Külüg Khan
Emperor Wuzong of Yuan 元武宗 Külüg Khan 曲律汗 ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠭ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | |||||||||||||||||||||
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7th Emperor of the Yuan dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reign | June 21, 1307 – January 27, 1311 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Coronation | June 21, 1307 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Temür Khan | ||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan | ||||||||||||||||||||
Born | August 4, 1281 Khanbaliq, Yuan China | ||||||||||||||||||||
Died | January 27, 1311 Khanbaliq, Yuan China | (aged 29)||||||||||||||||||||
Empress | Empress Zhenge of Khongirad clan (m. 1310) Empress Sugeshili of the Khongirad clan (m. 1310) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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House | Borjigin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dynasty | Yuan | ||||||||||||||||||||
Father | Darmabala | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mother | Dagi Khatun | ||||||||||||||||||||
Religion | Buddhism |
Külüg Khan (Mongolian: Хүлэг; Mongolian script: ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠭ; Chinese: 曲律汗), born Khayishan (Mongolian: Хайсан ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠩ; Chinese: 海山, Mongolian: Хайсан, meaning "wall"[note 1]), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Wuzong of Yuan (Chinese: 元武宗; pinyin: Yuán Wǔzōng; Wade–Giles: Wu-Tsung) (August 4, 1281 – January 27, 1311), was an emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the seventh Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. His regnal name "Külüg Khan" means "warrior Khan" or "fine horse Khan" in the Mongolian language.
Early life
He was the first son of
When Chapar attacked
Enthronement
In 1307 when Temür Khan died, Külüg Khan returned eastward to
The
Khayishan's enthronement at Shangdu on June 21, 1307, was performed properly at a
Reign
Soon after Khayishan's accession the
His administration was founded on the unstable balance between Khayishan, his younger brother Ayurbarwada and their mother Dagi of the Khunggirad clan. Khayishan appointed Ayurbarwada as
Although, he first shared with Ayurbarwada the tutorship of the
Khayishan greatly favored
In order to reduce the cost of supporting the Yuan bureaucracy, he issued an order in 1307 to dismiss the supernumeraries and to bring total number of officials in line with the quota that had been set by his uncle Temür Khan. The order produced no practical results; the number of bureau's chief officials jumped from 6 in Kublai's reign to 32. He also had the building of court officials and a new palace city built at Dadu and Zhongdu (the ruins of Zhongdu in Zhangbei County can be seen until today).[7]
In 1308 the Goryeo king Chungnyeol of Korea died, and Khayishan sent a patent for his successor Chungseon. That year Chapar and other princes of the Khanate of Ögedei came to Khayishan with their submission, permanently ending the threat against the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty by Khaidu's sons.[8] During his reign, the Yuan completed the subjugation of Sakhalin, forcing its Ainu people to accept their supremacy in 1308.[9]
The paper became so depreciated in value that in 1309 there was a fresh issue, made to replace that which was the discredited paper, but this also sank rapidly in value, and at length the Emperor, Khaissan, determined upon a recurrence to the ancient money, and accordingly, in 1310, there were struck two kinds of
Tula's son Kokechu conspired against the Emperor with the high court officials and Buddhist monks in 1310; but their plans were discovered, the monks were duly executed, and Kokechu was exiled to Korea. Arslan, the governor of Dadu and commander of the kheshig, shared same fate with the conspirators. He was executed with several of his companions.
During Khayishan's reign, all Branch Secretariats were renamed Branch Departments of State Affairs. The new major department of state affairs came under Toghta, the grand councillor of the left, Sanpanu and Yueh shi, managers of the government affairs, and Paopa, the assistant administrator of the right.
The selling price of salt licences issued under the state monopoly was raised by 35 percent over the price in 1307. A grain tax surcharge of 2 percent was imposed on the wealthy families of Chiang-nan. The merits of tax collectors were evaluated on the basis of the percentage increase in the taxes they collected the tax quota at the end of Temür's reign.
Death
After a reign of less than 4 years, Khayishan suddenly died on January 27, 1311.
Family
Parents
Wives, concubines, and children
- Empress Xuancihuisheng (宣慈惠圣皇后; 1285–1327), personal name Zhenge (真哥)
- Empress Sugeshili (速哥失里皇后), cousin of Zhenge
- Concubine Yiqilie (亦乞烈妃子), posthumously Empress Renxianzhangsheng (仁献章圣皇后)
- Khutughtu, Emperor Mingzong (明宗 忽都篤; 22 December 1300 – 29 August 1329)
- Concubine Tangwu (唐兀妃子, of the Tanguts), posthumously Empress Wenxianzhaosheng (文献昭圣皇后)
- Jayaatu, Emperor Wenzong (文宗 札牙笃; 16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332)
See also
- List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty
- List of Mongol rulers
- List of rulers of China
Notes
- ^ However according to a record written by a contemporary official Zhao Mengfu, the name was actually Chinese Haishan (海山, "mountains and seas").
References
- ^ Yuan shi, 115
- ^ Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia by Thomas T. Allsen, p. 48.
- ^ Ke, Shaomin (1920). Xin Yuanshi [New History of Yuan] (in Chinese). Vol. 114.
- ^ Jeremiah Curtin, Theodore Roosevelt The Mongols: A History, p. 384.
- ^ C. P. Atwood Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p. 608.
- ^ The Cambridge History of China: "Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368", p. 507.
- ^ Zhou, Raymond (2016-09-15). "A lost capital haunted by ghosts and history". China Daily. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
- ^ Biran, p. 77; Grousset, p. 338
- ^ Brett L. Walker The Conquest of Ainu Lands, p. 133.
- ISBN 9781605201337.
- ^ Yuan shi, 23. p. 516.
- ^ Yuan Shi, 23, p. 520.
- ^ Schurmann Economic structure of the Yuan Dynasty, p. 124.
- ^ Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p. 512.