Kuomintang
Kuomintang 中國國民黨 Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng Chungkuo Kuomintang | |
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Tridemism | |
Political position | Centre-right[5] to right-wing[6] Historical: Big tent[7][8] |
National affiliation | Pan-Blue Coalition[9] |
Regional affiliation | Asia Pacific Democrat Union |
International affiliation | |
Colours | Blue |
Anthem | "Three Principles of the People" |
Legislative Yuan | 52 / 113 |
Municipal mayors | 4 / 6 |
Magistrates/mayors | 10 / 16 |
Councillors | 367 / 910 |
Township/city mayors | 83 / 204 |
Party flag | |
Website | |
www | |
Kuomintang | |||||||||
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Mongolian Cyrillic Дундадын (Хятадын) Гоминдан (Хувьсгалт Нам) | | ||||||||
Mongolian script | ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ (ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ) ᠭᠣᠮᠢᠨᠳᠠᠩ (ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠨᠠᠮ) | ||||||||
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Uyghur name | |||||||||
Uyghur | جۇڭگو گومىنداڭ | ||||||||
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Manchu name | |||||||||
Manchu script | ᠵᡠᠩᡬᠣ ᡳ ᡬᠣᠮᡳᠨᡩᠠᠩ | ||||||||
Romanization | Jungg'o-i G'omindang |
Taiwan portal |
China portal |
The Kuomintang (KMT),[I] also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD),[11] the Nationalist Party of China (NPC)[12] or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP),[1] is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially based on the Chinese mainland and then in Taiwan since 1949. KMT is a centre-right to right-wing party and the largest in the Pan-Blue Coalition. Its primary rival is the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and its allies in the Pan-Green Coalition. As of 2024, the KMT is the largest single party in the Legislative Yuan. The current chairman is Eric Chu.
The party originated as the
From 1949 to 1987, the KMT ruled Taiwan as an authoritarian one-party state after the February 28 incident. During this period, martial law was in effect and civil liberties were curtailed as part of its anti-communism efforts, with the period known as the White Terror. The party oversaw Taiwan's economic development, but experienced diplomatic setbacks, including the ROC losing its United Nations seat and most countries including, its ally the US, switching diplomatic recognition to the CCP-led People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1970s. In the late 1980s, Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's son, lifted martial law and the ban on opposition parties. His successor Lee Teng-hui continued democratic reforms and was re-elected in 1996 through a direct presidential election, the first time in the ROC history. The 2000 presidential election ended 72 years of KMT's dominance in the ROC. The KMT reclaimed power from 2008 to 2016, with the landslide victory of Ma Ying-jeou in the 2008 presidential election, whose presidency significantly loosened restrictions on economic and cultural exchanges with the People's Republic of China. The KMT lost the presidency and its legislative majority in the 2016 election.
The KMT is a member of the International Democracy Union. The party's guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, advocated by Sun Yat-sen and historically organized on a basis of democratic centralism, a principle conceived by revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that entailed open discussion of policy on the condition of unity among party members in upholding agreed decisions. The KMT opposes de jure Taiwan independence, Chinese unification under the "one country, two systems" framework, and non-peaceful means to resolve the cross-strait disputes. Originally placing high priority on reclaiming the Chinese mainland through Project National Glory, the KMT now favors a closer relation with the PRC and seeks to maintain Taiwan's status quo under the Constitution of the Republic of China. The party accepts the 1992 Consensus, which defines both sides of the Taiwan Strait as "one China", but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations.
History
Founding and Sun Yat-sen era
The KMT traces its ideological and organizational roots to the work of Sun Yat-sen, a proponent of Chinese nationalism and democracy who founded the Revive China Society at the capital of the Republic of Hawaii, Honolulu, on 24 November 1894.[13] On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with other anti-monarchist societies in Tokyo, Empire of Japan, to form the Tongmenghui, a group committed to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and to establish a republic in China.
The group supported the
On 25 August 1912, the Nationalist Party was established at the Huguang Guild Hall in Beijing, where the Tongmenghui and five smaller pro-revolution parties merged to contest the first national elections.[16] Sun was chosen as the party chairman with Huang Xing as his deputy.
The most influential member of the party was the third ranking Song Jiaoren, who mobilized mass support from gentry and merchants for the Nationalists to advocate a constitutional parliamentary democracy. The party opposed constitutional monarchists and sought to check the power of Yuan. The Nationalists won an overwhelming majority in the first National Assembly election in December 1912.
However, Yuan soon began to ignore the parliament in making presidential decisions. Song Jiaoren was assassinated in Shanghai in 1913. Members of the Nationalists, led by Sun Yat-sen, suspected that Yuan was behind the plot and thus staged the Second Revolution in July 1913, a poorly planned and ill-supported armed rising to overthrow Yuan, and failed. Yuan, claiming subversiveness and betrayal, expelled adherents of the KMT from the parliament.[17][18] Yuan dissolved the Nationalists, whose members had largely fled into exile in Japan, in November and dismissed the parliament early in 1914.
Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915. While exiled in Japan in 1914, Sun established the Chinese Revolutionary Party on 8 July 1914, but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin and Chen Jiongming, refused to join him or support his efforts in inciting armed uprising against Yuan. To join the Revolutionary Party, members had to take an oath of personal loyalty to Sun, which many old revolutionaries regarded as undemocratic and contrary to the spirit of the revolution. As a result, he became largely sidelined within the Republican movement during this period.
Sun returned to China in 1917 to establish a military junta at Canton to oppose the Beiyang government but was soon forced out of office and exiled to Shanghai. There, with renewed support, he resurrected the KMT on 10 October 1919, under the name Kuomintang of China (中國國民黨) and established its headquarters in Canton in 1920.
In 1923, the KMT and its Canton government accepted aid from the
Soviet advisers also helped the KMT to set up a political institute to train propagandists in mass mobilization techniques, and in 1923 Chiang Kai-shek, one of Sun's lieutenants from the
Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China
When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, the political leadership of the KMT fell to
Chiang assumed leadership of the KMT on 6 July 1926. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, whom he admired greatly and who forged all his political, economic, and revolutionary ideas primarily from what he had learned in Hawaii and indirectly through
Chiang was also particularly committed to Sun's idea of "political tutelage". Sun believed that the only hope for a unified and better China lay in a military conquest, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. Using this ideology, Chiang built himself into the dictator of the Republic of China, both in the
Following the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the KMT leader and launched the
A split erupted between the Chinese Communist Party and the KMT, which threatened the Northern Expedition. Wang Jing Wei, who led the KMT leftist allies, took the city of Wuhan in January 1927. With the support of the Soviet agent Mikhail Borodin, Wang declared the National Government as having moved to Wuhan. Having taken Nanjing in March, Chiang halted his campaign and prepared a violent break with Wang and his communist allies. Chiang's expulsion of the CCP and their Soviet advisers, marked by the Shanghai massacre on 12 April, led to the beginning of the Chinese Civil War. Wang finally surrendered his power to Chiang. Once this split had been healed, Chiang resumed his Northern Expedition and managed to take Shanghai.[19]
During the Nanjing incident in March 1927, the NRA stormed the consulates of the United States, the United Kingdom and Imperial Japan, looted foreign properties and almost assassinated the Japanese consul. An American, two British, one French, an Italian and a Japanese were killed.[21] These looters also stormed and seized millions of dollars' worth of British concessions in Hankou, refusing to hand them back to the UK government.[22] Both Nationalists and Communist soldiers within the army participated in the rioting and looting of foreign residents in Nanjing.[23]
NRA took Beijing in 1928. The city was the internationally recognized capital, even when it was previously controlled by warlords. This event allowed the KMT to receive widespread diplomatic recognition in the same year. The capital was moved from Beijing to Nanjing, the original capital of the Ming dynasty, and thus a symbolic purge of the final Qing elements. This period of KMT rule in China between 1927 and 1937 was relatively stable and prosperous and is still known as the Nanjing decade.
After the Northern Expedition in 1928, the Nationalist government under the KMT declared that China had been exploited for decades under the unequal treaties signed between the foreign powers and the Qing dynasty. The KMT government demanded that the foreign powers renegotiate the treaties on equal terms.[24]
Before the Northern Expedition, the KMT began as a heterogeneous group advocating American-inspired federalism and provincial autonomy. However, the KMT under Chiang's leadership aimed at establishing a centralized one-party state with one ideology. This was even more evident following Sun's elevation into a cult figure after his death. The control by one single party began the period of "political tutelage", whereby the party was to lead the government while instructing the people on how to participate in a democratic system. The topic of reorganizing the army, brought up at a military conference in 1929, sparked the Central Plains War. The cliques, some of them former warlords, demanded to retain their army and political power within their own territories. Although Chiang finally won the war, the conflicts among the cliques would have a devastating effect on the survival of the KMT. Muslim Generals in Gansu waged war against the Guominjun in favor of the KMT during the conflict in Gansu in 1927–1930.[25]
In 1931, Japanese aggression resumed with the
KMT secret police persecuted suspected communists and political opponents with terror. In The Birth of Communist China, C.P. Fitzgerald describes China under the rule of the KMT thus: "the Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency."[26]
In 1936, Chiang was kidnapped by
Japan surrendered in 1945, and Taiwan was returned to the Republic of China on 25 October of that year. The brief period of celebration was soon shadowed by the possibility of a civil war between the KMT and CCP. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan just before it surrendered and occupied Manchuria, the north eastern part of China. The Soviet Union denied the KMT army the right to enter the region but allowed the CCP to take control of the Japanese factories and their supplies.
Full-scale civil war between the
At the same time, the suspension of American aid and tens of thousands of deserted or decommissioned soldiers being recruited to the PLA cause tipped the balance of power quickly to the CCP side, and the overwhelming popular support for the CCP in most of the country made it all but impossible for the KMT forces to carry out successful assaults against the Communists.
By the end of 1949, the CCP controlled almost all of
In Taiwan: 1945–present
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2018) |
In 1895, Formosa (now called Taiwan), including the Penghu islands, became a Japanese colony via the Treaty of Shimonoseki following the First Sino-Japanese War.
After Japan's defeat at the end of World War II in 1945, General Order No. 1 instructed Japan to surrender its troops in Taiwan to Chiang Kai-shek. On 25 October 1945, KMT general Chen Yi acted on behalf of the Allied Powers to accept Japan's surrender and proclaimed that day as Taiwan Retrocession Day.
Tensions between the local Taiwanese and
Following the
However, various factors, including international pressure, are believed to have prevented the KMT from militarily engaging the CCP full-scale. The KMT backed Muslim insurgents formerly belonging to the
Until the 1970s, the KMT successfully pushed ahead with land reforms, developed the economy, implemented a democratic system in a lower level of the government, improved
Although opposition parties were not permitted, the pro-democracy movement
In 1991,
The KMT faced a split in 1993 that led to the formation of the
Prior to this, the party's voters had defected to both the PFP and TSU, and the KMT did poorly in the
The loss of the presidential election of 2004 to DPP President
Soon after the election, there appeared to be a falling out with the KMT's junior partner, the People First Party and talk of a merger seemed to have ended. This split appeared to widen in early 2005, as the leader of the PFP, James Soong appeared to be reconciling with President
In 2005, Ma Ying-jeou became KMT chairman defeating speaker
On 13 February 2007, Ma was indicted by the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office on charges of allegedly embezzling approximately NT$11 million (US$339,000), regarding the issue of "special expenses" while he was mayor of Taipei. Shortly after the indictment, he submitted his resignation as KMT chairman at the same press conference at which he formally announced his candidacy for ROC president. Ma argued that it was customary for officials to use the special expense fund for personal expenses undertaken in the course of their official duties. In December 2007, Ma was acquitted of all charges and immediately filed suit against the prosecutors. In 2008, the KMT won a landslide victory in the
On 25 June 2009, President Ma launched his bid to regain the KMT leadership and registered as the sole candidate for the chairmanship election. On 26 July, Ma won 93.9% of the vote, becoming the new chairman of the KMT,[31] taking office on 17 October 2009. This officially allowed Ma to be able to meet with Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, and other PRC delegates, as he was able to represent the KMT as leader of a Chinese political party rather than as head-of-state of a political entity unrecognized by the PRC.[32]
On 29 November 2014, the KMT suffered a heavy loss in the
Current issues and challenges
Party assets
Upon arriving in Taiwan the KMT occupied assets previously owned by the Japanese and forced local businesses to make contributions directly to the KMT. Some of this real estate and other assets was distributed to party loyalists, but most of it remained with the party, as did the profits generated by the properties.[36][37]
As the ruling party on Taiwan, the KMT amassed a vast business empire of banks, investment companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations, thought to have made it the world's richest political party, with assets once estimated to be around US$2–10 billion.[38] Although this war chest appeared to help the KMT until the mid-1990s, it later led to accusations of corruption (often referred to as "black gold").
After 2000, the KMT's financial holdings appeared to be more of a liability than a benefit, and the KMT started to divest itself of its assets. However, the transactions were not disclosed and the whereabouts of the money earned from selling assets (if it has gone anywhere) is unknown. There were accusations in the
The KMT also acknowledged that part of its assets were acquired through extra-legal means and thus promised to "retro-endow" them to the government. However, the quantity of the assets which should be classified as illegal are still under heated debate. DPP, in its capacity as ruling party from 2000 to 2008, claimed that there is much more that the KMT has yet to acknowledge. Also, the KMT actively sold assets under its title to quench its recent financial difficulties, which the DPP argues is illegal. Former KMT chairman
In 2006, the KMT sold its headquarters at 11 Zhongshan South Road in Taipei to Evergreen Group for NT$2.3 billion (US$96 million). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade Road in the eastern part of the city.[39]
In July 2014, the KMT reported total assets of NT$26.8 billion (US$892.4 million) and interest earnings of NT$981.52 million for the year of 2013, making it one of the richest political parties in the world.[40]
In August 2016, the Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee was set up by the ruling DPP government to investigate KMT party assets acquired during the martial law period and recover those that were determined to be illegally acquired.[41]
Supporter base
Support for the KMT in Taiwan encompasses a wide range of social groups but is largely determined by age. KMT support tends to be higher in northern Taiwan and in urban areas, where it draws its backing from big businesses due to its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China. As of 2020 only 3% of KMT members are under 40 years of age.[42][needs update]
The KMT also has some support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with military officers, teachers, and government workers. Among the ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has stronger support among
The deep-rooted hostility between Aboriginals and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities effective KMT networks, contribute to Aboriginal skepticism towards the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Aboriginals' tendency to vote for the KMT.[43] Aboriginals have criticized politicians for abusing the "indigenization" movement for political gains, such as aboriginal opposition to the DPP's "rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships voting for Ma Ying-jeou.[44] In 2005 the Kuomintang displayed a massive photo of the anti-Japanese Aboriginal leader Mona Rudao at its headquarters in honor of the 60th anniversary of Taiwan's retrocession from Japan to the Republic of China.[45]
On social issues, the KMT does not take an official position on
Organization
Leadership
The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun Yat-sen as party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general (1927–1975) and a chairman (since 1975), positions which officially discharge the functions of the president.
Current Central Committee Leadership
Position | Name(s) |
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Chairman | Eric Chu |
Vice Chairpersons | Huang Min-hui, Andrew Hsia, Sean Lien |
Secretary-General | Justin Huang |
Deputy Secretaries-General | Alex Fai
|
Policy Committee Executive Director | Tseng Ming-chung |
Organizational Development Committee Director | Hsu Yu-chen |
Culture and Communications Committee Director | Ling Tao |
Administration Committee Director | Chiu Da-chan |
Party Disciplinary Committee Director | Lee Guei-min |
Institute of Revolutionary Practice Director | Lin Yi-hua |
Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)
- Hong Yuh-chin (1 February 1999 – 1 February 2004)
- Tseng Yung-chuan (1 February 2004 – 1 December 2008)
- Lin Yi-shih (1 December 2008 – 1 February 2012)
- Lin Hung-chih (1 February 2012 – 31 July 2014)
- Alex Fai(31 July 2014 – 7 February 2015)
- Lai Shyh-bao (7 February 2015 – 7 July 2016)
- Liao Kuo-tung (7 July 2016 – 29 June 2017)
- Lin Te-fu (29 June 2017 – 14 June 2018)
- Johnny Chiang (14 June 2018 – 2019)
- Tseng Ming-chung (2019 – 2020)
- Lin Wei-chou (2020 – 2021)
- Alex Fai (2021 – 2022)
- Tseng Ming-chung (2022 – present)
Party organization and structure
The KMT is being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to a Leninist principle of democratic centralism:[47]
- National Congress
- Party chairman
- Vice-chairmen
- Central Committee
- Central Steering Committee for Women
- Central Standing Committee
- Secretary-General
- Deputy Secretaries-General
- Executive Director
- Party chairman
Standing committees and departments
- Policy Committee
- Policy Coordination Department
- Policy Research Department
- Mainland Affairs Department
- Institute of Revolutionary Practice, formerly National Development Institute
- Kuomintang Youth League
- Research Division
- Education and Counselling Division
- Party Disciplinary Committee
- Evaluation and Control Office
- Audit Office
- Culture and Communications Committee
- Cultural Department
- Communications Department
- KMT Party History Institute
- Administration Committee
- Personnel Office
- General Office
- Finance Office
- Accounting Office
- Information Center
- Organizational Development Committee
- Organization and Operations Department
- Elections Mobilization Department
- Community Volunteers Department
- Overseas Department
- Youth Department
- Women's Department
Party charter
The Kuomintang Party Charter was adopted on January 28, 1924. The current charter has 51 articles and includes contents of General Principles, Party Membership, Organization, The National President, The Director-General, The National Congress, The Central Committee, District and Sub-District Party Headquarters, Cadres and Tenure, Discipline, Awards and Punishment, Funding, and Supplementary Provisions.[48] The most recent version was made at the Twentieth National Congress on July 28, 2019.
Factions
- “Mainlander” faction (外省派) - Ma Ying-jeou
- “Taiwanese” faction (本土派) -
- Huang Fu-hsing faction (黃復興) -
Ideology in mainland China
Part of a series on |
Three Principles of the People |
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Chinese nationalism
The KMT was a nationalist revolutionary party that had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on the
The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai-shek used the words
Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the KMT, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. He was personally angry at the way China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States.[54][59] He and his New Life Movement called for the crushing of Soviet, Western, American and other foreign influences in China. Chen Lifu, a CC Clique member in the KMT, said "Communism originated from Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty".[56]
KMT leaders across China adopted nationalist rhetoric. The Chinese Muslim general Ma Bufang of Qinghai presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to the people of China who was fighting against Western imperialism to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He used his Chinese nationalist credentials to his advantage to keep himself in power.[60][61]
Fascism
The
The New Life Movement was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon Confucianism, mixed with Christianity, nationalism and authoritarianism that have some similarities to fascism.[64] It rejected individualism and liberalism, while also opposing socialism and communism. Some historians regard this movement as imitating Nazism and being a neo-nationalistic movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. Frederic Wakeman suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".[65]
Ideology of the New Guangxi Clique
The KMT branch in Guangxi province, led by the
The leaders clashed with Chiang Kai-shek, which led to the Central Plains War where Chiang defeated the clique.
Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation
The KMT had a left wing and a right wing, the left being more radical in its pro-Soviet policies, but both wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries. The right wing under Chiang Kai-shek prevailed, and continued radical policies against private merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism.[67]
One of the Three Principles of the People of the KMT, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. He defined this principle of saying in his last days "its socialism and its communism". The concept may be understood as
The KMT was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by Dr. Sun in the original Tongmenhui. The KMT's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese Socialism as part of its ideology.[68]
The Soviet Union trained KMT revolutionaries in the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang was known as the "Red General".[69] Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang, at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls, and in the Soviet May Day Parades that year[when?], Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of Karl Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and other socialist leaders.[70]
The KMT attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in Canton, and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's volunteer corps. Dr. Sun initiated this anti-merchant policy, and Chiang Kai-shek enforced it, Chiang led his army of
The KMT was accused of leading a "Red Revolution" in Canton. The merchants were conservative and reactionary, and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent comprador trader.[71]
The merchants were supported by the Western powers, who led an international flotilla to support them against the KMT.[72] The KMT seized many of Western-supplied weapons from the merchants, using them to equip their troops. A KMT General executed several merchants, and the KMT formed a Soviet-inspired Revolutionary Committee.[73] The British Communist Party sent a letter to Dr. Sun, congratulating him on his military successes.[74]
In 1948, the KMT again attacked the merchants of Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek sent his son Chiang Ching-kuo to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle-class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the proletariat.[75]
As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shop owners, Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster
The KMT also promotes
"The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."[77]
The KMT Muslim Governor of Ningxia, Ma Hongkui, promoted state-owned monopolies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industry in Ningxia.[78]
Corporations such as CSBC Corporation, Taiwan, CPC Corporation and Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation are owned by the state in the Republic of China.
Confucianism and religion in its ideology
The KMT used traditional Chinese religious ceremonies. According to the KMT, the souls of party martyrs were sent to heaven. Chiang Kai-shek believed that these martyrs still witnessed events on Earth.[80][81][82][83]
The KMT backed the New Life Movement, which promoted Confucianism, and it was also against westernization. KMT leaders also opposed the May Fourth Movement. Chiang Kai-shek, as a nationalist, and Confucianist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. He viewed some western ideas as foreign, as a Chinese nationalist, and that the introduction of western ideas and literature that the May Fourth Movement wanted was not welcome. He and Sun Yat-sen criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting morals of youth.[84]
The KMT also incorporated Confucianism in its jurisprudence. It pardoned Shi Jianqiao for murdering Sun Chuanfang, because she did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which was an example of filial piety to one's parents in Confucianism.[85] The KMT encouraged filial revenge killings and extended pardons to those who performed them.[86]
In response to the Cultural Revolution, Chiang Kai-shek promoted a Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement which followed in the steps of the New Life Movement, promoting Confucian values.[87]
Education
The KMT purged China's education system of Western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of the state, which meant, in effect, the KMT, via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on KMT's Three Principles of the People were added. Textbooks, exams, degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.[88]
Soviet-style military
Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as KMT director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the
Anti-communism
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was ruling China and strongly opposed the Chinese Communist Party as it was funded and militarily backed by the
Policy on ethnic minorities
Former KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek considered all the minority peoples of China as descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the semi-mythical initiator of the Chinese civilization. Chiang considered all ethnic minorities in China to belong to the Zhonghua minzu (Chinese nation) and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China, and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true.[93][94][95] In Taiwan, the president performs a ritual honoring the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.[96]
The KMT retained the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission for dealing with Mongolian and Tibetan affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its chairman.[97]
The KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like Al-Azhar University and it established schools especially for Muslims, Muslim KMT warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims.[98] KMT Muslim Warlord Ma Bufang built a girls' school for Muslim girls in Linxia City which taught modern secular education.[99]
Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like Kazakhs to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, but KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang allowed them to participate.[100]
Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. Ma Chengxiang was a Muslim KMT member, and he refused to surrender to the Communists.[101][102]
The KMT incited anti-Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang sentiments among Hui people and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.[103]
The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the Ma Bufang Mansion along with a portrait of party founder Sun Yatsen arranged with the KMT flag and the Republic of China flag.
General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the
The KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.[107]
In 1939,
Anti-separatism
The KMT claims sovereignty over Outer Mongolia and Tuva as well as the territories of the modern People's Republic and Republic of China.[110]
KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang waged war on the invading Tibetans during the
General Ma Fuxiang, the chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission stated that Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China, arguing:
Our Party [the Guomindang] takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind [Ch. fei wo zulei zhe]. Now the people of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years. [...] Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet.[97]
Ma Bufang also crushed Mongol separatist movements, abducting the Genghis Khan Shrine and attacking Tibetan Buddhist Temples like Labrang, and keeping a tight control over them through the Kokonur God ceremony.[105][111]
Ideology in Taiwan
Anti-communism
On 28 February 1947, the Kuomintang cracked down on an anti-government uprising in Taiwan known as the
Three Principles of the People
Sun Yat-sen was not just the founder of the Republic of China, but also the founder of the Kuomintang. Sun Yat-sen's political ideology was based on building a free and democratic China founded on Three Principles of the People, namely Democracy (civil rights of people), people's economic livelihood and nationalism. Although the Kuomintang lost control over mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China under Kuomintang rule was able to achieve the political ideal of a democratic Republic of China on the island of Taiwan based on the Three Principles of the People after its retreat to Taiwan.[119] The Three Principles of the People is not just written in the ROC Constitution, but also in Article 1, 5, 7, 9, 37, 42, 43 of Kuomintang's party charter.[117]
Chinese democracy
The Kuomintang advocates a free and democratic China under the Republic of China founded on Three Principles of the People. In fact, during the 1980s, Chiang Ching-kuo advocated Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People. Since then, a democracy promotion banner for Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People continues to exist in Kinmen today as a display to mainland China that the Republic of China's unification principle should be based on Chinese democracy. Today, the Kuomintang continues to view the Republic of China as the free, democratic and legitimate China.
Cross-Strait relations
A Chinese nationalist party,[59][97] the Kuomintang strongly adheres to the defense of the Republic of China and upholding the Constitution of the Republic of China. It is also strongly opposed to de jure Taiwanese independence (under a theoretical "Republic of Taiwan"), which would mean recognizing the People's Republic of China as the legitimate government representing China. It favors closer relations with the PRC and the CCP,[118] though it also opposes Chinese unification under the "one country, two systems" framework,[120][121][122] and any non-peaceful means to resolve the cross-strait disputes.[123] The party also accepts the 1992 Consensus, which defines both sides of the Taiwan Strait as "one China" but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations.[121]
Chinese conservatism
Part of a series on |
Conservatism in China |
---|
|
In modern Taiwanese politics, the Kuomintang is seen as a
Some Kuomintang conservatives see traditional social or
Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang
Malaysian Chinese Association
The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) was initially pro-ROC and mainly consisted of KMT members who joined as an alternative and were also in opposition to the Malayan Communist Party, supporting the KMT in China by funding them with the intention of reclaiming the Chinese mainland from the communists.[126]
Tibet Improvement Party
The
Vietnamese Nationalist Party
The KMT assisted the
The VNQDD was founded with KMT aid in 1925, they were against Ho Chi Minh's Viet Nam Revolutionary Youth League.[133] When the VNQDD fled to China after the failed uprising against the French, they settled in Yunnan and Canton, in two different branches.[134][135] The VNQDD existed as a party in exile in China for 15 years, receiving help, militarily and financially, and organizationally from the Chinese KMT.[136] The two VNQDD parties merged into a single organization, the Canton branch removed the word "revolutionary" from the party name. Lu Han, a KMT official in Nanjing, who was originally from Yunnan, was contacted by the VNQDD, and the KMT Central Executive Committee and Military made direct contact with VNQDD for the first time, the party was reestablished in Nanjing with KMT help.[133]
The Chinese KMT used the VNQDD for its own interests in south China and Indo China. General Zhang Fakui (Chang Fa-kuei), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Việt Nam Cách mệnh Đồng minh Hội meaning "Viet Nam Revolutionary League" in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the KMT's aims. The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party.[137] The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People, created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists.[138][139] The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyễn Hải Thần. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.[140] The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.[141]
A KMT left-winger, General Chang Fa-kuei, worked with Nguyễn Hải Thần, a VNQDD member, against French Imperialists and Communists in Indo China.[142] General Chang Fa-kuei planned to lead a Chinese army invasion of Tonkin in Indochina to free Vietnam from French control, and to get Chiang Kai-shek's support.[143] The VNQDD opposed the government of Ngo Dinh Diem during the Vietnam War.[144]
The party dissolved after the Fall of Saigon in 1977 and was later re-founded in 1991 as the People's Action Party of Vietnam (Đảng Nhân dân Hành động Việt Nam).
Ryukyu Guomindang
On 30 November 1958, the establishment of the
Hong Kong Pro-ROC camp
The pro-ROC camp is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It pledges allegiance to the Republic of China. One of these members, the 123 Democratic Alliance, dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwanese government after the 2000 presidential election.[146]
Sponsored organizations
Ma Fuxiang founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the KMT, including the China Islamic Association (中國回教公會).[97]
KMT Muslim General Bai Chongxi was Chairman of the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation.[147] The Muslim Chengda school and Yuehua publication were supported by the Nationalist Government, and they supported the KMT.[148]
The Chinese Muslim Association was also sponsored by the KMT, and it evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan with the party. The Chinese Muslim Association owns the Taipei Grand Mosque which was built with funds from the KMT.[149]
The
Election results
Presidential elections
Election | Candidate | Running mate | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1923 | Sun Yat-sen[a] | — | 33 | 6.9% | Defeated |
1948 | Chiang Kai-shek[a] | Li Zongren | 2,430 | 90.0% | Elected |
1954 | Chen Cheng | 1,507 | 96.9% | Elected | |
1960 | 1,481 | 100% | Unopposed | ||
1966 | Yen Chia-kan | 1,481 | 100% | Unopposed | |
1972 | 1,308 | 100% | Unopposed | ||
1978 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Hsieh Tung-min | 1,184 | 100% | Unopposed |
1984 | Lee Teng-hui | 1,012 | 100% | Unopposed | |
1990 | Lee Teng-hui | Lee Yuan-tsu | 641 | 100% | Unopposed |
1996 | Lien Chan | 5,813,699 | 54.0% | Elected | |
2000 | Lien Chan | Vincent Siew | 2,925,513 | 23.1% | Defeated |
2004 | PFP )
|
6,442,452 | 49.9% | Defeated | |
2008 | Ma Ying-jeou | Vincent Siew | 7,659,014 | 58.5% | Elected |
2012 | Wu Den-yih | 6,891,139 | 51.6% | Elected | |
2016 | Eric Chu | Wang Ju-hsuan ( Ind.) | 3,813,365 | 31.0% | Defeated |
2020 | Han Kuo-yu | Chang San-cheng ( Ind.) | 5,522,119 | 38.6% | Defeated |
2024 | Hou Yu-ih | Jaw Shaw-kong | 4,671,021 | 33.5% | Defeated |
Legislative elections
Election | Total seats won | Total votes | Share of votes | Changes | Election leader | Status | President |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1948 | 716 / 759
|
Chiang Kai-shek | Majority | Chiang Kai-shek | |||
1969 | 8 / 11
|
Chiang Kai-shek | Majority | ||||
1972 | 41 / 51
|
Chiang Kai-shek | Majority | ||||
1975 | 42 / 52
|
Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | Yen Chia-kan | |||
1980 | 79 / 97
|
Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | Chiang Ching-kuo | |||
1983 | 83 / 98
|
Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | ||||
1986 | 79 / 100
|
Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | ||||
1989 | 94 / 130
|
Lee Teng-hui | Majority | Lee Teng-hui | |||
1992 | 95 / 161
|
5,030,725 | 53.0% | 7 seats | Lee Teng-hui | Majority | |
1995 | 85 / 164
|
4,349,089 | 46.1% | 12 seats | Lee Teng-hui | Majority | |
1998 | 123 / 225
|
4,659,679 | 46.4% | 7 seats (adjusted) |
Lee Teng-hui | Majority | |
Opposing majority | Chen Shui-bian | ||||||
2001 | 68 / 225
|
2,949,371 | 31.3% | 46 seats | Lien Chan | Opposing plurality | |
2004 | 79 / 225
|
3,190,081 | 34.9% | 11 seats | Lien Chan | Opposing plurality | |
2008 | 81 / 113
|
5,291,512 | 53.5% | 41 seats (adjusted) |
Wu Po-hsiung | Opposing majority | |
Majority | Ma Ying-jeou | ||||||
2012 | 64 / 113
|
5,863,379 | 44.5% | 17 seats | Ma Ying-jeou | Majority | |
2016 | 35 / 113
|
3,280,949 | 26.9% | 29 seats | Eric Chu | Minority | Tsai Ing-wen |
2020 | 38 / 113
|
4,723,504 | 33.3% | 3 seats | Wu Den-yih | Minority | |
2024 | 52 / 113
|
4,764,293 | 34.6% | 14 seats | Eric Chu | Opposing plurality | Lai Ching-te |
Local elections
Election | Magistrates and mayors | Councillors | Township/city mayors | Township/city council representatives | Village chiefs | Party leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1994 provincial |
2 / 3
|
91 / 175
|
— | — | — | Lee Teng-hui |
1997 | 8 / 23
|
522 / 886
|
236 / 319
|
— | — | |
1998 municipal |
1 / 2
|
48 / 96
|
— | — | — | |
2001
|
9 / 23
|
382 / 897
|
195 / 319
|
— | — | Lien Chan |
2002 municipal |
1 / 2
|
32 / 96
|
— | — | — | |
2005
|
14 / 23
|
408 / 901
|
173 / 319
|
— | — | Ma Ying-jeou |
2006 municipal |
1 / 2
|
41 / 96
|
— | — | — | |
2009 | 12 / 17
|
289 / 587
|
121 / 211
|
— | — | |
2010 municipal |
3 / 5
|
130 / 314
|
— | — | 1,195 / 3,757
| |
2014 unified |
6 / 22
|
386 / 906
|
80 / 204
|
538 / 2,137
|
1,794 / 7,836
| |
2018 unified |
15 / 22
|
394 / 912
|
83 / 204
|
390 / 2,148
|
1,120 / 7,744
|
Wu Den-yih |
2022 unified |
14 / 22
|
367 / 910
|
76 / 204
|
294 / 2,139
|
953 / 7,748
|
Eric Chu |
National Assembly elections
Election | Total seats won | Total votes | Share of votes | Changes | Party leader | Status | President |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1912 | 132 / 274(Senate) 269 / 596(House)
|
? | ? | Sung Chiao-jen
|
Plurality | Yuan Shikai | |
1947 | 2,901 / 3,045
|
? | ? | Chiang Kai-shek | Majority | Chiang Kai-shek | |
1969 | 15 / 15
|
? | ? | Majority | |||
1972 | 43 / 53
|
? | ? | Majority | |||
1980 | 61 / 76
|
? | ? | Chiang Ching-kuo | Majority | Chiang Ching-kuo | |
1986 | 68 / 84
|
? | ? | Majority | |||
1991
|
254 / 325
|
6,053,366 | 69.1% | 186 seats | Lee Teng-hui | Majority | Lee Teng-hui |
1996
|
183 / 334
|
5,180,829 | 49.7% | 71 seats | Lee Teng-hui | Majority | |
2005
|
117 / 300
|
1,508,384 | 38.92% | 66 seats | Lien Chan | Plurality | Chen Shui-bian |
See also
- Sun Yat-sen
- Chiangism
- Chinese nationalism
- Conservatism in Taiwan
- Elections in Taiwan
- Index of Taiwan-related articles
- History of the Kuomintang cultural policy
- History of the Republic of China
- KMT retreat to Taiwan in 1949
- Military of the Republic of China
- National Revolutionary Army
- Nationalist government
- New Kuomintang Alliance
- Pan-Blue Coalition
- Political status of Taiwan
- Politics of the Republic of China
- Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
- Whampoa Military Academy
- White Terror (Taiwan)
Notes
- Words in native languages
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Further reading
- Bergere, Marie-Claire; Lloyd, Janet (2000). Sun Yat-sen. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4011-1.
- Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8805-4.
- John F. Copper. The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan, 2008 to 2012 (Lexington Books; 2013) 251 pp. – How Taiwan's Nationalist Party regained power after losing in 2000.
- Westad, Odd Arne. Decisive encounters: the Chinese civil war, 1946–1950 (Stanford University Press, 2003). excerpt Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
External links
- Official website (Chinese)
- Official website (English, inactive since 2020)
- The History of Kuomintang (Archived 31 October 2009)
- National Policy Foundation Website (Kuomintang Think Tank)(in Chinese)