K. M. Cariappa
Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army | |
---|---|
In office 15 January 1949 – 14 January 1953 | |
President | Rajendra Prasad (from 1950) |
Prime Minister | Jawaharlal Nehru |
Governor-General | C. Rajagopalachari (until 1950) |
Preceded by | F. R. Roy Bucher |
Succeeded by | Rajendrasinhji Jadeja |
Personal details | |
Born | Shanivarsanthe, Coorg Province, British India (present-day Kodagu, Karnataka, India) | 28 January 1899
Died | 15 February 1993 Bangalore, Karnataka, India | (aged 94)
Children | K. C. Cariappa |
Nickname | Kipper |
Military service | |
Allegiance | British India India |
Branch/service | British Indian Army Indian Army |
Years of service |
|
Rank | Field Marshal |
Unit | Rajput Regiment |
Commands | |
Battles/wars |
|
Awards |
|
His distinguished military career spanned almost three decades. Born in
He was the first Indian military officer to attend the Staff College,
Early life and education
Cariappa was born on 28 January 1899, in Shanivarsanthe, Coorg Province (present day Kodagu district), Karnataka to a family of farmers belonging to the Kodava clan. His father, Madappa, worked with the revenue department. Cariappa was the second child in a family of four sons and two daughters.[2]
He was known as "Chimma" to his relatives. After completing his education in the Central High School at Madikeri in 1917, he attended Presidency College, Chennai, to pursue his education further.[2] During college, he learned that Indians were being recruited into the Army, and that they were to be trained in India. As he wished to serve as a soldier he applied for the training.[3] Of the 70 applicants, Cariappa was one of 42 who were finally granted admission into the Daly Cadet College, Indore. He scored well in all the aspects of his training and graduated seventh in his class.[3]
Military career
Early service
Cariappa graduated on 1 December 1919, and was granted a temporary commission. Subsequently, a permanent commission was granted on 9 September 1922, with effect from 17 July 1920. This was done to make Cariappa's rank junior to the officers who
In 1925, Cariappa went on a world tour to Europe as well as the
Cariappa was appointed as the deputy assistant quarter master general (DAQMG) at HQ
World War II
In 1939, the Skeen Committee was set up to examine the options for the Indianisation of the Indian Army's officer ranks. As Cariappa was one of the most senior Indian officers with about 19 years of service, the committee held several discussions with him. He expressed his displeasure at the treatment of Indian officers in the Army. He stressed the discrimination shown toward Indian officers in terms of appointments, promotions, benefits and allowances to which European officers were entitled but Indian officers were not.[14]
After
On 1 April 1943, he was appointed as the assistant quarter master general (AQMG) in the headquarters of Eastern Command. Though Cariappa wished to serve in combat, chance did not favour him. In August 1943, when the South East Asia Command was formed, and the Fourteenth Army was placed under it, Cariappa volunteered for active service in the war. But he was again posted as AQMG of the 26th Indian Division stationed at Buthidaung in Burma. The division played an important role in pushing the Japanese back from Arakan. For his services in the operation, Cariappa was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in June 1945.[19][20]
On 1 November 1944, Cariappa was promoted to the acting rank of
Post-war career
On 1 May 1945, Cariappa was promoted to brigadier, becoming the first Indian officer to fully attain the rank.
In 1947, Cariappa was the first of two Indians selected to undergo training at the
Post-Independence
Post-Independence, Cariappa was appointed as deputy
He launched three subsequent attacks—Operations
C-in-C of the Indian Army
When Lieutenant General Sir Roy Bucher's appointment as the C-in-C of the Indian Army was about to expire in January 1949, it was decided to replace him with an Indian. Cariappa, Shrinagesh, and Nathu Singh were the contenders for the post. Though Shrinagesh was six months older than Cariappa, he had not served as long as Cariappa had; Nathu Singh had served two-and-a-half years less. But the Interim Government's Defence Minister Baldev Singh was not in favour of Cariappa. He contacted Shrinagesh and Nathu Singh asking for their opinion of being appointed as C-in-C. Since both declined the offer, Cariappa took over as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.[29]
The day Cariappa took over the reins of the Indian Army, 15 January 1949, was marked as official Army Day and celebrated annually. As the chief of the Army, Cariappa was instrumental in the formation of the Territorial Army in 1949. Though the National Cadet Corps had been already formed in 1948, it was Cariappa who extended support during its formative years. These two complementary branches of the Army later proved to be very helpful in the wars India fought in later years.[30]
Several measures taken by Cariappa, such as his refusal to induct former Indian National Army personnel into the Army, kept the organisation out of political affairs and maintained its autonomy despite being put under a lot of pressure by Nehru. Nehru only relented when he threatened to resign. However INA's slogan Jai Hind which means "Victory to India", was adopted by Cariappa and later it became a formal phrase between personnel to greet each other. He also turned down the proposal to reserve vacancies in the Army for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as had been done in other government services.[31]
After four years of service as the C-in-C, Cariappa retired on 14 January 1953. Before he retired, he made a farewell visit to his parent regiment, the Rajput Regiment, at the Rajput Regimental Centre accompanied by his son and daughter. Rajendrasinhji Jadeja succeeded him as the C-in-C.[31]
Personal life
Cariappa was married in March 1937, in Secunderabad, to Muthu Machia, a forest officer's daughter. Though their married life was happy initially, later, due to an age gap of almost 17 years, ideological differences, and Cariappa's professional commitments, their marriage broke down. In September 1945, the couple separated without any formal divorce. Three years later Muthu died in an accident.[32]
Cariappa and Muthu had a son and a daughter. Their son, K.C. Cariappa, was born on 4 January 1938, and daughter Nalini on 23 February 1948. Their son, called "Nanda", joined the Indian Air Force and rose to the rank of Air Marshal.[32]
His sister Bollava's son, Lieutenant general Biddanda Chengappa Nanda also had a distinguished career in the Indian Army and retired as GOC-in-Chief Northern Command.
Post-retirement and death
Cariappa's alliance with the Indian Army was spread over a period of around three decades, during which he had broad experience of staff and command work. After his retirement in 1953, he served as the Indian high commissioner to Australia and New Zealand until 1956.[33][34] With a view toward ex-servicemen's welfare, Cariappa founded the Indian Ex-Servicemen's League (IESL) in 1964.[35] He was also instrumental in setting up the Directorate of Resettlement[36] (later Directorate General Resettlement), an inter-service organisation under the Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare, Ministry of Defence, that looked after the various issues surrounding the resettlement of retired soldiers, especially those who retired young.[37]
Cariappa took part in the re-organisation of the armed forces in many foreign countries. He was awarded the Legion of Merit in the degree of Chief Commander by the American President Harry S. Truman.[38]
Cariappa also tried his luck in politics after a lot of persuasion from his friends and admirers. He contested 1971 Lok Sabha poll from
As a mark of recognition for the commendable service rendered by him to the nation, the Government of India conferred the rank of field marshal on Cariappa on 28 April 1986, at a special investiture ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official home of the president of India.[39]
Cariappa's health began to deteriorate in 1991; he suffered from arthritis and heart problems. He died in his sleep on 15 May 1993, at the Bangalore Command Hospital where he had been receiving treatment for a few years. His mortal remains were cremated in Madikeri two days later. The cremation was attended by the three service chiefs along with Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw. Cariappa's son, Nanda, lit the pyre while the Honour Guard reversed arms.[39]
Personality
According to biographer Vijay Singh, it was unheard of for Cariappa to use his power and status for personal purposes.[40] One example Singh cites occurred when Cariappa went to the Rajput Regimental Centre to pay farewell before he retired. He brought his son and daughter with him, and both of them stayed at the commandant's house till the next day. According to the rules, children were forbidden to attend the officers' mess. As chief, Cariappa could have taken them to the mess, but he did not.[31]
After he was the C-in-C, he wanted Major (later Lieutenant General) Srinivas Kumar Sinha to be his military assistant (MA). The military secretary noted that a military assistant must hold the rank of lieutenant colonel which required a minimum of six-and-a-half years of service. Sinha was only a major with five years of service. On learning this, Cariappa backed off the idea not wanting to break the rules.[40]
During the
Awards and decorations
General Service Medal 1947 | Indian Independence Medal | Order of the British Empire | 1939–1945 Star | [42] |
Burma Star | War Medal 1939–1945 | India Service Medal | Legion of Merit (Chief Commander) |
Dates of rank
Insignia | Rank | Component | Date of rank |
---|---|---|---|
Second Lieutenant | British Indian Army | 1 December 1919 (temporary)[43] 17 July 1920 (substantive)[4] | |
Lieutenant | British Indian Army | 1 December 1920 (temporary)[6] 17 July 1921 (substantive)[7] | |
Captain | British Indian Army | 17 July 1927[9] | |
Major | British Indian Army | 17 July 1938[13] | |
Lieutenant-Colonel | British Indian Army | July 1942 (acting) 15 July 1942 (temporary)[43] 17 July 1946 (substantive)[44] | |
Colonel | British Indian Army | 1 November 1944 (acting)[45] 1 May 1945 (temporary)[46] | |
Brigadier | British Indian Army | 1 November 1944 (acting)[45] 1 May 1945 (temporary)[21][25] | |
Major-General |
British Indian Army | 30 July 1947[25] | |
Major-General | Indian Army | 15 August 1947[note 1][47] | |
Lieutenant-General |
Indian Army | 21 November 1947 (acting)[note 1][48] | |
General (C-in-C, IA) |
Indian Army | 15 January 1949 (acting)[note 1][49] | |
General (C-in-C, IA) |
Indian Army | 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)[47][50] | |
Field Marshal |
Indian Army | 15 January 1986[51] |
Notes
- ^ Ashoka Lionreplaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."
See also
- Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw
- Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh
- Admiral Ram Dass Katari
- Air Marshal Subroto Mukerjee
Notes
Footnotes
- ^ Indian military officers of five-star rank hold their rank for life, and are considered to be serving officers until their deaths.[1]
- ^ Previously 7th Rajput Machine Gun Battalion.
- ^ A battalion comprises four rifle companies. A rifle company comprises three platoons. A platoon comprises three sections each of which has 10 men.[16]
Citations
- ^ a b Anwesha Madhukalya (24 February 2016). "Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks in the Indian Armed Forces?". Scoop Whoop. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 21.
- ^ a b c Singh 2005, p. 22.
- ^ a b "No. 32775". The London Gazette. 8 December 1922. p. 8723.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 23.
- ^ a b "No. 32380". The London Gazette. 5 July 1921. p. 5359.
- ^ a b "No. 32878". The London Gazette. 9 November 1923. p. 7663.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 24.
- ^ a b "Viewing Page 5805 of Issue 33310". The London Gazette. 9 September 1927. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Viewing Page 3324 of Issue 33718". The London Gazette. 22 May 1931. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 25–26.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 26.
- ^ a b "No. 34541". The London Gazette. 12 August 1938. p. 5189.
- ^ Singh 2005, pp. 28–29.
- ^ a b Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I). Government of India Press. 1945. p. 126.
- ^ "Structure". Indian Army. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 29.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 30.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, pp. 30–31.
- ^ "No. 37151". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1945. p. 3373.
- ^ a b The Quarterly Army List: December 1946 (Part I). HM Stationery Office. 1946. pp. 132–A.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 32.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 33.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 34.
- ^ a b c d "Press Communique" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India – Archive. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 35.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 36.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 37.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 38.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 39.
- ^ a b c Singh 2005, p. 40.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 27.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 46.
- ^ "Previous High Commissioners". The High Commission of India in Australia. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 47.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 48.
- ^ "About Directorate General Resettlement, Ministry of Defence". Directorate General Resettlement. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "General K.M Cariappa Biography – General K.M Cariappa Profile, Childhood, Life, Timeline". I Love India. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 49.
- ^ a b Singh 2005, p. 41.
- ^ Singh 2005, p. 45.
- ^ Sharma 2007, p. 44–45.
- ^ a b Indian Army List for October 1943 (Part I). Government of India Press. 1943. p. 125.
- ^ "No. 37747". The London Gazette. 4 October 1946. p. 4946.
- ^ a b Indian Army List for April 1945 (Part I). Government of India Press. 1945. pp. 46–O.
- ^ The Quarterly Army List: December 1946 (Part I). HM Stationery Office. 1946. pp. 220l–m.
- ^ a b "New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India – Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017.
- ^ "General Cariappa Becomes Eastern Army Commander" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India – Archive. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ "The Gazette of India – Extraordinary". The Gazette of India. 15 January 1949. p. 41.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 11 February 1950. p. 227.
- ^ "Cariappa made Field Marshal" (PDF).
References
- ISBN 978-0-7619-3322-9.
- Sharma, Satinder (2007). Services Chiefs of India. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-7211-162-5.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-81-89738-26-6.
- Khanduri, C.B. (1995). Field Marshal K M Cariappa: His Life And Times. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-1-897829-75-2.
- Khanduri, C.B. (2002). Field Marshal K M Cariappa: A Biographical Sketch. New Delhi: Dev Publications. ISBN 978-81-87577-02-7.
- Muthanna, I.M. (1964). General Cariappa. Mysore: Usha Press. OCLC 21885326.
- Seshagiri Rao, L.S. (2001). Field Marshal KM Cariappa – Immortal Lights. Bangalore: Sapna Book House. ISBN 978-81-2801-755-1.
- Weis, Edel (2002). Field Marshal Cariappa: The Man Who Touched the Sky. New Delhi: Roopa & Co. ISBN 978-81-7167-944-7.