Juba
Juba | |
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UTC+2 (CAT) | |
Climate | Aw |
Juba (/ˈdʒuːbə/)[1] is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of the Central Equatoria State. It is the most recently declared national capital and had a population of 525,953 in 2017. It has an area of 52 km2 (20 sq mi), with the metropolitan area covering 336 km2 (130 sq mi).
Juba was established in 1920–21 by the
History
Under the Khedivate of Egypt, Juba served as the southernmost garrison of the Egyptian army, quartering only a handful of soldiers. Disease was common; soldiers often fell ill due to the malaria, meningitis and blackwater fever that was prevalent in the region. Explorers and campaigners Samuel Baker and Florence Baker used the nearby island of Gondokoro as a base during their expeditions to what is now South Sudan and northern Uganda from 1863 to 1865 and 1871 to 1873.[3]
The present city of Juba was established on the site of a small
Greek merchants supplying the British Army played an early and central role in the establishment of Juba in the early 1920s.[13] Their number never exceeded 2,000, but because of their excellent relationship with the native Bari people and the large amount of resulting assistance they received, they built many structures in the downtown Juba Market area as well as in the area that the contemporary British soldiers called the Greek Quarter, which is today the small suburb of Hai Jalaba. Many of these structures are still standing today. Public buildings such as the Ivory Bank, Notos Lounge, the old Sudan Airways Building, Paradise Hotel, and the Nile Commercial Bank and Buffalo Commercial Bank were all built by Greeks. Greek merchants were responsible for the construction of the Central Bank building in the mid-1940s, as well as the Juba Hotel in the mid-1930s.[14]
From the establishment of
Until 1956, Juba was in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which was jointly administered by the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt. In 1955, a mutiny of southern soldiers in Torit sparked the First Sudanese Civil War, which did not end until 1972. During the Second Sudanese Civil War, Juba was a strategic location that was the focus of much fighting.[citation needed]
In 2005, Juba became the interim seat and the capital of the
Juba became the world's newest national capital on 9 July 2011, when South Sudan formally declared its independence from the
On 5 September 2011, the government announced the capital of South Sudan would move some 250 km away from Juba to
In September 2015,
Since the beginning of the 2023 Sudan Conflict, approximately 6,000 refugees have arrived in the city.[19] Many settled in Gorom, an area near the city, and have struggled from lack of humanitarian aid.
Government
Juba is led by a
In Michael Lado Allah-Jabu was appointed mayor of the city council following the removal of Kalisto Lado by Governor of Central Equatoria Emmanuel Adil Anthony.[21] Allah-Jabu was himself removed by Adil Anthony on 27 June 2023. Following his removal, Emmanuel Khamis was appointed caretaker mayor.[22]
Prior to March 2011, the area now administered by Juba City Council was divided into Juba, Kator, and Muniki payams. It is now a standalone subdivision of Juba County,[20] of which it is the county seat.[23]
Transportation
The city is a river port and the southern terminus of traffic along the Nile (specifically along the Bahr-al-Ghazal portion of the White Nile).[24] Before the civil war, Juba was also a transport hub, with highways connecting it to Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Since the end of the war Juba has been unable to recover to its pre-war state and is no longer a significant trade city. Roads and the river harbour are no longer in use due to being in disrepair. The United Nations and the
Between 2008 and 2011, the
Demography
In 2005, Juba's population was 163,442. Based on analysis of aerial photos, the best estimate of several donors working in Juba calculated the 2006 population at approximately 250,000. The 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census took place in April/May 2008, stating the population of
Year | Population | |
---|---|---|
1973 (census) | 56,740 | |
1983 (census) | 83,790 | |
1993 (census) | 114,980 | |
2005 (estimate) | 163,440 | |
2006 (estimate) | 250,000 | [32] |
2008 (estimate) | 250,000 | [29] |
2011 (estimate) | 372,410 | |
2014 (estimate) | 492,970 |
Economy
Juba has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence.[
Roads In Juba
Juba has major roads that go to major towns in South Sudan, such roads include the Juba-Nimule road[36] and the Aggrey Jaden Road.[37]
Education
- The University of Juba was founded in 1975.[38]
- Upper Nile University in Juba
- The Juba Public Peace Library was founded on 1 October 2019.[39][40] The library was donated by The South Sudan Library Foundation and contains over 13,000 books. It is the first public library of South Sudan. The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.[40][41]
- Kampala International University[42]
- Catholic University of South Sudan
- Episcopal University of South Sudan
- Starford International University
- Ayii University
Health services
- Juba Teaching Hospital[43]
- Juba Military Referral Hospital
- Al Sabah Children's Hospital
- Nyakurun PHCC[44]
- Munuki PHCC
- Gurei PHCC
Places of worship
Among the
Climate
Juba has a
and as it lies near the equator, temperatures are hot year-round. However, little rain falls from November to March, which is also the time of the year with the hottest maximum temperatures, reaching 38 °C (100 °F) in February. From April to October, more than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rain falls per month. The annual total precipitation is nearly 1,000 mm (39 in).Climate data for Juba (1971–2000, extremes 1931–1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 42.2 (108.0) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.6 (110.5) |
42.4 (108.3) |
43.7 (110.7) |
38.5 (101.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.5 (101.3) |
39.0 (102.2) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.4 (104.7) |
42.8 (109.0) |
43.7 (110.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 36.8 (98.2) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.7 (99.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
33.5 (92.3) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
34.7 (94.5) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 28.2 (82.8) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.9 (85.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.5 (81.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 5.1 (0.20) |
11.0 (0.43) |
36.7 (1.44) |
111.5 (4.39) |
129.9 (5.11) |
117.8 (4.64) |
144.7 (5.70) |
127.5 (5.02) |
103.7 (4.08) |
114.5 (4.51) |
43.1 (1.70) |
8.2 (0.32) |
953.7 (37.55) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.4 | 2.0 | 6.6 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 13.0 | 11.5 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 96.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
44 | 42 | 51 | 64 | 73 | 76 | 81 | 80 | 77 | 73 | 69 | 53 | 65 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 279.0 | 235.2 | 210.8 | 198.0 | 207.7 | 207.0 | 182.9 | 204.6 | 228.0 | 241.8 | 237.0 | 260.4 | 2,692.4 |
Percent possible sunshine | 76 | 67 | 57 | 54 | 62 | 58 | 50 | 57 | 63 | 64 | 68 | 68 | 62 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[47] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity, 1961–1990),[48] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, mean temperatures)[49] |
Notable people
- Aheu Deng, beauty queen and fashion model
- Bangs, rapper and YouTube personality
- Mangok Mathiang (born 1992), Australian-Sudanese basketball player for Hapoel Eilat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
- Independent Moses Nunuh, first child born in South Sudan after its independence.[50] Like many other children in South Sudan, he died before his first birthday.[51]
See also
- Equatoria
- Gulu-Nimule Road
- Juba Stadium
- Lainya County
- Railway stations in South Sudan
- Anataban Campaign
References
- ^ "Juba: is the capital of South Sudan, on the White Nile river. Pop: 250 000 (2006 est)". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ^ Martin, Ellen; Mosel, Irina (January 2011). "City limits: urbanisation and vulnerability in Sudan" (PDF). Overseas Department Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ^ Shipman, Pat. To The Heart of the Nile: Lady Florence Baker and the Exploration of Central Africa
- ^ Richardson, J.N. (1933). "Bari Notes". Sudan Notes & Records. 16 (2): 181–186.
- ^ Keen, Rosemary (n.d.). "Church Missionary Society Archive, General Introduction and Guide to the Archive". ampltd.co.uk. Adam Matthew Publications, Pelham House. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
- OCLC 3450641.
- ISBN 9966215298.
- ^ a b Badiey, Naseem (2014). The State of Post-conflict Reconstruction: Land, Urban Development and State Building in Juba, Southern Sudan. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 38.
- ^ Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954". The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies. 31: 139–160.
- ^ Tuttle, Brendan (2021). "To the Juba Wharf". Juba in the Making. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954". The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies. 31: 139–160.
- ^ "Juba in the Making". jubainthemaking.com. L'Humanité, Le Monde Afrique, & Internazionale.
- ^ Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954". The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies. 31: 139–160.
- ^ Greek Community of Juba Archives
- ^ "Juba conf". madingaweil.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- JSTOR 43660336.
- ^ "New capital city for South Sudan?". Radio Netherlands. 6 February 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ISBN 9780323032537, retrieved 9 November 2021
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ a b Stephen, Juma John (3 April 2011). "CES Governor Appoints Mayor For Juba City Council". Gurtong. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ "Adil appoints new Juba mayor after Kalisto's dismissal". The City Review. 20 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ Ninrew, Chany (27 June 2023). "Gov. Adil relieves Mayor Allah-Juba". Eye Radio. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Central Equatoria State". NileBuffalo Gazette. 2008. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ Parsons, Ellen C. (1905). Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa. Macmillan Company. p. 7. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ "Gulu – Juba Railway in the Offing". Pachodo.org. 20 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ^ Thome, Wolfgang H. (14 September 2010). "Railway Link From Juba May Go Directly To Kenya". Eturbonews.com. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ^ Isaac Vuni (8 July 2009). "South Sudan parliament throw outs census results". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
- ^ "Estimated Population in 2011". Wolframalpha.com. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ^ a b "The World Factbook: South Sudan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ "Estimated Population in 2006". Tripwiser.com. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ^ "About KCB Southern Sudan". Kcbbankgroup.com. 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ^ NIC Expands Into Sudan Archived 16 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Irina Mosel and Emily Henderson (2015) Markets in crises: South Sudan case study London: Overseas Development Institute
- ^ "JUBA-NIMULE ROAD | GULSAN HOLDİNG". Gulsan. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ Ngong, Akol Madut (31 October 2021). "Juba-Yei-Kaya road to be named after Aggrey Jaden". One Citizen Daily. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Britannica Online. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ "First public library opens in South Sudan, advocates for peace". The Christian Times. South Sudan. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Instilling a culture of reading; South Sudan looks forward to new public library". Audioboom. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- The University of Sydney. 7 February 2019. Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ^ "S. Sudanese students lose court case against Kampala University". Eye Radio. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Juba Teaching Hospital | EA Health". eahealth.org. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "NYAKURON PHCC – Juba County". southsudanpharma.org. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ Britannica, South Sudan, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 8 September 2019
- ^ "Climate: Juba – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Juba". World Meteorological Organization (UN). Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Juba Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Juba / Sudan" (PDF) (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "The First South Sudanese baby named Independent". CBC News. 10 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ Wynne-Jones, Ros (7 July 2012). "Happy Birthday South Sudan?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
Independent Moses, like one in 10 babies in South Sudan, had not reached his first birthday, dying of Africa's biggest killer, diarrhoea.
External links
- Fisher, J. 2005, 'Southern Sudan's Front-line Town', BBC News, 20 April 2005.
- Holt, K. 2007, 'In pictures: Juba's Street Struggle', BBC News, 4 January 2007.
- Sudan And Uganda Sign MoU To Develop Infrastructure Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- 'Gulu-Juba rail link underway'
- World's Newest Nation would Start Almost from Scratch – article & video by McClatchy