KGB
This lists the same citations more than once.(February 2024) |
Комитет государственной безопасностиКГБ СССР Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnostiKGB SSSR | |
Agency overview | |
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Formed | 13 March 1954 |
Preceding agencies | |
Dissolved | 3 December 1991 |
Superseding agencies |
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Type | State committee of union-republican jurisdiction |
Jurisdiction |
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Headquarters | Lubyanka Building, 2 Bolshaya Lubyanka StreetMoscow, Russian SFSR |
Motto |
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Agency executives |
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Child agencies |
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The Committee for State Security (CSS) (
The agency was a
History
Restructuring in the MVD following the fall of Beria in June 1953 resulted in the formation of the KGB under Ivan Serov in March 1954.
In the 1980s, the Soviet Union
In the US
Between the World Wars
The GRU (Foreign military intelligence service of the Soviet Union) recruited the ideological agent Julian Wadleigh, who became a State Department diplomat in 1936. The NKVD's first US operation was establishing the legal residency of Boris Bazarov and the illegal residency of Iskhak Akhmerov in 1934.[5] Throughout, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and its General Secretary Earl Browder, helped NKVD recruit Americans, working in government, business, and industry.[citation needed][6]
Other important, low-level and high-level ideological agents were the diplomats
Soviet espionage was at its most successful in collecting scientific and technological intelligence about advances in jet propulsion, radar and encryption, which impressed Moscow, but stealing atomic secrets was the capstone of NKVD espionage against Anglo–American science and technology. To wit, British Manhattan Project team physicist Klaus Fuchs (GRU 1941) was the main agent of the Rosenberg spy ring.[9] In 1944, the New York City residency infiltrated top secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico by recruiting Theodore Hall, a 19-year-old Harvard physicist.[10][11]
During the Cold War
The KGB failed to rebuild most of its US illegal resident networks. The aftermath of the Second Red Scare (1947–57) and the crisis in the CPUSA hampered recruitment. The last major illegal resident, Rudolf Abel (Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher/"Willie" Vilyam Fishers), was betrayed by his assistant, Reino Häyhänen, in 1957.[12]
Chronology of Soviet security agencies | ||
| ||
1917–22 | Cheka under Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission) | |
1922–23 | GPU under NKVD of the RSFSR (State Political Directorate) | |
1920–91 | PGU KGB or USSR (First Chief Directorate) | |
1923–34 | OGPU under SNK of the USSR (Joint State Political Directorate) | |
1934–46 | NKVD of the USSR (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) | |
1934–41 | GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR (Main Directorate of State Security of People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) | |
1941 | NKGB of the USSR (People's Commissariat of State Security) | |
1943–46 | NKGB of the USSR (People's Commissariat for State Security) | |
1946–53 | MGB of the USSR (Ministry of State Security) | |
1946–54 | MVD of the USSR (Ministry of Internal Affairs) | |
1947–51 |
KI MID of the USSR | |
1954–78 | KGB under the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (Committee for State Security) | |
1978–91 | KGB of the USSR (Committee for State Security) | |
1991 | MSB of the USSR (Interrepublican Security Service) | |
1991 | TsSB of the USSR (Central Intelligence Service) | |
1991 | KOGG of the USSR (Committee for the Protection of the State Border) | |
Recruitment then emphasised mercenary agents, an approach especially successful[
In the late Cold War, the KGB was successful with intelligence coups in the cases of the mercenary walk-in recruits FBI
In the Soviet Bloc
It was Cold War policy for the KGB of the Soviet Union and the secret services of the
During the Hungarian revolt, KGB chairman Ivan Serov personally supervised the post-invasion "normalization" of the country.[17] Consequently, the KGB monitored the satellite state populations for occurrences of "harmful attitudes" and "hostile acts"; yet, stopping the Prague Spring, deposing a nationalist Communist government, was its greatest achievement. [citation needed]
The KGB prepared the Red Army's route by infiltrating Czechoslovakia with many illegal residents disguised as Western tourists. They were to gain the trust of and spy upon the most outspoken proponents of Alexander Dubček's new government. They were to plant subversive evidence, justifying the USSR's invasion, that right-wing groups—aided by Western intelligence agencies—were going to depose the Communist government of Czechoslovakia. Finally, the KGB prepared hardline, pro-USSR members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), such as Alois Indra and Vasiľ Škultéty, to assume power after the Red Army's invasion.[18]
The KGB's Czech success in the 1960s was matched with the failed suppression of the Solidarity labour movement in 1980s Poland. The KGB had forecast political instability consequent to the election of Archbishop of Kraków Karol Wojtyla as the first Polish Pope, John Paul II, whom they had categorised as "subversive" because of his anti-Communist sermons against the one-party régime of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). Despite its accurate forecast of crisis, the PZPR hindered the KGB's destroying the nascent Solidarity-backed political movement, fearing explosive civil violence if they imposed the KGB-recommended martial law. Aided by their Polish counterpart, the Security Service (Służba Bezpieczeństwa—SB), the KGB successfully infiltrated spies to Solidarity and the Catholic Church,[19] and in Operation X co-ordinated the declaration of martial law with Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Polish Communist Party;[20] however, the vacillating, conciliatory Polish approach blunted KGB effectiveness—and Solidarity then fatally weakened the Communist Polish government in 1989.
Nadezhin saw that China threatened the USSR by claiming a historic right to regions under the USSR's control. China also wanted to displace the USSR as the leader of the international socialist movement.[21] The KGB wanted to infiltrate the Chinese security services with "a sufficient number of agents". Top agents also believed that the KGB needed to do more to ensure the protection of the USSR from Chinese spies.[22]
Notable operations
- With the Trust Operation (1921–1926), the OGPU successfully deceived some leaders of the right-wing, counter-revolutionary White Guardsback to the USSR for execution.
- NKVD infiltrated and destroyed Trotskyist groups; in 1940, the Spanish agent Ramón Mercader assassinated Leon Trotsky in Mexico City.
- KGB favoured active measures (e.g. disinformation), in discrediting the USSR's enemies.
- For war-time, KGB had ready sabotage operations arms caches in target countries.
According to declassified documents, the KGB aggressively recruited former German (mostly Abwehr) intelligence officers after the war.[23] The KGB used them to penetrate the West German intelligence service.[23]
In the 1960s, acting upon the information of KGB defector Anatoliy Golitsyn, the CIA counter-intelligence chief James Jesus Angleton believed KGB had moles in two key places—the counter-intelligence section of CIA and the FBI's counter-intelligence department—through whom they would know of, and control, US counter-espionage to protect the moles and hamper the detection and capture of other Communist spies. Moreover, KGB counter-intelligence vetted foreign intelligence sources, so that the moles might "officially" approve an anti-CIA double agent as trustworthy. In retrospect, the captures of the moles Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen proved that Angleton, though ignored as over-aggressive, was correct, despite the fact that it cost him his job at CIA, which he left in 1975.[citation needed]
In the mid-1970s, the KGB tried to secretly buy three banks in northern California to gain access to high-technology secrets. Their efforts were thwarted by the CIA. The banks were Peninsula National Bank in Burlingame, the First National Bank of Fresno, and the Tahoe National Bank in South Lake Tahoe. These banks had made numerous loans to advanced technology companies and had many of their officers and directors as clients. The KGB used the Moscow Narodny Bank Limited to finance the acquisition, and an intermediary, Singaporean businessman Amos Dawe, as the frontman.[24]
Bangladesh
On 2 February 1973, the
In August 1979, the KGB accused some officers who were arrested in
Afghanistan
The KGB started infiltrating Afghanistan as early as 27 April 1978. During that time, the
The centre then realized that it was better for them to deal with a more competent agent, which at the time was Babrak Karmal, who later accused Taraki of taking bribes and even of having secretly contacted the United States embassy in Kabul. On that, the centre again refused to listen and instructed him to take a position in the Kabul residency by 1974. On 30 April 1978, Taraki, despite being cut off from any support, led the coup which later became known as Saur Revolution, and became the country's leader, with Hafizullah Amin as vice-chairman of the Council of Ministers and vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Council. On 5 December 1978, Taraki compared the Saur Revolution to the Russian Revolution, which struck[clarification needed] Vladimir Kryuchkov, the FCD chief of that time.[25][27]
On 27 March 1979, after losing the city of Herat in an uprising, Amin became the next Prime Minister, and by 27 July became Minister of Defense as well. The centre though was concerned of his powers since the same month he issued them a complaint about lack of funds and demanded US$400,000,000. Furthermore, it was discovered that Amin had a master's degree from Columbia University, and that he preferred to communicate in English instead of Russian. Unfortunately for Moscow's intelligence services, Amin succeeded Taraki and by 16 September Radio Kabul announced that the PDPA received a fake request from Taraki concerning health issues among the party members. On that, the centre accused him of "terrorist" activities and expelled him from the party.[25][27]
The following day General Boris Ivanov, who was behind the mission in Kabul along with General Lev Gorelov and Deputy Defense Minister Ivan Pavlovsky, visited Amin to congratulate him on his election to power. On the same day the KGB decided to imprison Sayed Gulabzoy as well as Mohammad Aslam Watanjar and Assadullah Sarwari but while in captivity and under an investigation all three denied the allegation that the current Minister of Defence was an American secret agent. The denial of claims was passed on to Yuri Andropov and Leonid Brezhnev, who as the main chiefs of the KGB proposed operation Raduga to save the life of Gulabzoy and Watanjar and send them to Tashkent from Bagram Airfield by giving them fake passports. With that and a sealed container in which an almost breathless Sarwari was laying, they came to Tashkent on 19 September.[25][27]
During the continued investigation in Tashkent, the three were put under surveillance in one of the rooms for as long as four weeks where they were investigated for the reliability of their claims by the KGB. Soon after, they were satisfied with the results and sent them to Bulgaria for a secret retreat. On 9 October, the Soviet secret service had a meeting in which Bogdanov, Gorelov, Pavlonsky and Puzanov were the main chiefs who were discussing what to do with Amin who was very harsh at the meeting. After the two-hour meeting they began to worry that Amin would establish an Islamic republic in Afghanistan and decided to seek a way to put Karmal back in. They brought him and three other ministers secretly to Moscow during which time they discussed how to put him back in power. The decision was to fly him back to Bagram by 13 December. Four days later, Amin's nephew, Asadullah, was taken to Moscow by the KGB for acute food poisoning treatment.[25][27]
On 19 November 1979, the KGB had a meeting on which they discussed Operation Cascade, which was launched earlier that year. The operation carried out bombings with the help of
August 1991
The KGB was succeeded by the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) of Russia, which was succeeded by the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB).[31]
Organization
The Committee for State Security was a militarized organization adhering to military discipline and regulations. Its operational personnel held army style ranks, except for the maritime branch of the Border troops, which held navy style ranks. The KGB consisted of two main components - organs and troops. The organs included the services directly involved in the committee's main roles - intelligence, counter-intelligence, military counter-intelligence etc. The troops included military units within the KGB's structure, completely separate from the Soviet armed forces - the
- Secretariat (office of the Chairman of the KGB) (Секретариат)
- Group of Consultants to the Chairman of the KGB (Группа консультантов при Председателе КГБ)
- Center for Public Relations (Центр общественных связей)
- 1st Main Directorate (External Intelligence) (1-е Главное управление (внешняя разведка))
- 2nd Main Directorate (Counter-Intelligence) (2-е Главное управление (контрразведка))
- 3rd Main Directorate (Military Counter-Intelligence) (3-е Главное управление (военная контрразведка))
- 4th Directorate (Counter-Intelligence Support for the transport and communications infrastructure) (4-е Управление (контрразведывательное обеспечение объектов транспорта и связи))
- 5th Directorate (Political police)
- 6th Directorate (Counter-Intelligence Support for the economy) (6-е Управление (контрразведывательное обеспечение экономики))
- 7th Directorate (External Surveillance) (7-е Управление (наружное наблюдение))
- 8th Main Directorate (Cryptography) (8-е Главное управление (шифровальное))
- 9th Directorate (Protection of High level party members)
- 10th Department (Inventory and Archive) (10-й отдел (учётно-архивный))
- 12th Department (Wiretapping and surveillance in enclosed spaces) (12-й отдел (прослушивание телефонов и помещений))
- 15th Main Directorate (Wartime government command centers) (15-е Главное управление (обслуживание запасных пунктов управления))
- 16th Directorate (ELINT) (16-е Управление (электронная разведка))
- 17th Directorate (RECON) (Special Reconnaissance in the Field)
- Close Protection Service (Close protection, perimeter protection, transport and catering for high-ranking government officials) (Служба охраны)
- Directorate "Z" (Protection of the constitutional order) (Управление «З» (защита конституционного строя))
- Directorate "OP" (Combat against the organized crime) (Управление «ОП» (борьба с организованной преступностью)
- Directorate "SCh"(Сч) Spetsnaz of the KGB.
- Main Directorate of the Border Troops (Главное управление пограничных войск)
- Analytical Directorate (Аналитическое управление)
- Inspection Directorate (Инспекторское управление)
- Operational Technical Directorate (R&Dof special equipment and procedures) (Оперативно-техническое управление)
- Investigative Department (Следственный отдел)
- Directorate of Government Communications (Управление правительственной связи)
- Personnel Directorate (Управление кадров)
- Supply Directorate (Хозяйственное управление)
- Military Construction Directorate (Военно-строительное управление)
- Military Medical Directorate (Военно-медицинское управление)
- Department of Financial Planning (Финансово-плановый отдел)
- Mobilization Department (Мобилизационный отдел)
- Legal Department and Arbitration (Юридический отдел с арбитражем)
Republican affiliations
The Soviet Union was a federal state, consisting of 15 constituent Soviet Socialist Republics, each with its own government closely resembling the central government of the USSR. The republican affiliation offices almost completely duplicated the structural organization of the main KGB.
- KGB of Belarusian SSR / KDB of Belarus (see State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus)
- KGB of Ukraine / KDB of Ukraine (see Committee for State Security (Ukraine))
- KGB of Moldovan SSR/ CSS of Moldova
- KGB of Estonian SSR / RJK of Estonia
- KGB of Latvian SSR / LPSR Valsts drošības komiteja (VDK)
- KGB of Lithuanian SSR / VSK of Lithuania
- KGB of Georgian SSR/ KSU of Georgia
- KGB of Armenian SSR
- KGB of Azerbaijan SSR/ DTK of Azerbaijan
- KGB of Kazakh SSR
- KGB of Kyrgyz SSR
- KGB of Uzbek SSR
- KGB of Turkmen SSR
- KGB of Tajik SSR
- KGB of Russian SFSR (created in 1991; see Federal Security Service)
Leadership
The Chairman of the KGB, First Deputy Chairmen (1–2), Deputy Chairmen (4–6). Its policy Collegium comprised a chairman, deputy chairmen, directorate chiefs, and republican KGB chairmen.
Directorates
- First Chief Directorate (Foreign Operations) – foreign espionage (now the Foreign Intelligence Service or SVR in Russian).
- Second Chief Directorate – counter-intelligence, internal political control.
- Third Chief Directorate (Armed Forces) – military counter-intelligence and armed forces political surveillance.
- Fourth Directorate (Transportation security)
- Fifth Chief Directorate – censorship and internal security against artistic, political, and religious dissension; renamed "Directorate Z", protecting the Constitutional order, in 1989.
- Eighteenth Chief Directorate (Investigations) - investigations inside of the Soviet Ministries, preventing corruption and other crimes. Previously named Investigative Department.
- Sixth Directorate (Economic Counter-intelligence, industrial security)
- Seventh Directorate (Surveillance) – of Soviet nationals and foreigners.
- Eighth Chief Directorate – monitored-managed national, foreign, and overseas communications, cryptologic equipment, and research and development.
- Ninth Chief Directorate (Guards and KGB Protection Service) – The 40,000-man uniformed bodyguard for the party leaders and families, guarded critical government installations (nuclear weapons, etc.), operated the Moscow VIP subway, and secure Government–Party telephony. President Yeltsin transformed it to the Federal Protective Service (FPS).
- Fifteenth Directorate (Wartime government command centers)
- Sixteenth Directorate (SIGINT and communications interception) – operated the national and government telephone and telegraph systems.
- Border Guards Directorate responsible for the Soviet Border Troops.
- Operations and Technology Directorate – research laboratories for recording devices and Laboratory 12 for poisons and drugs.
Other units
- KGB Personnel Department
- Secretariat of the KGB
- KGB Technical Support Staff
- KGB Finance Department
- KGB Archives
- KGB Irregulars
- Administration Department of the KGB, and
- The CPSU Committee
- KGB Spetsnaz (special operations) units such as:
- Alpha Group
- Vympel Group
- Zenith Group
- Kremlin Guard Force for the Presidium, et al., then became the FSO
Mode of operation
A
The KGB classified its spies as:
- agents (a person who provides intelligence) and
- controllers (a person who relays intelligence).
The false-identity (or legend) assumed by a USSR-born illegal spy was elaborate, using the life of either:
- a "live double" (a participant to the fabrications) or
- a "dead double" (whose identity is tailored to the spy).
The agent then substantiated his or her false-identity by living in a foreign country, before emigrating to the target country. For example, the KGB would send a US-bound illegal resident via the Soviet embassy in
Tradecraft included stealing and photographing documents, code-names, contacts, targets, and dead letter boxes, and working as a "friend of the cause" or as agents provocateurs, who would infiltrate the target group to sow dissension, influence policy, and arrange kidnappings and assassinations.[35]
List of chairmen
Chairman | Dates |
---|---|
Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov | 1954–1958 |
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Shelepin | 1958–1961 |
Pyotr Ivashutin | act. 1961 |
Vladimir Yefimovich Semichastny | 1961–1967 |
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov | 1967–1982 (Jan.–May) |
Vitali Vasilyevich Fedorchuk | 1982 (May–Dec.) |
Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov | 1982–1988 |
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov | 1988–1991 |
Leonid Shebarshin | act 1991 |
Vadim Viktorovich Bakatin | 1991 (Aug.–Dec.) |
Commemorative and award badges
-
5 yearsOGPU, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1923
-
15 yearsOGPU, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1932
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Honored Worker of NKVD, 1940
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50 years Cheka–KGB, 1967
-
60 years Cheka–KGB, 1977
-
70 years Cheka–KGB, 1987
-
Honored Worker of State Security, 1957
-
Anniversary Badge 10 years OGPU, 1927
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Excellent Border Troop 1st class, 1969
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Excellent Border Troop 2nd class, 1969
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70 years Border Troops KGB, 1988
-
70 years Komsomol Cheka–KGB
See also
- Central Social Affairs Department
- Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
- Department of Homeland Security
- Dirección de Inteligencia
- Eastern Bloc politics
- Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information
- FIA
- History of Soviet espionage
- Index of Soviet Union-related articles
- IB
- ISI
- Ministry of Internal Affairs
- Ministry of Public Security of Laos
- Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam
- Ministry of State Security
- Mitrokhin Archive
- National Directorate of Security (KHAD successor in Afghanistan)
- Numbers station
- RAW
- SMERSH
- Sbornik KGB SSSR
- Security Service of Ukraine
- State Security Department
- Venona project
- World Peace Council
References
- ^ Rubenstein, Joshua; Gribanov, Alexander (eds.). "The KGB File of Andrei Sakharov". Annals of Communism. Yale University. Archived from the original on 21 May 2007.
- ^ JHU.edu Archived 25 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, archive of documents about the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the KGB, collected by Vladimir Bukovsky.
- ^ "Закон СССР от 03.12.1991 N 124-н о реорганизации органов государственной". pravo.levonevsky.org. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- ^ Kolev, Stoyan (11 March 2009). "KGB Backyard in the Caucasus". Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 104
- ^ Haynes, John Earl (2004). The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty.
- ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) pp. 104–5
- ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 111
- ^ "The Strange Story of Klaus Fuchs, the Red Spy in the Manhattan Project". 5 October 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "The November 12, 1944 cable: Theodore Alvin Hall and Saville Sax". PBS. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ Harold Jackson (15 November 1999). "US scientist-spy who escaped prosecution and spent 30 years in biological research at Cambridge". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Rudolph Ivanovich Abel (Hollow Nickel Case)". FBI. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 205
- ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 435
- ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ "UK-held Mitrokhin archives reveal details of KGB operation against Prague Spring". Radio Prague International. 19 July 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ Stykalin, Aleksandr. "Reorganization of the Political Police in Hungary after the Suppression of the Revolution of 1956: In Lieu of a Foreword to the Article by M. Baráth". Historia provinciae–the journal of regional history.
- ISBN 978-0-87855-005-0.
- ^ Matthew Day (18 October 2011). "Polish secret police: how and why the Poles spied on their own people". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9.
- ^ Kovacevic, Filip. "The Soviet-Chinese Spy Wars in the 1970s: What KGB Counterintelligence Knew, Part V". www.wilsoncenter.org. The Wilson Center. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ Kovacevic, Filip. "The Soviet-Chinese Spy Wars in the 1970s: What KGB Counterintelligence Knew, Part VI". The Wilson Center. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ a b Shane, Scott (7 June 2006), "C.I.A. Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show", The New York Times
- ^ Tolchin, Martin (16 February 1986). "Russians sought U.S. banks to gain high-tech secrets". The New York Times.
- ^ ]
- ISBN 978-0-19-506294-6.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
- ISBN 978-1-4058-7430-4.
- ^ "How Soviet troops stormed Kabul palace". BBC. 27 December 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- International New York Times. p. SR4. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ "KGB's Successor Gets 'Draconian' Powers". NBC News. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ "Структура". shieldandsword.mozohin.ru. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ John Kohan (14 February 1983). "Eyes of the Kremlin". Archived from the original on 1 June 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 38
- ^ "Soviet Use of Assassination and Kidnapping". CIA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Ведомственные награды в КГБ". old.memo.ru.
- ^ "ЗНАКИ ОРГАНОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ (ВЧК, ОГПУ, КГБ)". Коллекционер антиквариата (in Russian). Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Sources
- Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000) ISBN 0-465-00312-5
- Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, Basic Books (2005) ISBN 0-465-00311-7
- John Barron, KGB: The Secret Work of Soviet Secret Agents, Reader's Digest Press (1974) ISBN 0-88349-009-9
- Amy Knight, The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union, Unwin Hyman (1990) ISBN 0-04-445718-9
- Richard C.S. Trahair and Robert Miller, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, Enigma Books (2009) ISBN 978-1-929631-75-9
Further reading
- Контрразведывательный словарь [Counterintelligence dictionary] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Высшая краснознаменная школа Комитета Государственной Безопасности при Совете Министров СССР им. Ф. Э. Дзержинского [The Higher Red Banner School of the State Security Committee at the Dzerzhinsky Council of Ministers of the USSR]. 1972. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2016.
- Петров Н. В., Кокурин А. И. (1997). ВЧК-ОГПУ-НКВД-НКГБ-МГБ-МВД-КГБ. 1917–1960. Справочник [Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB. 1917–1960. Handbook] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow. ISBN 978-5-89511-004-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2013.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Петров Н. В., Кокурин А. И. (2003). Лубянка. Органы ВЧК-ОГПУ-НКВД-НКГБ-МГБ-МВД-КГБ. 1917–1991. Справочник [Lubyanka. Organs of Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB. 1917–1991. Handbook] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Международный фонд "Демократия". ISBN 978-5-85646-109-0. Archived(PDF) from the original on 19 October 2012.
- Петров Н. В. (2010). Кто руководил органами Госбезопасности. 1941–1954 гг. Справочник [Who headed the organs of the State Security. 1941–1954. Handbook] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Звенья. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2012.
- Jong, Ben de (June 2005). "The KGB in Eastern Europe during the Cold War: on agents and confidential contacts". Journal of Intelligence History. 5 (1): 85–103. S2CID 220331155.
- Shlapentokh, Vladimir (Winter 1998). "Was the Soviet Union run by the KGB? Was the West duped by the Kremlin? (A critical review of Vladimir Bukovsky's Jugement à Moscou)". ISSN 0094-288X.
- Солженицын, А.И. (1990). Архипелаг ГУЛАГ: 1918 - 1956. Опыт художественного исследования. Т. 1 - 3. Москва: Центр "Новый мир". (in Russian)
- ISBN 0-374-52738-5.
- John Barron, KGB: The Secret Works of Soviet Secret Agents Bantam Books (1981) ISBN 0-553-23275-4
- Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-8133-4280-5
- John Dziak Chekisty: A History of the KGB, ISBN 978-0-669-10258-1
- Knight, Amy (Winter 2003). "The KGB, perestroika, and the collapse of the Soviet Union". S2CID 57567130.
- Sheymov, Victor (1993). Tower of Secrets. ISBN 978-1-55750-764-8.
- (in Russian) Бережков, Василий Иванович (2004). Руководители Ленинградского управления КГБ : 1954–1991. Санкт-Петербург: Выбор, 2004. ISBN 5-93518-035-9
- Кротков, Юрий (1973). «КГБ в действии». Published in «Новый журнал» No.111, 1973 (in Russian)
- Рябчиков, С. В. (2004). Размышляя вместе с Василем Быковым // Открытый міръ, No. 49, с. 2–3. (in Russian)(ФСБ РФ препятствует установлению мемориальной доски на своем здании, в котором ВЧК - НКВД совершала массовые преступления против человечности. Там была установлена "мясорубка", при помощи которой трупы сбрасывались чекистами в городскую канализацию.) Razmyshlyaya vmeste s Vasilem Bykovym
- Рябчиков, С. В. (2008). Великий химик Д. И. Рябчиков // Вiсник Мiжнародного дослiдного центру "Людина: мова, культура, пiзнання", т. 18(3), с. 148–153. (in Russian) (об организации КГБ СССР убийства великого русского ученого)
- Рябчиков, С. В. (2011). Заметки по истории Кубани (материалы для хрестоматии) // Вiсник Мiжнародного дослiдного центру "Людина: мова, культура, пiзнання", 2011, т. 30(3), с. 25–45. (in Russian) Zametki po istorii Kubani (materialy dlya khrestomatii)
External links
- Media related to KGB at Wikimedia Commons
- For Cold War KGB activity in the US, see Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks from the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)
- The Chekist Monitor Blog English Translation of Russian Publications on Soviet Intelligence
- Soviet Technospies from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- Viktor M. Chebrikov et al., eds. Istoriya sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti ("History of the Soviet Organs of State Security"). (1977), www.fas.harvard.edu
- (in Russian) Slaves of KGB. 20th Century. The religion of betrayal, by Yuri Shchekochikhin