministerial office.[75]
Family and personal life
Santos is the son of Enrique Santos Castillo and his wife Clemencia Calderón Nieto,
Santos first married Silvia Amaya Londoño, a film director and television presenter, but divorced three years later having no children together.
Honours and awards
2016 Nobel Peace Prize
- The 2016 Nobel Peace Prize[83] was awarded to the President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos "for his resolute efforts to bring the country’s more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people."
Foreign nations
Award or decoration | Country | Date | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Order of the Aztec Eagle | Mexico | 1 August 2011 | [84] | |
Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry | Portugal | 14 November 2012 | [85] | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, Special Class | Two Sicilies | 7 June 2013 | [86] | |
Knight Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic | Spain | 28 February 2015 | [87] | |
Medal of Military Merit, First Class | Mexico | 7 May 2015 | [88] | |
Medal of Naval Merit, First Class | Mexico | 7 May 2015 | [88] | |
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath | United Kingdom | 2016 | [89] | |
Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty | Portugal | 13 November 2017 |
International awards
- King of Spain Prize[90]
- Peace Lamp of St. Francis of Assisi[91]
- Global Statesman Award[92]
- Gernika Award for Peace and Reconciliation[93]
- Shalom Prize[94]
- New Economy Forum Prize 2016[95]
- The Inter-American Dialogue's Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award for Peace[96]
- National Geographic Society Honors President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia for his Unwavering Commitment to Conservation. President Santos has done more than many elected leaders in the Americas to expand protected areas.[97]
- Colombian President awarded Kew International Medal for work protecting biodiversity.[98]
- Harvard Law School's 2017 Great Negotiator Award[99]
- Tipperary International Peace Award 2017[100]
- Chatham House Prize[101]
Other recognition
A new plant species from Northeastern Colombia has been named Espeletia praesidentis, in honour of efforts made by President Santos to build peace.[102]
Popular culture
- In TV Series Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord, is portrayed by Andrés Aramburo as the character of Mariano Santana.
- Santos is portrayed by Ricardo Vélez in TV Series Tres Caínes as the character of Santamaría.
Selected works
- Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel (1994). Colombia Sin Fronteras: Para Un Nuevo Futuro. Bogotá: OCLC 34283634.
- Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel (1994). El Nuevo Camino al Progreso. Bogotá: OCLC 253690673.
- Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel; OCLC 318185414.
- Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel; OCLC 318268059.
- Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel; OCLC 318238583.
- Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel (2009). Jaque al Terror: Los Años Horribles de las FARC (2nd, illustrated. ed.). Bogotá: Planeta. OCLC 605944076.
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{{cite news}}
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{{cite book}}
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- ^ "New species discovered by Kew scientist is named to honour Colombian President". kew.org.
External links
- Presidencia de Colombia
- Biography at Colombia Reports
- Biography at CIDOB Foundation
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Juan Manuel Santos collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Taking Colombia to the Next Level, Latin Business Chronicle, 9 August 2010
- Juan Manuel Santos on Nobelprize.org