Pascal (unit)

pascal
stress
Symbol	Pa
Named after	Blaise Pascal
Conversions
1 Pa in ...	... is equal to ...
atmosphere:	9.86923×10−6 atm
bar:	10−5 bar
barye (CGS unit)	10 Ba

The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the unit of

system. Common multiple units of the pascal are the hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa), which is equal to one millibar, and the kilopascal (1 kPa = 1000 Pa), which is equal to one centibar.

The unit of measurement called standard atmosphere (atm) is defined as 101,325 Pa.^[2]

Etymology

The unit is named after Blaise Pascal, noted for his contributions to hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, and experiments with a barometer. The name pascal was adopted for the SI unit newton per square metre (N/m²) by the 14th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1971.^[7][8]

Definition

The pascal can be expressed using SI derived units, or alternatively solely SI base units, as:

${\displaystyle {\rm {1~Pa=1~{\frac {N}{m^{2}}}=1~{\frac {kg}{m{\cdot }s^{2}}}=1~{\frac {J}{m^{3}}}}}}$

where N is the newton, m is the metre, kg is the kilogram, s is the second, and J is the joule.^[9]

One pascal is the pressure exerted by a force of magnitude one newton perpendicularly upon an area of one square metre.

Standard units

The unit of measurement called an

Uses

The pascal (Pa) or kilopascal (kPa) as a unit of pressure measurement is widely used throughout the world and has largely replaced the

US customary system

, including the United States.

Geophysicists use the gigapascal (GPa) in measuring or calculating tectonic stresses and pressures within the Earth.

Medical

of tissue in kilopascals.

In

of materials. In engineering the megapascal (MPa) is the preferred unit for these uses, because the pascal represents a very small quantity.

Approximate Young's modulus for common substances^[14]

Material	Young's modulus (GPa)
Nylon 6	2–4
Hemp fibre	35
Aluminium	69
Tooth enamel	83
Copper	117
Structural steel	200
Diamond	1220

The pascal is also equivalent to the SI unit of energy density, the joule per cubic metre. This applies not only to the thermodynamics of pressurised gases, but also to the energy density of electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields.

The pascal is used to measure

for humans and is a common reference pressure, so that its SPL is zero.

The airtightness of buildings is measured at 50 Pa.^[15]

In medicine, blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg, very close to one Torr). The normal adult blood pressure is less than 120 mmHg systolic BP (SBP) and less than 80 mmHg diastolic BP (DBP).^[16] Convert mmHg to SI units as follows: 1 mmHg = 0.13332 kPa. Hence normal blood pressure in SI units is less than 16.0 kPa SBP and less than 10.7 kPa DBP. These values are similar to the pressure of water column of average human height; so pressure has to be measured on arm roughly at the level of the heart.

Hectopascal and millibar units

The units of atmospheric pressure commonly used in meteorology were formerly the bar (100,000 Pa), which is close to the average air pressure on Earth, and the millibar. Since the introduction of SI units, meteorologists generally measure pressures in hectopascals (hPa) unit, equal to 100 pascals or 1 millibar.^{[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]} Exceptions include Canada, which uses kilopascals (kPa). In many other fields of science, prefixes that are a power of 1000 are preferred, which excludes the hectopascal from use.^[24][25]

Many countries also use millibars. In practically all other fields, the kilopascal is used instead.^[26]

Multiples and submultiples

Decimal multiples and sub-multiples are formed using standard SI units.

Multiples			Sub-multiples
Value	Name	Symbol	Value	Name	Symbol
101 Pa	decapascal	daPa	10−1 Pa	decipascal	dPa
102 Pa	hectopascal	hPa	10−2 Pa	centipascal	cPa
103 Pa	kilopascal	kPa	10−3 Pa	millipascal	mPa
105 Pa	bar (non-SI unit)	bar	10−6 Pa	micropascal	μPa
106 Pa	megapascal	MPa	10−9 Pa	nanopascal	nPa
109 Pa	gigapascal	GPa	10−12 Pa	picopascal	pPa
1012 Pa	terapascal	TPa	10−15 Pa	femtopascal	fPa
1015 Pa	petapascal	PPa	10−18 Pa	attopascal	aPa
1018 Pa	exapascal	EPa	10−21 Pa	zeptopascal	zPa
1021 Pa	zettapascal	ZPa	10−24 Pa	yoctopascal	yPa
1024 Pa	yottapascal	YPa	10−27Pa	rontopascal	rPa
1027 Pa	ronnapascal	RPa	10−30 Pa	quectopascal	qPa
1030 Pa	quettapascal	QPa

See also

• Atmospheric pressure which gives the usage of the hbar and the mbar
• Centimetre of water
• Meteorology
• Metric prefix
• Orders of magnitude (pressure)
• Pascal's law
• Pressure measurement

References

External links