Julian March
Julian March
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The Julian March (
The term was later endorsed by Italian irredentists, who sought to annex regions in which ethnic Italians made up most (or a substantial portion) of the population: the Austrian Littoral, Trentino, Fiume and Dalmatia. The Triple Entente promised the regions to Italy in the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in exchange for Italy's joining the Allied Powers in World War I. The secret 1915 Treaty of London promised Italy territories largely inhabited by Italians (such as Trentino) in addition to those largely inhabited by Croats or Slovenes; the territories housed 421,444 Italians, and about 327,000 ethnic Slovenes.[5][6]
A contemporary Italian autonomous region, bordering on Slovenia, is named Friuli-Venezia Giulia ("Friuli and Julian Venetia").[7]
Etymology
The term "Julian March" is a partial translation of the Italian name "Venezia Giulia" (or "Julian Venetia"), coined by the Italian Jewish historical linguist Graziadio Ascoli, who was born in Gorizia. In an 1863 newspaper article,[4] Ascoli focused on a wide geographical area north and east of Venice which was under Austrian rule; he called it Triveneto ("the three Venetian regions"). Ascoli divided Triveneto into three parts:
- Euganean Venetia (Venezia Euganea or Venezia propria; Venetia in the strict sense), made up of Italy's Veneto region and most of the territory of Friuli (roughly corresponding to the present Italian provinces of Udine and Pordenone)
- Tridentine Venetia (Venezia Tridentina): the present Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
- Julian Venetia (Venezia Giulia): "Gorizia, Trieste and Istria ... including the land between the Venetia in the strict sense of the term, the Julian Alps, and the sea"[4]
According to this definition, Triveneto overlaps the ancient Roman region of
The term "Venezia Giulia" did not catch on immediately, and began to be used widely only in the first decade of the 20th century.[4] It was used in official administrative acts by the Italian government in 1922–1923 and after 1946, when it was included in the name of the new region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
History
Early Middle Ages to the Republic of Venice
At the end of the
Beginning in the
The Habsburg held the March of Carniola, roughly corresponding to the central Carniolan region of present-day Slovenia (part of their holdings in Inner Austria), since 1335. During the next two centuries, they gained control of the Istrian cities of Pazin and Rijeka-Fiume, the port of Trieste (with Duino), Gradisca and Gorizia (with its county in Friuli).
Republic of Venice to 1918
The region was relatively stable from the 16th century to the 1797
Habsburg rule abolished political borders which had divided the area for almost 1,000 years. The territories were initially assigned to the new
The Italian-Austrian war of 1866, followed by the passage of what was then known as Veneto (the current Veneto and Friuli regions, except for the province of Gorizia) to Italy, did not directly affect the Littoral; however, a small community of Slavic speakers in northeastern Friuli (an area known as Slavia friulana - Beneška Slovenija) became part of the Kingdom of Italy. Otherwise, the Littoral lasted until the end of the Austrian Empire in 1918.
The Italians in Julian March supported the Italian
His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in South Tyrol, Dalmatia and Littoral for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.
Istrian Italians were more than 50% of the total population of Istria for centuries,[16] while making up about a third of the population in 1900.[17]
Kingdom of Italy (1918–1943)
The Kingdom of Italy annexed the region after World War I according to the
Rijeka-Fiume, which had enjoyed special status within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary), became an independent city-state in the Treaty of Rapallo: the Free State of Fiume. It was abolished following the 1924 Treaty of Rome and divided between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The new provinces of Gorizia (which was merged with the Province of Udine between 1924 and 1927), Trieste, Pola and Fiume (after 1924) were created. Tarvisio, Pontebba, Malborghetto Valbruna, and the westernmost part of the former Littoral around Cervignano del Friuli remained part of Udine (and so Euganean Venetia) after 1927.
Italians lived primarily in cities and along the coast, and Slavs inhabited the interior. Fascist persecution, "centralising, oppressive and dedicated to the forcible Italianisation of the minorities",[19] caused the emigration of about 105,000[6] Slovenes and Croats from the Julian March—around 70,000 to Yugoslavia and 30,000 to Argentina. Several thousand Dalmatian Italians moved from Yugoslavia to Italy after 1918, many to Istria and Trieste.
In response to the
German occupation and resistance (1943–1945)
After the
In the aftermath of the fall 1943 Italian armistice, the first of what became known as the Foibe massacres occurred (primarily in present-day Croatian Istria). The Germans established the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral, officially part of the Italian Social Republic but under de facto German administration, that year. Many areas, (especially north and north-east of Gorizia) were controlled by the partisan resistance, which was also active on the Karst Plateau and interior Istria. The Nazis tried to repress the Yugoslav guerrillas with reprisals against the civilian population; entire villages were burned down, and thousands of people were interned in Nazi concentration camps. However, the Yugoslav resistance took over most of the region by the spring of 1945.
Italian resistance in the operational zone was active in Friuli and weaker in the Julian March, where it was confined to intelligence and underground resistance in the larger towns (especially Trieste and Pula). In May 1945, the Yugoslav Army entered Trieste; over the following days, virtually the entire Julian March was occupied by Yugoslav forces. Retaliation against real (and potential) political opponents occurred, primarily to the Italian population.
Contested region (1945–1954)
The Western allies adopted the term "Julian March" as the name for the territories which were contested between Italy and the
In 1946, U.S. President
Since 1954
In Slovenia the Julian March is known as the Slovene Littoral, encompassing the regions of Goriška and Slovenian Istria. In Croatia, the traditional name of Istria is used. After the divisions of 1947 and 1954, the term "Julian March" survived in the name of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy.
The
Ethnolinguistic structure
Two major ethnolinguistic clusters were unified in the region. The western portion was inhabited primarily by
minorities.Other ethnic groups included
Romance languages
The standard Italian language was common among educated people in Trieste, Gorizia, Istria and Fiume/Rijeka. In Trieste (and to a lesser extent in Istria), Italian was the predominant language in primary education. The Italian-speaking elite dominated the governments of Trieste and Istria under Austro-Hungarian rule, although they were increasingly challenged by Slovene and Croatian political movements. Before 1918, Trieste was the only self-governing Austro-Hungarian unit in which Italian speakers were the majority of the population.
Most of the Romance-speaking population did not speak standard Italian as their native language, but two other closely related Romance languages: Friulian and Venetian.[25] There was no attempt to introduce Venetian into education and administration.
Friulian was spoken in the south-western lowlands of the county of Gorizia and Gradisca (except for the Monfalcone-Grado area, where Venetian was spoken), and in the town of Gorizia. Larger Friulian-speaking centres included Cormons, Cervignano, and Gradisca d'Isonzo. A dialect of Friulian (Tergestine) was spoken in Trieste and Muggia, evolving into a Venetian dialect during the 18th century. According to contemporary estimates, three-quarters of the Italians in the county of Gorizia and Gradisca were native Friulian speakers—one-quarter of the county's population, and seven to eight percent of the population of the Julian March.
Venetian dialects were concentrated in Trieste, Rijeka and Istria, and the Istro-Venetian dialect was the predominant language of the west Istrian coast. In many small west Istrian towns, such as
In addition to these two large language groups, two smaller Romance communities existed in Istria. In the south-west, on the coastal strip between Pula and
South Slavic languages
A variety of
Slovene-Italian bilingualism was present only in some north-west Istrian coastal villages and the confined semi-urban areas around Gorizia and Trieste, while the vast majority of Slovene speakers had little (or no) knowledge of Italian; German was the predominant second language of the Slovene rural population.
Linguistic minorities
German was the predominant language in secondary and higher education throughout the region until 1918, and the educated elite were fluent in German. Many Austrian civil servants used German in daily life, especially in larger urban centres. Most of the German speakers would speak Italian, Slovene or Croatian on social and public occasions, depending on their political and ethnic preferences and location. Among the rural population, German was spoken by about 6,000 people in the Canale Valley. In the major urban areas (primarily Trieste and Rijeka), Hungarian, Serbian, Czech and Greek were spoken by smaller communities.
Flags
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Proposed flag
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Official flag of the Austrian Litoral (1849-1919)
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Official flag of the Austrian Litoral (1849-1919) (with coat of arms)
See also
- Austrian Riviera
- Battles of the Isonzo
- Dalmatia
- London Pact
- History of Trieste
- Venetian Slovenia
- Operation Unthinkable
Notes
- ^ Adriatic routes to and from Venice were based on Dalmatian and Istrian harbours, which were more easily accessible for vessels than their Italian counterparts.
References
- ^ The New Europe by Bernard Newman, pp. 307, 309
- ^ ISBN 0-7190-7417-7p. 155
- ^ Bernard Newman, The New Europe, pp. 307, 309
- ^ ISBN 978-1138791749
- ISBN 978-961-231-871-0
- ^ a b Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) "Clash of civilisations" Archived 2020-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol.12, No.2, p.4
- ^ "The History of "Venetia Julia" Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ In 1863 all of the Triveneto, as defined by Ascoli, was part of the Austrian Empire. After the Italian third war of independence against Austria of 1866, Veneto and part of Friuli (i. e. Venezia Euganea in Ascoli's terms) were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.
- ISBN 978-88-15-08824-6
- ^ a b F. C. Lane, Venice. A maritime Republic, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973
- ^ Veneto, including western part of modern Friuli, which had also become part of Austrian Empire since 1815, was included in the Kingdom of Lombardo-Veneto
- ^ "Paolo Radivo: Italian Irredentism in Istria (in Italian)". Archived from the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra, Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)
- ^ Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971
- ISBN 3484311347.
- ^ "Istrian Spring". Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 886–887. .
- ^ "A Historical Outline of Istria". Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
- ^ The Problem of Trieste and the Italo-Yugoslav Border by Glenda Sluga, p. 47
- ^ "History ELINT from 1946". Archived from the original on 2009-04-09. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
- ^ The Italo-Yugoslav Border Issue: Four Solutions And The Urgent Need For Just One[permanent dead link][full citation needed] [dead link]
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Jože Pirjevec and Milica Kacin Wohinz (Ljubljana: Nova revija, 2000), p. 303.
- ^ Rolf Wörsdörfer, Krisenherd Adria 1915–1955: Konstruktion und Artikulation des Nationalen im italienisch-jugoslawischen Grenzraum (Paderborn: F. Schöningh, 2004).
- ^ It should be understood that Italian language's division among regional dialects has always been very pronounced. Due to the lack of a central Italian state, a standard Italian language did not actually exist until the second half of the 19th century, nor there was, until then, an agreement among scholars on this language's features. As a result, only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when the nation was unified in 1861. See for example the Italian language historic evolution and M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
External links
- The Problem of Trieste and the Italo-Yugoslav Border by Glenda Sluga
- Istituto Giuliano: an Italian association dedicated to the promotion of culture and tradition in the Julian March
- Istituto regionale per la storia del movimento di liberazione nel Friuli-Venezia Giulia: an Italian association dedicated to the study of the history of resistance war in Friuli and Julian March