KGB

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the security service of the Soviet Union. For other uses, see KGB (disambiguation).

Committee for State Security
Комитет государственной безопасности
КГБ СССР
Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti
KGB SSSR
Agency overview
Formed13 March 1954; 70 years ago (1954-03-13)
Preceding agencies
  • Cheka (1917–1922)
  • GPU (1922–1923)
  • OGPU (1923–1934)
  • NKVD (1934–1946)
  • NKGB (February–July 1941/1943–1946)
  • MGB (1946–1953)
Dissolved3 December 1991; 32 years ago (1991-12-03)
Superseding agencies
  • Inter-Republican Security Service (MSB) (1991)
  • Central Intelligence Service (TsSR) (1991)
  • Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR (AFB) (1991)
  • Committee for the Protection of the State Border (KOGG) (1991)
TypeState committee of union-republican jurisdiction
Jurisdiction
HeadquartersLubyanka Building, 2 Bolshaya Lubyanka Street
Moscow, Russian SFSR
Motto
  • Loyalty to the party – Loyalty to the motherland
  • Верность партии — Верность Родине
Agency executives
Child agencies
  • Foreign intelligence: First Chief Directorate
  • Internal security: Second Chief Directorate
    • Ciphering: Eighth Chief Directorate
    • Chief Directorate of Border Forces

The Committee for State Security (CSS) (

counter-intelligence and secret police functions. Similar agencies operated in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from the Russian SFSR
, where the KGB was headquartered, with many associated ministries, state committees and state commissions.

The agency was a

1991–1992 South Ossetia War, the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia established its own KGB, keeping the unreformed name.[4] In addition, Belarus established its successor to the KGB of the Byelorussian SSR in 1991, the Belarusian KGB
, keeping the unreformed name.

History

Further information: Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
See also:
NKGB, and Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)

Restructuring in the MVD following the fall of Beria in June 1953 resulted in the formation of the KGB under Ivan Serov in March 1954.

Aleksandr Shelepin (in office: 1958–1961), but Shelepin carried out Brezhnev's palace coup d'état against Khrushchev in 1964 (despite Shelepin not then being in the KGB). Brezhnev sacked Shelepin's successor and protégé, Vladimir Semichastny (in office: 1961–1967) as KGB Chairman and reassigned him to a sinecure in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Shelepin found himself demoted from the chairman of the Committee of Party and State Control in 1965 to Trade Union Council
chairman (in office 1967–1975).

In the 1980s, the Soviet Union

Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation) and the SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service
).

In the US

Between the World Wars

The GRU (Foreign military intelligence service of the Soviet Union) recruited the ideological agent Julian Wadleigh, who became a State Department diplomat in 1936. The NKVD's first US operation was establishing the legal residency of Boris Bazarov and the illegal residency of Iskhak Akhmerov in 1934.[5] Throughout, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and its General Secretary Earl Browder, helped NKVD recruit Americans, working in government, business, and industry.[citation needed][6]

Other important, low-level and high-level ideological agents were the diplomats

Second World War (1939–45)—at the Tehran (1943), Yalta (1945), and Potsdam (1945) conferences—Big Three Ally Joseph Stalin of the USSR, was better informed about the war affairs of his US and UK allies than they were about his.[8]

Soviet espionage was at its most successful in collecting scientific and technological intelligence about advances in jet propulsion, radar and encryption, which impressed Moscow, but stealing atomic secrets was the capstone of NKVD espionage against Anglo–American science and technology. To wit, British Manhattan Project team physicist Klaus Fuchs (GRU 1941) was the main agent of the Rosenberg spy ring.[9] In 1944, the New York City residency infiltrated top secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico by recruiting Theodore Hall, a 19-year-old Harvard physicist.[10][11]

During the Cold War

The KGB failed to rebuild most of its US illegal resident networks. The aftermath of the Second Red Scare (1947–57) and the crisis in the CPUSA hampered recruitment. The last major illegal resident, Rudolf Abel (Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher/"Willie" Vilyam Fishers), was betrayed by his assistant, Reino Häyhänen, in 1957.[12]

Chronology of Soviet
security agencies
1917–22 Cheka under Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)
1922–23 GPU under NKVD of the RSFSR
(State Political Directorate)
1920–91 PGU KGB or
USSR

(First Chief Directorate)
1923–34 OGPU under SNK of the USSR
(Joint State Political Directorate)
1934–46 NKVD of the USSR
(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
1934–41 GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR
(Main Directorate of State Security of
People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
1941 NKGB of the USSR
(People's Commissariat of State Security)
1943–46 NKGB of the USSR
(People's Commissariat for State Security)
1946–53 MGB of the USSR
(Ministry of State Security)
1946–54 MVD of the USSR
(Ministry of Internal Affairs)
1947–51

KI MID of the USSR
(Committee of Information under Ministry
of Foreign Affairs)

1954–78 KGB under the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
(Committee for State Security)
1978–91 KGB of the USSR
(Committee for State Security)
1991 MSB of the USSR
(Interrepublican Security Service)
1991 TsSB of the USSR
(Central Intelligence Service)
1991 KOGG of the USSR
(Committee for the Protection of
the State Border)

Recruitment then emphasised mercenary agents, an approach especially successful[

US Navy Chief Warrant Officer John Anthony Walker. Over eighteen years, Walker enabled Soviet Intelligence to decipher some one million US Navy messages, and track the US Navy.[13]

In the late Cold War, the KGB was successful with intelligence coups in the cases of the mercenary walk-in recruits FBI

counterspy Robert Hanssen (1979–2001) and CIA Soviet Division officer Aldrich Ames (1985–1994).[14]

In the Soviet Bloc

Cell doors at the current KGB Cells Museum in Tartu, Estonia in 2007

It was Cold War policy for the KGB of the Soviet Union and the secret services of the

Soviet Bloc. In supporting those Communist governments, the KGB was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring of "Socialism with a Human Face" in Czechoslovakia, 1968.[15][16]

During the Hungarian revolt, KGB chairman Ivan Serov personally supervised the post-invasion "normalization" of the country.[17] Consequently, the KGB monitored the satellite state populations for occurrences of "harmful attitudes" and "hostile acts"; yet, stopping the Prague Spring, deposing a nationalist Communist government, was its greatest achievement. [citation needed]

The KGB prepared the Red Army's route by infiltrating Czechoslovakia with many illegal residents disguised as Western tourists. They were to gain the trust of and spy upon the most outspoken proponents of Alexander Dubček's new government. They were to plant subversive evidence, justifying the USSR's invasion, that right-wing groups—aided by Western intelligence agencies—were going to depose the Communist government of Czechoslovakia. Finally, the KGB prepared hardline, pro-USSR members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), such as Alois Indra and Vasiľ Škultéty, to assume power after the Red Army's invasion.[18]

The KGB's Czech success in the 1960s was matched with the failed suppression of the Solidarity labour movement in 1980s Poland. The KGB had forecast political instability consequent to the election of Archbishop of Kraków Karol Wojtyla as the first Polish Pope, John Paul II, whom they had categorised as "subversive" because of his anti-Communist sermons against the one-party régime of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). Despite its accurate forecast of crisis, the PZPR hindered the KGB's destroying the nascent Solidarity-backed political movement, fearing explosive civil violence if they imposed the KGB-recommended martial law. Aided by their Polish counterpart, the Security Service (Służba Bezpieczeństwa—SB), the KGB successfully infiltrated spies to Solidarity and the Catholic Church,[19] and in Operation X co-ordinated the declaration of martial law with Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Polish Communist Party;[20] however, the vacillating, conciliatory Polish approach blunted KGB effectiveness—and Solidarity then fatally weakened the Communist Polish government in 1989.

Nadezhin saw that China threatened the USSR by claiming a historic right to regions under the USSR's control. China also wanted to displace the USSR as the leader of the international socialist movement.[21] The KGB wanted to infiltrate the Chinese security services with "a sufficient number of agents". Top agents also believed that the KGB needed to do more to ensure the protection of the USSR from Chinese spies.[22]

Notable operations

According to declassified documents, the KGB aggressively recruited former German (mostly Abwehr) intelligence officers after the war.[23] The KGB used them to penetrate the West German intelligence service.[23]

In the 1960s, acting upon the information of KGB defector Anatoliy Golitsyn, the CIA counter-intelligence chief James Jesus Angleton believed KGB had moles in two key places—the counter-intelligence section of CIA and the FBI's counter-intelligence department—through whom they would know of, and control, US counter-espionage to protect the moles and hamper the detection and capture of other Communist spies. Moreover, KGB counter-intelligence vetted foreign intelligence sources, so that the moles might "officially" approve an anti-CIA double agent as trustworthy. In retrospect, the captures of the moles Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen proved that Angleton, though ignored as over-aggressive, was correct, despite the fact that it cost him his job at CIA, which he left in 1975.[citation needed]

In the mid-1970s, the KGB tried to secretly buy three banks in northern California to gain access to high-technology secrets. Their efforts were thwarted by the CIA. The banks were Peninsula National Bank in Burlingame, the First National Bank of Fresno, and the Tahoe National Bank in South Lake Tahoe. These banks had made numerous loans to advanced technology companies and had many of their officers and directors as clients. The KGB used the Moscow Narodny Bank Limited to finance the acquisition, and an intermediary, Singaporean businessman Amos Dawe, as the frontman.[24]

Bangladesh

On 2 February 1973, the

BAKSAL and created a one-party state. Three years later, the KGB in that region increased from 90 to 200, and by 1979 printed more than 100 newspaper articles. In these articles, the KGB officials accused Ziaur Rahman, popularly known as "Zia", and his regime of having ties with the United States.[25]

In August 1979, the KGB accused some officers who were arrested in

better source needed
]

Afghanistan

KGB special operative Igor Morozov sits on top of the BTR-60 armoured vehicle during his assignment to the Badakhshan Province, c. 1982.

The KGB started infiltrating Afghanistan as early as 27 April 1978. During that time, the

Mohammed Daoud Khan. Under the leadership of Major General Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy and Muhammad Rafi – code named Mammad and Niruz respectively – the Soviet secret service learned of the imminent uprising. Two days after the uprising, Nur Muhammad Taraki, leader of the PDPA, issued a notice of concern to the Soviet ambassador Alexander Puzanov and the resident of Kabul-based KGB embassy Viliov Osadchy that they could have staged a coup three days earlier hence the warning. On that, both Puzanov and Osadchy dismissed Taraki's complaint and reported it to Moscow, which broke a 30-year contract with him soon after.[25][27]

The centre then realized that it was better for them to deal with a more competent agent, which at the time was Babrak Karmal, who later accused Taraki of taking bribes and even of having secretly contacted the United States embassy in Kabul. On that, the centre again refused to listen and instructed him to take a position in the Kabul residency by 1974. On 30 April 1978, Taraki, despite being cut off from any support, led the coup which later became known as Saur Revolution, and became the country's leader, with Hafizullah Amin as vice-chairman of the Council of Ministers and vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Council. On 5 December 1978, Taraki compared the Saur Revolution to the Russian Revolution, which struck[clarification needed] Vladimir Kryuchkov, the FCD chief of that time.[25][27]

On 27 March 1979, after losing the city of Herat in an uprising, Amin became the next Prime Minister, and by 27 July became Minister of Defense as well. The centre though was concerned of his powers since the same month he issued them a complaint about lack of funds and demanded US$400,000,000. Furthermore, it was discovered that Amin had a master's degree from Columbia University, and that he preferred to communicate in English instead of Russian. Unfortunately for Moscow's intelligence services, Amin succeeded Taraki and by 16 September Radio Kabul announced that the PDPA received a fake request from Taraki concerning health issues among the party members. On that, the centre accused him of "terrorist" activities and expelled him from the party.[25][27]

The following day General Boris Ivanov, who was behind the mission in Kabul along with General Lev Gorelov and Deputy Defense Minister Ivan Pavlovsky, visited Amin to congratulate him on his election to power. On the same day the KGB decided to imprison Sayed Gulabzoy as well as Mohammad Aslam Watanjar and Assadullah Sarwari but while in captivity and under an investigation all three denied the allegation that the current Minister of Defence was an American secret agent. The denial of claims was passed on to Yuri Andropov and Leonid Brezhnev, who as the main chiefs of the KGB proposed operation Raduga to save the life of Gulabzoy and Watanjar and send them to Tashkent from Bagram Airfield by giving them fake passports. With that and a sealed container in which an almost breathless Sarwari was laying, they came to Tashkent on 19 September.[25][27]

During the continued investigation in Tashkent, the three were put under surveillance in one of the rooms for as long as four weeks where they were investigated for the reliability of their claims by the KGB. Soon after, they were satisfied with the results and sent them to Bulgaria for a secret retreat. On 9 October, the Soviet secret service had a meeting in which Bogdanov, Gorelov, Pavlonsky and Puzanov were the main chiefs who were discussing what to do with Amin who was very harsh at the meeting. After the two-hour meeting they began to worry that Amin would establish an Islamic republic in Afghanistan and decided to seek a way to put Karmal back in. They brought him and three other ministers secretly to Moscow during which time they discussed how to put him back in power. The decision was to fly him back to Bagram by 13 December. Four days later, Amin's nephew, Asadullah, was taken to Moscow by the KGB for acute food poisoning treatment.[25][27]

On 19 November 1979, the KGB had a meeting on which they discussed Operation Cascade, which was launched earlier that year. The operation carried out bombings with the help of

stormed the Tajbeg Palace and killed Amin and his 100–150 personal guards.[28] His 11-year-old son died due to shrapnel wounds.[29] The Soviets installed Karmal as Amin's successor. Several other government buildings were seized during the operation, including the Interior Ministry building, the Internal Security (KHAD) building, and the General Staff building (Darul Aman Palace). Out of the 54 KGB operators that assaulted the palace, 5 were killed in action, including Colonel Grigori Boyarinov, and 32 were wounded. Alpha Group veterans call this operation one of the most successful in the group's history. In June 1981, there were 370 members in the Afghan-controlled KGB intelligence service throughout the nation which were under the command of Ahmad Shah Paiya and had received all the training they need in the Soviet Union. By May 1982, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was set up in Afghanistan under the command of KHAD. In 1983, Boris Voskoboynikov became the next head of the KGB while Leonid Kostromin became his Deputy Minister.[27]

August 1991

Main article:
1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt

[30]

The KGB was succeeded by the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) of Russia, which was succeeded by the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB).[31]

Organization

The Committee for State Security was a militarized organization adhering to military discipline and regulations. Its operational personnel held army style ranks, except for the maritime branch of the Border troops, which held navy style ranks. The KGB consisted of two main components - organs and troops. The organs included the services directly involved in the committee's main roles - intelligence, counter-intelligence, military counter-intelligence etc. The troops included military units within the KGB's structure, completely separate from the Soviet armed forces - the

ELINT, SIGINT and cryptography) as well as the Spetsnaz of the KGB (the Kremlin Regiment, Alpha Group, Vympel, etc.). At the time of the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 the KGB had the following structure:[32]

Republican affiliations

Head of KGB in Lithuania Eduardas Eismuntas, January 1990
The former building of the KGB in Vilnius, Lithuania

The Soviet Union was a federal state, consisting of 15 constituent Soviet Socialist Republics, each with its own government closely resembling the central government of the USSR. The republican affiliation offices almost completely duplicated the structural organization of the main KGB.

Leadership

The Chairman of the KGB, First Deputy Chairmen (1–2), Deputy Chairmen (4–6). Its policy Collegium comprised a chairman, deputy chairmen, directorate chiefs, and republican KGB chairmen.

Directorates

  • First Chief Directorate (Foreign Operations) – foreign espionage (now the Foreign Intelligence Service or SVR in Russian).
  • Second Chief Directorate – counter-intelligence, internal political control.
  • Third Chief Directorate (Armed Forces) – military counter-intelligence and armed forces political surveillance.
  • Fourth Directorate (Transportation security)
  • Fifth Chief Directorate – censorship and internal security against artistic, political, and religious dissension; renamed "Directorate Z", protecting the Constitutional order, in 1989.
  • Eighteenth Chief Directorate (Investigations) - investigations inside of the Soviet Ministries, preventing corruption and other crimes. Previously named Investigative Department.
  • Sixth Directorate (Economic Counter-intelligence, industrial security)
  • Seventh Directorate (Surveillance) – of Soviet nationals and foreigners.
  • Eighth Chief Directorate – monitored-managed national, foreign, and overseas communications, cryptologic equipment, and research and development.
  • Ninth Chief Directorate (Guards and KGB Protection Service) – The 40,000-man uniformed bodyguard for the party leaders and families, guarded critical government installations (nuclear weapons, etc.), operated the Moscow VIP subway, and secure Government–Party telephony. President Yeltsin transformed it to the Federal Protective Service (FPS).
  • Fifteenth Directorate (Wartime government command centers)
  • Sixteenth Directorate (SIGINT and communications interception) – operated the national and government telephone and telegraph systems.
  • Border Guards Directorate responsible for the Soviet Border Troops.
  • Operations and Technology Directorate – research laboratories for recording devices and Laboratory 12 for poisons and drugs.
Former KGB officer Sergei Ivanov meets with former CIA director Robert Gates, April 2007.

Other units

  • KGB Personnel Department
  • Secretariat of the KGB
  • KGB Technical Support Staff
  • KGB Finance Department
  • KGB Archives
  • KGB Irregulars
  • Administration Department of the KGB, and
  • The CPSU Committee
  • KGB Spetsnaz (special operations) units such as:

Mode of operation

The ukase establishing the KGB

A

SIGINT (RP Line) and illegal support (N Line).[34]

The KGB classified its spies as:

  • agents (a person who provides intelligence) and
  • controllers (a person who relays intelligence).

The false-identity (or legend) assumed by a USSR-born illegal spy was elaborate, using the life of either:

  • a "live double" (a participant to the fabrications) or
  • a "dead double" (whose identity is tailored to the spy).

The agent then substantiated his or her false-identity by living in a foreign country, before emigrating to the target country. For example, the KGB would send a US-bound illegal resident via the Soviet embassy in

Ottawa, Canada
.

Tradecraft included stealing and photographing documents, code-names, contacts, targets, and dead letter boxes, and working as a "friend of the cause" or as agents provocateurs, who would infiltrate the target group to sow dissension, influence policy, and arrange kidnappings and assassinations.[35]

List of chairmen

Main article: List of chairmen of the KGB
ID card of the Chairman of the KGB Yuri Andropov
Chairman Dates
Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov 1954–1958
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Shelepin 1958–1961
Pyotr Ivashutin act. 1961
Vladimir Yefimovich Semichastny 1961–1967
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov 1967–1982 (Jan.–May)
Vitali Vasilyevich Fedorchuk 1982 (May–Dec.)
Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov 1982–1988
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov 1988–1991
Leonid Shebarshin act 1991
Vadim Viktorovich Bakatin 1991 (Aug.–Dec.)

Commemorative and award badges

Source:[36][37]

  • 5 years Cheka–OGPU, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1923
    5 years
    OGPU
    , Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1923
  • 15 years Cheka–OGPU, Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1932
    15 years
    OGPU
    , Honored Worker of Cheka–OGPU, 1932
  • Honored Worker of NKVD, 1940
    Honored Worker of NKVD, 1940
  • 50 years Cheka–KGB, 1967
    50 years Cheka–KGB, 1967
  • 60 years Cheka–KGB, 1977
    60 years Cheka–KGB, 1977
  • 70 years Cheka–KGB, 1987
    70 years Cheka–KGB, 1987
  • Honored Worker of State Security, 1957
    Honored Worker of State Security, 1957
  • Anniversary Badge 10 years OGPU, 1927
    Anniversary Badge 10 years OGPU, 1927
  • Excellent Border Troop 1st class, 1969
    Excellent Border Troop 1st class, 1969
  • Excellent Border Troop 2nd class, 1969
    Excellent Border Troop 2nd class, 1969
  • 70 years Border Troops KGB, 1988
    70 years Border Troops KGB, 1988
  • 70 years Komsomol Cheka–KGB
    70 years Komsomol Cheka–KGB

See also

References

  1. ^ Rubenstein, Joshua; Gribanov, Alexander (eds.). "The KGB File of Andrei Sakharov". Annals of Communism. Yale University. Archived from the original on 21 May 2007.
  2. ^ JHU.edu Archived 25 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, archive of documents about the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the KGB, collected by Vladimir Bukovsky.
  3. ^ "Закон СССР от 03.12.1991 N 124-н о реорганизации органов государственной". pravo.levonevsky.org. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  4. ^ Kolev, Stoyan (11 March 2009). "KGB Backyard in the Caucasus". Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  5. ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 104
  6. ^ Haynes, John Earl (2004). The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty.
  7. ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) pp. 104–5
  8. ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 111
  9. ^ "The Strange Story of Klaus Fuchs, the Red Spy in the Manhattan Project". 5 October 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  10. ^ "The November 12, 1944 cable: Theodore Alvin Hall and Saville Sax". PBS. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  11. ^ Harold Jackson (15 November 1999). "US scientist-spy who escaped prosecution and spent 30 years in biological research at Cambridge". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  12. ^ "Rudolph Ivanovich Abel (Hollow Nickel Case)". FBI. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  13. ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 205
  14. ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 435
  15. ISSN 0040-781X
    . Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  16. ^ "UK-held Mitrokhin archives reveal details of KGB operation against Prague Spring". Radio Prague International. 19 July 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  17. ^ Stykalin, Aleksandr. "Reorganization of the Political Police in Hungary after the Suppression of the Revolution of 1956: In Lieu of a Foreword to the Article by M. Baráth". Historia provinciae–the journal of regional history.
  18. ISBN 978-0-87855-005-0
    .
  19. ^ Matthew Day (18 October 2011). "Polish secret police: how and why the Poles spied on their own people". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  20. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9
    .
  21. ^ Kovacevic, Filip. "The Soviet-Chinese Spy Wars in the 1970s: What KGB Counterintelligence Knew, Part V". www.wilsoncenter.org. The Wilson Center. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  22. ^ Kovacevic, Filip. "The Soviet-Chinese Spy Wars in the 1970s: What KGB Counterintelligence Knew, Part VI". The Wilson Center. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  23. ^ a b Shane, Scott (7 June 2006), "C.I.A. Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show", The New York Times
  24. ^ Tolchin, Martin (16 February 1986). "Russians sought U.S. banks to gain high-tech secrets". The New York Times.
  25. ^
    ISBN 978-0-465-00311-2.[permanent dead link
    ]
  26. ISBN 978-0-19-506294-6
    .
  27. ^
    OCLC 843924202. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  28. ISBN 978-1-4058-7430-4
    .
  29. ^ "How Soviet troops stormed Kabul palace". BBC. 27 December 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  30. International New York Times
    . p. SR4. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  31. ^ "KGB's Successor Gets 'Draconian' Powers". NBC News. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  32. ^ "Структура". shieldandsword.mozohin.ru. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  33. ^ John Kohan (14 February 1983). "Eyes of the Kremlin". Archived from the original on 1 June 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  34. ^ The Sword and the Shield (1999) p. 38
  35. ^ "Soviet Use of Assassination and Kidnapping". CIA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  36. ^ "Ведомственные награды в КГБ". old.memo.ru.
  37. ^ "ЗНАКИ ОРГАНОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ (ВЧК, ОГПУ, КГБ)". Коллекционер антиквариата (in Russian). Retrieved 29 December 2020.

Sources

Further reading

See also:
Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union

External links

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