Judges 1
Judges 1 | |
---|---|
Book | Book of Judges |
Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
Order in the Hebrew part | 2 |
Category | Former Prophets |
Christian Bible part | Old Testament (Heptateuch) |
Order in the Christian part | 7 |
Judges 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Judges, the seventh book of the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament, a sacred text in Judaism and Christianity. With the exception of the first verse, scholars have long recognised and studied the parallels between chapter 1 of Judges and chapters 13 to 19 in the preceding Book of Joshua.[1] Both provide similar accounts of the purported conquest of Canaan by the ancient Israelites. Judges 1 and Joshua 15–19 present two accounts of a slow, gradual, and only partial conquest by individual Israelite tribes, marred by defeats, in stark contrast with the 10th and 11th chapters of the Book of Joshua, which portray a swift and complete victory of a united Israelite army under the command of Joshua.[2]
Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 36 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[3] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudgc?; 50 BCE) with extant verses 10–12.[4][5][6]
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[7][a]
Analysis
Content
Overview
Judges 1 narrates how the
Tribes mentioned
One curious feature of the list is that it mentions eleven Israelite tribes, namely Kayin (the
Conquest of Jerusalem
Another unusual feature is the conquest of Jerusalem as described in Judges 1:7–8: the Judahites capture Adoni-Bezek and take him to Jerusalem, everyone there was killed and the city burnt to the ground. In contrast, Judges 1:21 reports Jerusalem as having not been conquered and containing
While Joshua 5:13–6:27 narrates the Battle of Jericho as the iconic first victory in the conquest of Canaan, Judges 1 does not even mention Jericho, although some Bible translations identify the "City of Palms" mentioned in Judges 1:16 with Jericho. Even so, the verse does not indicate the city was taken by military force, nor is it the first city the Israelites conquered according to Judges 1, which starts with the defeat of king Adoni-Bezek of the unidentified place "Bezek" (Judges 1:4–7), after which Jerusalem was supposedly taken and sacked (Judges 1:8).[13]
Hebrew/Greek contradiction on Judges 1:18
According to the Hebrew Masoretic Text (MT) of Judges 1:18, "Also Judah took Gaza with the coast thereof, and Askelon with the coast thereof, and Ekron with the coast thereof." (King James Version).[note 4] However, the Greek Septuagint (LXX) renders Judges 1:18 as: "But Judas did not inherit Gaza nor her coasts, nor Ascalon nor her coasts, nor Accaron nor her coasts, nor Azotus nor the lands around it.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).[15][note 3]
This contradiction has puzzled scholars, as not only does the Greek text add Ashdod (Azotus) to the list of cities, but it specifically denies that the Judahites conquered (literally "inherited") these cities, while the Hebrew text asserts that they did.[17][18] Although English Bible translations have generally followed the Masoretic Text in saying the Judahites took the three cities,[19] some scholars claim that the Greek version should be regarded as superior if the inhabitants of these four coastal cities are to be equated with "the people of the plains" in the next verse, who repelled the Judahites thanks to their iron chariots.[20] The Septuagint may therefore 'correct' the Hebrew text, as other textual evidence also seems to indicate the towns did not fall to the Israelites until much later.[17][21] Charles Ellicott noted that Josephus had a different solution, claiming in Antiquities of the Jews (volume 2, paragraph 4) that 'Askelon and Ashdod were taken in the war, but that Gaza and Ekron escaped, because their situation in the plains enabled them to use their chariots; yet in 3, § 1, he says that the Canaanites re-conquered Askelon and Ekron.'[17]
Composition and historicity
David M. Gunn (2018) noted that early Jewish and Christian interpreters paid little attention to Judges 1–2, but by the 18th century, scholars had begun to consider the discrepancies between the books of Joshua and Judges a problem.[12] While Joshua 10–11 portrayed Joshua's united Israelites as completely annihilating all Canaanites and capturing or destroying all their cities, Judges 1 shows many of these cities as still standing and being inhabited by Canaanites who often successfully repelled various Israelite tribes.[12] For example, Voltaire (1776), invoking earlier observations made by Thomas Woolston, argued that either the Book of Joshua or the Book of Judges had to be false, as 'this crowd of contradictions is unsustainable.'[12]
George Foot Moore (1895) argued that Judges 1's account of the Israelite conquest of Canaan was 'of vastly greater historical value' than Joshua 10–11, as a 'gradual and partial' subjugation of the land was consistent with everything else known about subsequent Israelite and Canaanite history in the centuries thereafter, while 'the whole political and religious history of these centuries would be unintelligible if we were to imagine it as beginning with such a conquest of Canaan as narrated in the Book of Joshua'.[2] G. Ernest Wright (1946) stated that, in his day, textual critics generally believed that Judges 1 was probably mostly written in the 10th or 9th century BCE (with verse 1 "After the death of Joshua..." 'having been added by a harmonistic editor') and 'supported by statements in Joshua 15–19', while Joshua 10 was written much later by the Deuteronomist (c. 6th century BCE) and was therefore considered unreliable.[2] However, Wright contended that his colleagues too readily wrote off Joshua 10–11 as unhistorical due to focusing on verses 10:40–41: 'Undoubtedly it was an exaggeration to say that every single inhabitant was killed. (...) Reduce the statement to geography, and all that it claims is that Joshua took the Judean hill country with the Negeb and Shephela.'[2] He also accused Moore and other scholars of oversimplifying the reliability of Judges 1, as it is often fragmentary, self-contradictory, and 'not in such absolute contradiction to Joshua and the Deuteronomic point of view as is so commonly assumed.'[2]
A. Graeme Auld (1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the Book of Joshua, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period.[10] Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp. Joshua 13–19) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.'[1] Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of Joshua 13–19 in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration.[1]
Potential pro-Judah bias
Some scholars such as Marc Zvi Brettler have concluded that Judges 1 is a pro-Judean[note 2] redaction of Joshua 13–19, but K. Lawson Younger noted that even Judah is subtly criticised in Judges 1, and the rest of the Book of Judges portrays Judah in the same negative manner as all other tribes, and it looked to him like the first three chapters of Judges are integral parts of the book that were not added by later editors.[1] Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) mounted an argument against commonly-cited evidence for a pro-Judah polemic in all of Judges, but Serge Frolov (2007) sought to refute his interpretations, concluding: 'The opening chapter of Judges presents Judah as uniquely capable of mounting a successful war effort on behalf of the entire Israel (...). In sum, according to Judges Judah is supremely qualified to be in charge of a political entity that includes all tribes of Israel, in other words, of the Israelite monarchy. This stance is in its turn consistent with the Deuteronomistic political philosophy, hinging upon the idea that only the Judahite Davidic dynasty is entitled to reign in Israel (2 Samuel 7) and viewing the Northern Kingdom (whose mainstay was the house of Joseph) as a renegade province (see especially 2 Kings 17,21–23).'[9]
List of cities
- This is not a list of archaeological remains in the modern-day Middle East. This discusses a specific list present in the Bible.
Successes
The Tribe of Judah took:
- The hill country, the Negev and the western foothills (Judges 1:9; Judges 1:19)
- Gaza, Ascalon and Ekron (according to the Hebrew Masoretic Text of Judges 1:18, see above[17])
- Hebron (Kiriath Arba), where Caleb drives out the three sons of Anak (Judges 1:20)
- Debir (Kiriath Sepher), taken by Othniel (Judges 1:11–13)
The Tribe of Simeon together with that of Judah destroy:
The Tribes of Joseph (consisting of two "half-tribes": the Tribe of Ephraim and the Tribe of Manasseh) took:
- Bethel, killing all inhabitants except for the man and his family who showed them how to get into the city (1:22–26)
Failures
Because the inhabitants had iron chariots, the Tribe of Judah failed to take:
- Gaza, Ascalon, Ekron and Ashdod (according to the Greek Septuagint version of Judges 1:18, see above[17])
- The plains (Judges 1:19)
The Tribe of Benjamin failed to drive out the occupants of:
- Jebus) (Judges 1:21). However, Judges 1:8 reported that the Judahites had (already?) taken Jerusalem, killed everyone inside and burnt it.[12]
The
- Beit She'an (Judges 1:27)
- Taanach(Judges 1:27)
- Dor (Judges 1:27)
- Ibleam(Judges 1:27)
- Megiddo(Judges 1:27)
The Tribe of Ephraim was unable to drive out the Canaanites from:
- Gezer (Judges 1:29)
The Tribe of Zebulun was unable to drive out the Canaanites from:
The Tribe of Asher was unable to drive out the Canaanites from:
- Akko (Judges 1:31)
- Siddon (Judges 1:31)
- Ahlab (Judges 1:31)
- Aczib (Judges 1:31)
- Helbah (Judges 1:31)
- Aphek (Judges 1:31)
- Rehob (Judges 1:31)
The Tribe of Naphtali was unable to drive out the Canaanites living in:
- Beth Shemesh (Judges 1:33)
- Beth Anath(Judges 1:33)
The Tribe of Dan was confined to the hill country by the Amorites and could not capture:
- Mount Heres (Judges 1:34–35)
- Aijalon(Judges 1:34–35)
- Shaalbim(Judges 1:34–35).
Notes
- ^ Judges 1:28 makes the general claim that 'When Israel became strong, they pressed the Canaanites into forced labor but never drove them out completely.' (NIV) Verses 30, 33, and 35 mention specific examples of Canaanite tribes which were subjected to forced labour.
- ^ Judea (Roman province)). Scholars prefer the term 'Judahite' when referring to the pre-Roman period.
- ^ a b καὶ οὐκ ἐκληρονόμησεν Ἰούδας τὴν Γάζαν οὐδὲ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀσκάλωνα οὐδὲ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀκκαρὼν οὐδὲ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ τὴν Ἄζωτον οὐδὲ τὰ περισπόρια αὐτῆς. (Swete's Septuagint). The word 'οὐκ' means "not", 'ἐκληρονόμησεν' (related to the modern Greek verb κληρονομώ) means "inherit", and 'οὐδὲ' means "nor".[16]
- Westminster Leningrad Codex).[14]
Notes
- ^ The whole book of Judges is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[8]
References
- ^ S2CID 170339976. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ S2CID 161249981. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Ulrich 2010, p. 254.
- ^ Dead sea scrolls - Judges
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 162.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ S2CID 159653915. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ JSTOR 3268272. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-319-51695-0. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ ISBN 9781118710746. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ "Judges 1 NIV". biblehub.com. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ "Judges 1:18 Hebrew Text Analysis". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ "Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation". Biblehub.com. 1844. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ "Judges 1 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Judges 1:18 Commentaries". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ISBN 9780860543374. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ "Judges 1:18 Parallel". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24. American Research Center in Egypt. 1985. p. 212. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.
- ISBN 9780025322615. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0195288810.
- ISBN 9780802862419.
- ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
- Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300188271.
- Niditch, Susan (2007). "10. Judges". In ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
- ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
External links
- Jewish translations:
- Shoftim - Judges - Chapter 1 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
- Christian translations:
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- Judges chapter 1. Bible Gateway