Jungfraujoch
Jungfraujoch | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Elevation | 3,463 m (11,362 ft)[1] |
Coordinates | 46°32′50″N 7°58′50″E / 46.54722°N 7.98056°E |
Naming | |
English translation | Jungfrau (virgin, maiden) saddle (or yoke) |
Language of name | German |
Geography | |
Country | Valais |
Parent range | Bernese Alps |
Topo map | Swiss Federal Office for Topography - swisstopo |
Climbing | |
First ascent | unknown First traversed by Leslie Stephen and party (1862) |
Normal route | Jungfrau Railway |
The Jungfraujoch (German: lit. "maiden saddle") is a saddle connecting two major 4000ers of the Bernese Alps: the Jungfrau and the Mönch. It lies at an elevation of 3,463 metres (11,362 ft) above sea level and is directly overlooked by the rocky prominence of the Sphinx. The Jungfraujoch is a glacier saddle, on the upper snows of the Aletsch Glacier, and part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch area, situated on the boundary between the cantons of Bern and Valais, halfway between Interlaken and Fiesch.
Since 1912, the Jungfraujoch has been accessible to tourists by the
The Sphinx Observatory, one of the highest astronomical observatories in the world, provides an additional viewing platform at a height of 3,572 metres (11,719 ft), the second-highest in Switzerland. It can be reached by an elevator from the Jungfraujoch. The observatory houses one of the Global Atmosphere Watch's atmospheric research stations. The Jungfraujoch radio relay station, which is not accessible to the public, is installed west of the Jungfraujoch, on the Jungfrau ridge. It is Europe's highest radio relay station.
Etymology
The Swiss- and Austro-Bavarian-German term Joch means "saddle", in this case referring to the ridge between two higher peaks, as recorded in the 14th century (Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch "bereits im 14. jahrh. als ortsname: des gotzhus zwing und ban vahet an Rotenhalden und denne die roten bachtalen uf unz an den grat, und den grat obnan hin ob Grüblen hin iemerme, unz an Joch. und ab Joch unz an Stoerben. weisth. 1, 4 (Zürich)").
The name Jungfrau ('Virgin'), which refers to the highest mountain overlooking the Jungfraujoch, is most likely derived from the name Jungfrauenberg given to Wengernalp, so named for the nuns of Interlaken Monastery, its historical owner. However, the "virgin" peak was heavily romanticized as a "goddess" or "priestess" only in late 18th- to 19th-century Romanticism. After the first ascent in 1811 by Swiss alpinist Johann Rudolf Meyer, the peak was jokingly referred to as Mme Meyer (Mrs. Meyer).[2][3]
Geographic setting
The Jungfraujoch is a snow saddle located directly between the summits of Mathildespitze (west) and Sphinx (east). It is, however, most notably the lowest point between the Jungfrau and the Mönch, respectively third and fourth highest mountains in the Bernese Alps, and the key col of the former.[4] The south side (canton of Valais), almost flat, is constituted by the Jungfraufirn, one of the branches of the Aletsch Glacier, the longest in the Alps. From the south, the Jungfraujoch can be relatively easily accessed by mountaineers in two days from the region of Fiesch, via the Konkordia Hut. The north side (canton of Bern) is almost vertical with a difference of height of nearly 3,000 metres from the bottom of the valley at Interlaken, with no easy natural access. For those reasons, the only easy and quick access to the Jungfraujoch is through the 7 kilometre-long tunnel of the Jungfrau Railway, accessed via Kleine Scheidegg on the north side, the railway pass between Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald.
Administrativelly, the Jungfraujoch is split between the territories of the municipalities of
First crossing
There is a tradition in the Bernese Oberland, supported by some documentary evidence, that a pass existed between Grindelwald and Fiesch in Valais in the late medieval period, later lost to the advancing glaciers. With the early development of tourism in Switzerland and the exploration of the High Alps in the 19th century, there were once again attempts to traverse the great ridge that encloses the head of the Aletsch Glacier, and connecting Fiesch with Grindelwald and Wengernalp. Four such routes were found, with the Jungfraujoch and the Eigerjoch being among the most difficult passes in the Alps,[5] despite the former having a relatively easy southern approach on the Aletsch Glacier.
The first ascent of the north side of the Jungfraujoch succeeded in July 1862, by a party of six English climbers and six Swiss guides: Leslie Stephen, F. J. Hardy, H. B. George, Living, Moore, and Morgan, with Christian Almer, Christian and Peter Michel, Ulrich Kauffmann, P. Baumann, and C. Bohren as guides. The time of ascent from Wengernalp was nine hours.
The party turned back on the first day at a bergschrund, returning on the following day with a ladder 25 ft (7.6 m) in length, carried by Peter Rubi, a porter from Grindelwald. The way lay at first by the rocky buttress of the Mönch, separating the Eiger and Guggi glaciers. From the buttress the route descended a short distance in order to reach the Guggi Glacier, which could be ascended to a plateau. This halting place was reached in about three hours.
Above the bergschrund was a second and smaller plateau which was situated immediately under the long slopes of broken neve that lay below the saddle. The final and very arduous stage in the ascent was a single patch of dark rocks jutted out from the snow in the ridge connecting the Jungfrau with the Mönch. After more than an hour of climbing, a great wall of ice, whose projecting
After reaching the first patch of rocks, a short way below the saddle on the south side, the party divided: George and Moore, with C. Almer and U. Kaufmann went down to the Eggishorn and Fiesch, therefore completing the first crossing of the Jungfraujoch, while the remainder of the party returned to Grindelwald by the
Jungfrau Railway
History
Adolf Guyer-Zeller first thought of the idea of a tunnel in 1893, and at that point, he had planned to have seven stations inside the tunnel before reaching the peak of the Sphinx. The building of the tunnel started on July 27, 1896 and took 16 years to complete.[6] The construction phase was troubled by many problems including monetary shortages, inclement weather and mounting deaths due to construction accidents. The worst accident occurred in 1908, when 30 tons of dynamite accidentally exploded.
When construction finally finished, the railway reached only to the height of the Jungfraujoch saddle, rather than the summit of the Sphinx, and had only two intermediate stations. However, even in its current state, the Jungfraubahn is a significant achievement in engineering and construction, still holding the title for highest railway in Europe.
Railway
The train into the mountain leaves from Kleine Scheidegg, which can be reached by trains from Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen. The train enters the tunnel running eastward through the Eiger shortly after leaving Kleine Scheidegg.
It runs close behind the Eiger's north face, stopping at Eigerwand, where there is a window about 8 m long and a metre high, halfway up the face. The windows have been placed in holes used to remove excavated rock from the tunnel during construction, and are also occasionally used as access points, by climbers, and also rescue parties. This window was used for one of the final scenes of a
The Jungfraujoch complex plays an important role in
Climate
Located above the permanent snow line, the Jungfraujoch is officially the coldest place in Switzerland,[7] although other higher locations with no weather station, for example the top of the nearby Jungfrau and Finsteraarhorn, probably experience a more extreme climate. According to Köppen climate classification, the Jungfraujoch has an alpine climate on the border between tundra climate (ET) and ice cap climate (EF) with long, cold winters lasting most of the year and a brief period during summer where the average daily highs rise above freezing.
Climate data for Jungfraujoch, elevation: 3,580 m (11,745 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) |
2.9 (37.2) |
8.2 (46.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
14.3 (57.7) |
12.8 (55.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −9.5 (14.9) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.5 (38.3) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.5 (9.5) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −34.2 (−29.6) |
−35.4 (−31.7) |
−28.9 (−20.0) |
−25.2 (−13.4) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−30.7 (−23.3) |
−35.4 (−31.7) |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
63 | 65 | 67 | 72 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 74 | 71 | 66 | 68 | 65 | 70 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 117 | 122 | 161 | 160 | 152 | 170 | 181 | 183 | 175 | 145 | 106 | 101 | 1,773 |
Percent possible sunshine | 49 | 51 | 48 | 44 | 37 | 40 | 43 | 48 | 50 | 53 | 44 | 45 | 45 |
Source 1: MeteoSwiss[8] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (extremes)[9] |
See also
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ^ Retrieved from the Swisstopo topographic maps
- ^ Therese Hänni (3 August 2011). "1811 verlor die Jungfrau ihre Unschuld". 20minuten online (in German). Zurich, Switzerland. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ^ Daniel Anker: Jungfrau in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2008.
- ^ i.e. the lowest point between the Jungfrau and the Finsteraarhorn, its parent peak
- ^ a b John Ball, The Alpine guide, Central Alps, p. 106, 1866, London
- ^ "Jungfraubahn - History of the Jungfrau Railway".
- ^ "Swiss records - Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss". Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
- ^ "Climate Normals Jungfraujoch (Reference period 1991−2020)" (PDF). Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
- ^ "Normales et records climatologiques 1981-2010 à Jungfraujoch - Infoclimat". www.infoclimat.fr. Retrieved 2019-08-03.