Judeo-Tat
Judeo-Tat | |
---|---|
cuhuri, жугьури, ז׳אוּהאוּראִ | |
Native to | Azerbaijan, Russia – North Caucasian Federal District, spoken by immigrant communities in Israel, United States (New York City) |
Ethnicity | Mountain Jews |
Native speakers | 80,000 (2010–2018)[1] |
Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | jdt |
Glottolog | jude1256 |
ELP | Judeo-Tat |
Judeo-Tat is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) | |
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Judeo-Tat or Juhuri (cuhuri, жугьури, ז׳אוּהאוּראִ) is a
Judeo-Tat features
Judeo-Tat is an endangered language[4][5] classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[6]
Distribution
The language is spoken by an estimated 101,000 people:
- Israel: 70,000 in 1998
- Azerbaijan: 24,000 in 1989
- Russia: 2,000 in 2010[1]
- United States: 5,000[7]
- Canada 2,500[8]
Phonology
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded |
Rounded
| |||
Close | i | y | u | |
Near-close | ɪ | |||
Mid | ɛ | o | ||
Open | æ | a |
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alv./Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Pharyn -geal |
Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̪
|
||||||
Affricate
|
voiceless | p | t̪
|
t͡ʃ | k | |||
voiced | b | d̪
|
d͡ʒ | ɡ | ɢ | |||
Fricative
|
voiceless | f | s̪
|
ʃ | χ | ħ | h | |
voiced | v | z̪
|
||||||
Approximant
|
l
|
j | ʕ | |||||
Flap
|
ɾ |
Alphabet
In the early 20th century, Judeo-Tat used the Hebrew script. In the 1920s, the Latin script was adapted for it; later it was written in Cyrillic. The use of the Hebrew alphabet has enjoyed renewed popularity.
Latin | Aa | Bb | Cc | Çç | Dd | Ee | Əə | Ff | Gg | Hh | ḩ
|
Ħћ | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Şş | Tt | Uu | Vv | Xx | Yy | Zz | |
Cyrillic | Аа | Бб | Чч | Жж | Дд | Ее | Ээ | Фф | Гг | Гьгь | ГӀгӀ | Хьхь | Ии | Йй | Кк | Лл | Мм | Нн | Оо | Пп | Гъгъ | Рр | Сс | Шш | Тт | Уу | Вв | Хх | Уьуь | Зз |
Hebrew | אַ | בּ | ג׳/צ | ז׳ | ד | אי | א | פ | ג | ה | ע | ח | אִ | י | כּ | ל | מ | נ | אָ | פּ | ק | ר | ס | ש | ת | אוּ | ב | כ | או | ז |
IPA | a | b | tʃ/ts | dʒ | d | ɛ | æ | f | g | h | ʕ | ħ | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | ɢ | ɾ | s | ʃ | t | u | v | χ | y | z |
Influences and etymology
Judeo-Tat is a dialect of the Southwest Iranian language family, which includes Persian. Compared to other Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus [for example, Talysh, Ossetian, and Kurdish], Judeo-Tat has more similarities to modern Persian. Howeverer, it also bears strong influence from other sources:
Medieval Persian: Postpositions are used predominantly in lieu of prepositions, for example in modern Persian: باز او > Judeo-Tat æ uræ-voz "with him/her".
Arabic: like in modern Persian, a significant portion of the vocabulary is Arabic in origin. Unlike modern Persian, Judeo-Tat has almost universally retained the original pharyngeal/uvular phonemes of Arabic, for example /ʕæsæl/ "honey" (Arab. عسل), /sæbæħ/ "morning" (Arab. صباح).
Azerbaijani: Vowel harmony and many loan words
Russian: Loanwords adopted after the Russian Empire's annexation of Daghestan and Azerbaijan
Northeast Caucasian languages: /tʃuklæ/ "small" (probably the same origin as the medieval Caucasian city name "Sera-chuk" mentioned by Ibn Battuta, meaning "little Sera")
Other common phonology/morphology changes from classical Persian/Arabic/Hebrew:
- /aː/ > /o/, /æ/, or /u/ as in /kitob/ "book" (Arab. كتاب), /ɾæħ/ "road/path" (Pers. راه rāh), /ɢurbu/ "sacrifice" (Arab., Aramaic /qurbaːn/ or Heb. קרבן Korban)
- /o/ > /u/ as in /ovʃolum/ "Absalom" (Heb. אבשלום Abshalom)
- /u/ > /y/, especially under the influence of vowel harmony
- Stress on final syllable words
- Dropping of the final /n/ as in /soχtæ/ "to make" (Pers. ساختن sākhtan)
Dialects
Being a variety of the Tat language, Judeo-Tat itself can be divided into several dialects:
- Quba dialect (traditionally spoken in Quba and Qırmızı Qəsəbə).
- Derbent dialect (traditionally spoken in the town of Derbent and the surrounding villages).
- Kaitag dialect (spoken in the North Caucasus).
The dialects of
References
- ^ a b c Judeo-Tat at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ Windfuhr, Gernot. The Iranian Languages. Routledge. 2009. p. 417.
- ^ Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. [1].
- ^ Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
- ^ John M Clifton. "Do the Talysh and Tat languages have a future in Azerbaijan?" (PDF). Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 18 Feb 2013.
- ^ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Archived 2009-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, ed. Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. [2].
- ^ James B. Minahan, ed. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia: Juhuro.
- ^ (in Russian) Phonetics of the Mountain Jewish language
- ^ (in Russian) Language of the Mountain Jews of Dagestan Archived 2005-05-01 at the Wayback Machine by E.Nazarova
Further reading
- Borjian, Habib; Kaufman, Daniel (2016). "Juhuri: From the Caucasus to New York City". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2016 (237): 59–74. S2CID 55326563.
- Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2010). "Juhūrī (Judeo-Tat or Judeo-Tātī)". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.
External links
- Judeo-Tat literature
- Горско-еврейский язык (словарь, грамматика, библиотека)
- JUHURO.RU - Информационно развлекательный портал горских евреев Горские Евреи Израиля population ~70,000
- Горские Евреи Нальчика Mountain Jews of Nalchik.
- Горские Евреи Америки Mountain Jews of the US.
- Сайт Горских Евреев Культура новости
- Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World: "Juhūrī (Judeo-Tat or Judeo-Tātī)", p 16 sq, print: Brill, Leiden 2010