Judges 13
Judges 13 | |
---|---|
Book | Book of Judges |
Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
Order in the Hebrew part | 2 |
Category | Former Prophets |
Christian Bible part | Old Testament (Heptateuch) |
Order in the Christian part | 7 |
Judges 13 is the thirteenth
Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 25 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[7]
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[8][a]
Analysis
A linguistic study by Chisholm reveals that the central part in the Book of Judges (Judges 3:7–16:31) can be divided into two panels based on the six refrains that state that the Israelites did evil in Yahweh's eyes:[10]
Panel One
- A 3:7 ויעשו בני ישראל את הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD (KJV)[11]
- B 3:12 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD
- B 4:1 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD
Panel Two
- A 6:1ויעשו בני ישראל הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD
- B 10:6 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD
- B 13:1 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD
Furthermore from the linguistic evidence, the verbs used to describe the Lord's response to Israel's sin have chiastic patterns and can be grouped to fit the division above:[12]
Panel One
- 3:8 וימכרם, "and he sold them," from the root מָכַר, makar
- 3:12 ויחזק, "and he strengthened," from the root חָזַק, khazaq
- 4:2 וימכרם, "and he sold them," from the root מָכַר, makar
Panel Two
- 10:7 וימכרם, "and he sold them," from the root מָכַר, makar
- 13:1 ויתנם, "and he gave them," from the root נָתַן, nathan
Chapters 13–16 contains the "Samson Narrative" or "Samson Cycle", a highly structured poetic composition with an 'almost architectonic tightness' from a literary point-of-view.[13] The entire section consists of 3 cantos and 10 subcantos and 30 canticles, as follows:[13]
- Canto I : the birth story of Samson (Judges 13:2–25)
- Canto II : the feats of Samson in Timnah and Judah (Judges 14:1–16:3)
- Canto III : Samson's exploits in the Valley of Sorek and the temple of Dagon (Judges 16:4–31).
The distribution of the 10 subcantos into 3 cantos is a regular 2 + 4 + 4, with the number of canticles per subcanto as follows:[13]
- Canto I: 3 + 3
- Canto II: 3 + 3 + 3 + 5 (3 + 2?)
- Canto III: 2 + 2 + 3 + 3
The number of strophes per canticle in each canto is quite uniform with numerical patterns in Canto II showing a 'concentric symmetry':[13]
- Canto I: 4 + 4 + 4 | 4 + 4 + 4
- Canto Ila: 4 + 3 + 3 | 4 + 4 + 4 | 3 + 3 + 4 (concentric)
- Canto IIb: 4 + 4 + 3 + 4? + 4 (concentric)
- Canto III: 4 + 4 | 4 + 4 | 4 + 4 + 4 | 3 + 3 + 4
The structure regularity within the whole section classifies this composition as a 'narrative poetry' or 'poetic narrative'.[14]
Israel oppressed by the Philistines (13:1)
- And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the Lord; and the Lord delivered them into the hand of the Philistines forty years.[15]
The oppression of the Israelites by the Philistines was briefly mentioned in Judges 10:7, is stated here again with the standing formula: "And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the Lord" (cf. Judges 10:6; Judges 4:1; Judges 3:12).[16]
- "Forty years": as Samson judged Israel for 20 years during the 40-year oppression (Judges 15:20; Judges 16:31), he must have started his judgeship at around the age of 20 right after the incident of his marriage with a Philistine woman (Judges 14).13)[16]
Birth of Samson (13:2–25)
The birth narrative of
The narrative in verses 3–24 has a structure that almost parallels with Judges 16 in terms of text arrangement:[17][18]
- The woman is barren (13:2)
- 1) an inclusion
- 1. A. messenger appears (Hebrew: wyr) to the woman (13:3–5)
- 2. B. the woman tells her husband (13:6–8)
- 3. C. he prays that the messenger come again (13:9)
- 4. A'. the messenger comes again to the woman (13:9)
- 5. B'. she tells the man has appeared (Hebrew: nr'h) (13:10)
- 2) fourfold asking and answer discourse (13:11–18)
- 1. First question and answer (13:11)
- 2. Second question and answer (13:12–14)
- 3. A request and reply (13:15–16)
- 4. Fourth question and answer (13:17–18)
- 3) an inclusion
- 1. Manoah takes (Hebrew: wyqh) a kind and cereal offering (13:19)
- 2. messenger does not appear again (13:20–21)
- 3. Manoah knew he was messenger of YHWH(13:21–22)
- 4. YHWH would not have taken (Hebrew: lqh) the burnt offering (13:23)
- 1) an inclusion
- The woman bears a son (13:24)
Verse 25
- And the Spirit of the Lord began to move upon him at Mahaneh Dan between Zorah and Eshtaol.[19]
- "Mahaneh Dan": literally, "Camp of Dan" (cf. Judges 18:12).[20]
See also
- Angel of the Lord
- Children of Israel
- Eshtaol
- Korban
- Manoah
- Nazirite
- Philistines
- Spirit of the Lord
- Tribe of Dan
- Zorah
Notes
- ^ The whole book of Judges is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[9]
References
- ^ Halley 1965, p. 173.
- ^ Talmud, Baba Bathra 14b-15a)
- ^ a b Gilad, Elon. Who Really Wrote the Biblical Books of Kings and the Prophets? Haaretz, June 25, 2015. Summary: The paean to King Josiah and exalted descriptions of the ancient Israelite empires beg the thought that he and his scribes lie behind the Deuteronomistic History.
- ^ Niditch 2007, p. 177.
- ^ a b c d e Niditch 2007, p. 185.
- ^ Chisholm 2009, pp. 251–252.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Chisholm 2009, p. 251.
- ^ Judges 3:7 Hebrew Text Analysis. Biblehub
- ^ Chisholm 2009, p. 252.
- ^ a b c d Kim 1993, p. 424.
- ^ Kim 1993, pp. 424, 426.
- ^ Judges 13:1 KJV
- ^ a b c d Keil, Carl Friedrich; Delitzsch, Franz. Commentary on the Old Testament (1857-1878). 2 Samuel 3. Accessed 24 Juni 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Exum, J. Cheryl (1980). Literary Patterns in the Samson Saga: An Investigation of Rhetorical Style in Biblical Prose. University Microfilms. p. 70.
- ^ Kim 1993, p. 104.
- ^ Judges 13:25 NKJV
- ^ Note on Judges 13:25 in NKJV
Sources
- Chisholm, Robert B. Jr. (2009). "The Chronology of the Book of Judges: A Linguistic Clue to Solving a Pesky Problem" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 52 (2): 247–55.
- ISBN 978-0-19-528881-0.
- ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
- Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18827-1.
- Kim, Jichan (1993). The Structure of the Samson Cycle. Kok Pharos Publishing House. ISBN 978-90-390-0016-8.
- Niditch, Susan (2007). "10. Judges". In ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-2628-2.
- ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
- Younger, K. Lawson (2002). Judges and Ruth. The NIV Application Commentary. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-20636-1.
External links
- Jewish translations:
- Shoftim - Judges - Chapter 13 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
- Christian translations:
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- Judges chapter 13. Bible Gateway