Juniper

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Juniper
Nevada, United States
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order:
Cupressales
Family: Cupressaceae
Subfamily:
Cupressoideae
Genus: Juniperus
L.
Type species
Juniperus communis
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Arceuthos Antoine & Kotschy
  • Oxycedrus Carrière
  • Sabina Miller
  • Sabinella Nakai
  • Thujiaecarpus von Trautvetter

Junipers are coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus Juniperus (/ˈnɪpərəs/ joo-NIP-ər-əs)[1] of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on the taxonomy, between 50 and 67 species of junipers are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere as far south as tropical Africa, including the Arctic, parts of Asia, and Central America.[not in body] The highest-known juniper forest occurs at an altitude of 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) in southeastern Tibet and the northern Himalayas, creating one of the highest tree lines on earth.[2]

Description

Cones and leaves of Juniperus communis

Junipers vary in size and shape from tall

dioecious. The female seed cones are very distinctive, with fleshy, fruit-like coalescing scales which fuse together to form a berrylike structure (galbulus), 4–27 millimetres (3161+116 inches) long, with one to 12 unwinged, hard-shelled seeds. In some species, these "berries" are red-brown or orange, but in most, they are blue; they are often aromatic and can be used as a spice. The seed maturation time varies between species from 6 to 18 months after pollination. The male cones are similar to the other Cupressaceae
, with 6 to 20 scales.

In hardiness zones 7 through 10, junipers can bloom and release pollen several times each year. Different junipers bloom in autumn, while most pollinate from early winter until late spring.[3]

Detail of Juniperus chinensis shoots, with juvenile (needle-like) leaves (left), adult scale leaves, and immature male cones (right)

Many junipers (e.g.

J. chinensis, J. virginiana
) have two types of leaves; seedlings and some twigs of older trees have needle-like leaves 5–25 mm (316–1 in) long, on mature plants the leaves are overlapping like (mostly) tiny scales, measuring 2–4 mm (332532 in). When juvenile foliage occurs on mature plants, it is most often found on shaded shoots, with adult foliage in full sunlight. Leaves on fast-growing 'whip' shoots are often intermediate between juvenile and adult.

In some species (e.g.

), all the foliage is of the juvenile needle-like type, with no scale leaves. In some of these (e.g. J. communis), the needles are jointed at the base, while in others (e.g. J. squamata), the needles merge smoothly with the stem. The needle leaves of junipers are hard and sharp, making the juvenile foliage very prickly to handle. This can be a valuable identification feature in seedlings, as the otherwise very similar juvenile foliage of cypresses (Cupressus, Chamaecyparis) and other related genera are soft and not prickly.

Junipers are

seed coat allows it to be passed down through the digestive system without being destroyed along the way. These seeds last a long time, as they can be dispersed long distances over the course of a few years.[4]

Classification

J. chinensis
(Juniperus sect. Sabina, needles merging smoothly with the stem, not jointed at base)
Cones and seeds

Sections

The genus has been divided into sections in somewhat different ways. A system based on molecular phylogenetic data from 2013 and earlier used three sections:[5]

  • Section Caryocedrus – 1 species with large, blue, woody, 3-seeded cones; native to the Mediterranean
  • Section Juniperus – 14 species with blue or red seed cones, often with 3 seeds; 12 species native to the
    eastern hemisphere
    , one endemic to North America, and one species, J. communis, circumboreal
  • Section Sabina – about 60 species with variously coloured seed cones with 1 to 13 seeds; species about equally divided between the eastern and western hemispheres Juniperus sect. Sabina was further divided into clades.[5]

A new classification of gymnosperms published in 2022 recognised the sections as three separate genera: Arceuthos for section Caryocedrus, Sabina for section Sabina, and Juniperus sensu stricto for section Juniperus.[6]

Species

Phylogeny of Juniperus[7][8]
section

J. drupacea de Labillardière

Caryocedrus
section

J. cedrus Webb & Berthelot 1848

J. oxycedrus von Linné

J. rigida von Siebold & Zuccarini

J. formosana Hayata

J. deltoides Adams

J. taxifolia Hooker & Arn.

J. communis von Linné

Juniperus
section

J. flaccida von Schlechtendal

J. standleyi Steyermark

J. monticola Martínez

J. osteosperma (Torrey) Little

J. occidentalis Hooker

J. gamboana Martínez

J. deppeana Steud.

J. ashei Buchholz

J. californica Carrière

J. monosperma (Engelmann) Sarg.

J. coahuilensis (Martínez) Gaussen ex Adams

J. pinchotii Sudworth

J. angosturana Adams

J. comitana Martínez

J. pseudosabina Fisch. & von Meyer

J. tibetica Kom.

J. pingii Cheng ex Cheng

J. przewalskii Kom.

J. saltuaria saltuaria Rehder & Wilson

J. convallium Rehder & Wilson

J. indica Bertoloni

J. coxii Jackson

J. recurva Buchanan-Hamilton ex Don

J. komarovii Florin

J. squamata Buchanan-Hamilton ex Don

J. phoenicea von Linné

J. procera Hochst. ex Endlicher

J. excelsa M. Bieb.

J. polycarpos Koch

J. thurifera von Linné

J. procumbens (von Siebold ex Endlicher) Miquel

J. gaussenii Cheng

J. chinensis von Linné

J. microsperma (Cheng & Fu) Adams

J. blancoi Martínez

J. horizontalis Moench

J. semiglobosa Regel

J. sabina von Linné

J. bermudiana von Linné

J. gracilior Pilger

J. saxicola Britton & Wilson

J. virginiana von Linné

J. scopulorum Sarg.

J. barbadensis von Linné

Sabina

Juniperus sect. Caryocedrus

Cones with three seeds fused together; needles with two stomatal bands. One species:[9]

Juniperus sect. Juniperus

Needle-leaf junipers; the adult leaves are needle-like, in whorls of three, and jointed at the base. Species:[citation needed]

Juniperus sect. Sabina

Scale-leaf junipers; adult leaves are mostly scale-like, similar to those of Cupressus species, in opposite pairs or whorls of three, and the juvenile needle-like leaves are not jointed at the base (including in the few that have only needle-like leaves; see below right).

Old World species
Avenue of Juniperus chinensis
Juniperus phoenicea on El Hierro, Canary Islands
New World species
Sierra Nevada
, Rock Creek Canyon, California
Juniperus virginiana in October laden with ripe cones

Additional species

As of April 2022, Plants of the World Online accepts the following additional species to those listed above:[12]

Ecology

Juniper plants thrive in a variety of environments. The junipers from Lahaul valley can be found in dry, rocky locations planted in stony soils. Grazing animals and the villagers are rapidly using up these plants. There are several important features of the leaves and wood of this plant that cause villagers to cut down these trees and make use of them.[13] Additionally, the western juniper plants, a particular species in the juniper genus, are found in woodlands where there are large, open spaces. Junipers are known to encompass open areas so that they have more exposure to rainfall.[4] Decreases in fires and a lack of livestock grazing are the two major causes of western juniper takeover. This invasion of junipers is driving changes in the environment. For instance, the ecosystem for other species previously living in the environment and farm animals has been compromised.[14] When junipers increase in population, there is a decrease in woody species like mountain big sagebrush and aspen. Among the juniper trees themselves, there is increased competition, which results in a decrease in berry production.[15] Herbaceous cover decreases, and junipers are often mistaken for weeds. As a result, several farmers have thinned the juniper trees or removed them completely. However, this reduction did not result in any significant difference on wildlife survival. Some small mammals found it advantageous to have thinner juniper trees, while cutting down the entire tree was not favorable.[16][17]

Some junipers are susceptible to Gymnosporangium rust disease and can be a serious problem for those people growing apple trees, an alternate host of the disease.

Juniper is the exclusive food plant of the

tortrix moth Cydia duplicana feed on the bark around injuries or canker
.

Cultivation

Juniperus × pfitzeriana ‘Gold Coast’

Junipers are among the most popular conifers to be cultivated as ornamental subjects for parks and gardens. They have been bred over many years to produce a wide range of forms, in terms of colour, shape and size. They include some of the dwarfest (miniature) cultivars. They are also used for bonsai. Some species found in cultivation include:

Toxicity

In drier areas, juniper pollen easily becomes airborne and can be inhaled into the lungs. This pollen can also irritate the skin and cause contact dermatitis.[citation needed] Cross-allergenic reactions are common between juniper pollen and the pollen of all species of cypress.[3]

Monoecious juniper plants are highly allergenic, with an Ogren Plant Allergy Scale (OPALS) rating of 9 out of 10.[citation needed] Completely male juniper plants have an OPALS rating of 10[citation needed], and release abundant amounts of pollen. Conversely, all-female juniper plants have an OPALS rating of 1, and are considered "allergy-fighting".[3]

Uses

growth rings
of the species
Plymouth Gin factory, United Kingdom

Ethnic and herbal use

Most species of juniper are flexible and have a high compression strength-to-weight ratio.

Native American cultures in the Great Basin region.[19] These bow staves are typically backed with sinew to provide tension strength that the wood may lack.[18]

Ancient Mesopotamians believed that juniper oil could be used to ward off the evil eye.[20]

Embalming vessels in the burial chambers from a 26th Dynasty embalming workshop at Saqqara have shown the usage of Juniper oil/tar.[21]

Some

Dineh (Navajo), who use it for diabetes.[22] Juniper ash has also been historically consumed as a source of calcium by the Navajo people.[23][24]

Juniper is traditionally used in

Gaelic Polytheist saining rites, such as those performed at Hogmanay (New Year), where the smoke of burning juniper, accompanied by traditional prayers and other customary rites, is used to cleanse, bless, and protect the household and its inhabitants.[25]

Local people in Lahaul Valley present juniper leaves to their deities as a folk tradition. It is also useful as a folk remedy for pains and aches, as well as epilepsy and asthma. They are reported to collect large amounts of juniper leaves and wood for building and religious purposes.[13]

General use

Juniper berries are a spice used in a wide variety of culinary dishes and are best known for the primary flavoring in gin (and responsible for gin's name, which is a shortening of the Dutch word for juniper, jenever). A juniper-based spirit is made by fermenting juniper berries and water to create a "wine" that is then distilled. This is often sold as a juniper brandy in eastern Europe. Juniper berries are also used as the primary flavor in the liquor jenever. Juniper berry sauce is often a popular flavoring choice for quail, pheasant, veal, rabbit, venison, and other game dishes.

A tea can be made from the young twigs.[26] Twigs or needles are used to flavour the traditional Finnish junperbeer, sahti as well.

Dense and rot resistant, the irregular trunks of junipers have been used as fence posts and firewood. Stands that produce enough wood for specialty uses generally go under the common name "cedar",[27] including Juniperus virginiana, the "red cedar" that is used widely in cedar drawers and closets.[28] The lack of space or a hyphen between the words "red" and "cedar" is sometimes used to indicate that this species is not a true cedar (Cedrus).[29]

Juniper in weave is a traditional cladding technique used in Northern Europe, e.g. at Havrå, Norway.[30]

Juniper berries are

cadinene, a sesquiterpene.[32]

References

  1. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995: 606–607
  2. PMID 20088971
    .
  3. ^ .
  4. ^ .
  5. ^ a b Adams, Robert P. & Schwarzbach, Andrea E. (2013). "Phylogeny of Juniperus using nrDNA and four cpDNA regions" (PDF). Phytologia. 95 (2): 179–187. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  6. PMID 35967253
    .
  7. .
  8. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
    )
  9. .
  10. ^ Adams, R.P., Al-Farsi, A. & Schwarzbach, A.E. (2014). Confirmation of the southern-most population of Juniperus seravschanica in Oman by DNA sequencing of nrDNA and four cpDNA regions Phytologia 96: 218-224.
  11. ^ Adams, Robert. "Phytologia (April 2010) 92(1)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21.
  12. ^ "Juniperus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  13. ^
    S2CID 129730525
    .
  14. .
  15. .
  16. .
  17. .
  18. ^ .
  19. ^ Millar CI, Smith KT (2017). "Reconsidering the process for bow-stave removal from juniper trees in the Great Basin" (PDF). Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 37 (2): 125–131.
  20. .
  21. .
  22. .
  23. .
  24. .
  25. .
  26. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  27. .
  28. ^ "Eastern Red Cedar". MDC Discover Nature. Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  29. ^ "Cedars - Trees of Reed". Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  30. .
  31. .
  32. .

Further reading