Kabylia

Coordinates: 36°48′N 4°18′E / 36.8°N 4.3°E / 36.8; 4.3
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Kabylia
Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen
منطقة القبائل
Location of Kabylia in central Algeria (northwestern Africa)
Location of Kabylia in central Algeria (northwestern Africa)
Coordinates: 36°48′N 4°18′E / 36.8°N 4.3°E / 36.8; 4.3
Region Algeria
Provinces - Wilayas
Area
 • Total25,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi)
Population
 (2012)
 • Total3,450,000
UTC+1 (CEST)
Area code+213 (Algeria)
LanguagesKabyle (Kabyle)
Arabic
French

Kabylia or Kabylie

Arabic: منطقة القبائل, meaning "Land of the Tribes") is a mountainous coastal region in northern Algeria[3] and the homeland of the Kabyle people. It is part of the Tell Atlas mountain range and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean Sea
.

Kabylia covers two provinces of Algeria: Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia. Gouraya National Park and Djurdjura National Park are also located in Kabylia.

Name

During the French colonization of Algeria, the French invented the term 'Kabylia', a term never used by the Arab and Berber populations of Algeria prior to the French invasion. The word 'Kabyle' is a distortion of the Arabic word qaba'il (قبائل) which has two meanings, the first one is tribes that live among sedentary populations and the second is 'to accept', which Arabs after the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb used for local populations that accepted Islam.[4]

History

Topographic map of Kabylia.

Antiquity

Middle Ages

The history of Kabylie started to appear in the classical books during the fourth century AD with the revolt of the commander Firmus and his brother Guildon against the empire.

The

Arab conquest of North Africa, the Kabyles were able to temporarily control and possess their mountains,[12][13] however they were defeated and converted to Islam, and they began to use Arabic.[14] It was not until 1857 that Kabylia as a whole was fully and entirely conquered and subdued by France.[15][16][17][18][19]

Origin and conquests of the Fatimids

Between 902 and 909 AD, after being converted to

Sijilmassa in Morocco.[32]
[31] During the reign of al-Aziz Billah, the role of the Kutama in the Fatimid army was greatly weakened as he significantly reduced their size in the army and included new socio-military groups.[33] In 969 under the command of Jawhar, the Fatimid troops conquered Egypt from the Ikhsidids, the general Ja'far ibn Fallah was instrumental in this success: he led the troops that crossed the river Nile and according to al-Maqrizi, captured the boats used to do this from a fleet sent by Ikhshidid loyalists from Lower Egypt.[34] The general Ja’far then invaded Palestine and conquered Ramla, the capital, he then conquered Damascus and made himself the master of the city and then he moved north and conquered Tripoli.[35][36] It was around this time period that the Fatimid Caliphate reached its territorial peak of 4,100,000 km2.[37]

A Berber family emerged as formidable leaders in the unique Berber form of elected delegates form of government (through financial contribution and thus influence), the

Fatimids established their rule in the Maghreb countries. The Zirids ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The Hammadids captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in the Maghreb region.[38][39][40] The Fatimids
conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East.

Regency of Algiers

During the

.

French colonisation and resistance

First mass in Kabylia during the French conquest of Algeria, 1837

Though the region was the last stronghold against French colonization,[41] the area was gradually taken over by the French after 1830, despite vigorous local resistance by the local population led by leaders such as Faḍma n Sumer and Cheikh Mokrani, until the Battle of Icheriden in 1857 marked a decisive French victory, with sporadic outbursts of violence continuing as late as Mokrani's rebellion in 1871. Much land was confiscated in this period from the more recalcitrant tribes and given to French pieds-noirs. Many arrests and deportations were carried out by the French in response to uprisings, mainly to New Caledonia (hence the origins of the Algerians of the Pacific.) Colonization also resulted in an acceleration of the emigration into other areas of the country and outside of it.

Algerian migrant workers in France organized the first party promoting independence in the 1920s. Messali Hadj, Imache Amar, Si Djilani, and Belkacem Radjef rapidly built a strong following throughout France and Algeria in the 1930s and actively trained militants who became key players during the struggle for independence and in building an independent Algerian state.

French colonists invented the Kabyle myth in the 19th century which asserted that the Kabyle people were more predisposed than Arabs to assimilate into "French civilization." Lacoste explained that "turning the Arabs into invaders was one way of legitimizing the French presence".[42] Prior to the creation of the term in the 1840s, Kabyles throughout the centuries were actively and fully assimilated into the Arab culture of Algeria.[43]

In the Algerian War

During the War of Independence (1954–1962), the FLN and ALN's reorganisation of the country created, for the first time, a unified Kabyle administrative territory, wilaya III, being as it was at the centre of the anti-colonial struggle.[44] As such, along with the Aurès, it was one of the most affected areas because of the importance of the maquis (aided by the mountainous terrain) and the high levels of support and collaboration of its inhabitants for the nationalist cause. Several historic leaders of the FLN came from this region, including Hocine Aït Ahmed, Abane Ramdane, and Krim Belkacem. It was also in Kabylia that the Soummam conference took place in 1956, the first of the FLN. The flipside of being such a critical region for the independence movement was being one of the major target of French counter-insurgency operations, not least the devastation of agricultural lands, looting, destruction of villages, population displacement, the creation of forbidden zones, etc.[45]

After independence

From the moment of independence, tensions had already developed between Kabyle leaders and the central government, with the

Houari Boumediene. The Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (based in Tizi Ouzou) was defeated by the Oujda Group led by Ahmed Ben Bella in the 1962 Algerian crisis. As early as 1963 the FFS called into question the authority of the single-party system, which resulted in two years of armed confrontation in the region. The rebellion was defeated, leaving more than four hundred dead, and most of the FLN leaders from Kabylia and the eastern provinces either executed or forced into exile.[46]

Demonstration by Kabyles in 2014

In April 1980, following the banning of a conference by writer Mouloud Mammeri on traditional Kabyle poetry, riots and strikes broke out in Tizi Ouzou, followed by several months of demonstrations on university campuses in Kabylia and Algiers, known as the Berber Spring, demanding the officialisation and recognition of the Tamazight language. These resulted in the extrajudicial imprisonment of thousands of Kabylie intellectuals, along with other clashes in Tizi-Ouzou and Algiers in 1984 and 1985.[47] With the opening up and establishment of the multi-party system in 1989, the RCD (Rally for Culture and Democracy) party was created by Saïd Sadi, at the same time as identity politics and the cultural awakening of the Kabylians were intensifying in reaction to the increasingly hard-line Arabization.[48] In the midst of the civil war, there was an act of massive civil disobedience beginning in September 1994 and lasting the entire school year until mid 1995 where the ten-million strong population of Kabylia conducted a total school boycott, known as the "schoolbag strike".[49][50] In June and July 1998 the region flared up again after the assassination of protest singer and political activist Lounès Matoub at the same time that a law requiring the use of Arabic in all fields of education entered into force, further worsening tensions.[51][52]

Following the death in April 2001 of Massinissa Guermah, a young high school student, in police custody, major riots took place, known as the

Arouch, a confederation of ancestral local councils over the situation, alongside wider issues such as social justice and the economy, which was deemed by the government as 'regionalist' and dangerous for national unity and cohesion.[54] Nevertheless, Tamazight was recognised in 2002 as a national language of Algeria, and as of 7 February 2016, an official language of the State alongside Arabic.[55]

The

Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK), founded in June 2001, has called for self-government for the region since 2011. The MAK was renamed as "Mouvement pour l'Autodétermination de la Kabylie" seeking independence from Algeria.[56]

Geography

Landscape near Azazga

Main features:

Three large chains of mountains occupy most of the area:

  • In the north, the mountain range of maritime Kabylia, culminating with Tifrit n'Ait El Hadj (Tamgout 1278 m)
  • In the south, the
    Lalla-Khedidja
    (2308 m)
  • Between the two lies the mountain range of Agawa, which is the most populous and is 800 m high on average. The largest town of Great Kabylia, Tizi Ouzou, lies in that mountain range. At Iraten (formerly "Fort-National" in French occupation), which numbered 28,000 inhabitants in 2001, is the highest urban centre of the area.

Ecology

Kabyles

There are a number of flora and fauna associated with this region. Notable is a population of the

endangered primate, Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus, whose prehistoric range encompassed a much wider span than the present limited populations in Algeria, Morocco and Gibraltar.[57]

Population

The area is populated by Kabyles, a Berber ethnic group. They speak the Kabyle language, the largest Berber language in Algeria.[58] It is spoken by 3 million people[59] and has significant Arabic, French, Latin, Greek, Phoenician and Punic substratum,[60] with Arabic loanwords representing 35%[60] to 46%[61] of the total Kabyle vocabulary.

Since the Berber Spring in 1980, Kabyles have been at the forefront of the fight for recognition of the Berber language as an official one in Algeria (see Languages of Algeria).

Zawiyas

Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi

The Kabylia region is home to dozens of

Sufi brotherhood
, including the following:

Economy

The traditional economy of the area is based on arboriculture (orchards,

olive trees) and on the craft industry (tapestry or pottery
). The mountain and hill farming is gradually giving way to local industry (textile and agro-alimentary).

Today Kabylia is one of the most industrialised parts of

Bgayet (

Bejaia)'s port is the second biggest in Algeria after Algiers
, and the 6th largest on the Mediterranean Sea.

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Kabylie | Algeria Region, History & Culture | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Kabylie | region, Algeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
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  5. ^ Froude, James Anthony; Tulloch, John (1862). Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country. J. Fraser.
  6. ^ "North Africa - The Vandal conquest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
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  8. ^ The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156
  9. ^ Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118
  10. ^ The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner
  11. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568
  12. ^ The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45
  13. ^ The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93
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  17. ^ Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding
  18. ^ The United Service Magazine
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  25. ^ International Journal of Economic and Social History, Volume 8
  26. ^ Chroniques des années algériennes
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  28. ^ Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979). Algeria, a Country Study. [Department of Defense], Department of the Army. p. 15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Orientalia, Volumes 54-55
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  36. ^ The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies, Volume 24 Black, Parbury, & Allen,
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  38. ^ Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa: Pg 42
  39. ^ Islam: Art and Architecture: Pg 614
  40. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen): Pg 55 & 56
  41. ^ "Kabylia - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 6 May 2008. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
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  48. ^ Jacques Leclerc, "Algérie: Données historiques et conséquences linguistiques" sur L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Université Laval, 14 January 2012.
  49. ^ Temlali, Yassin (1 May 2006). "Petite histoire de la question berbère en Algérie". Babel Med (in French). Retrieved 24 March 2017.
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  51. ^ Jacques Leclerc, "Algérie: Loi no 91-05 du 16 janvier 1991 portant généralisation de l'utilisation de la langue arabe" sur L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Université Laval
  52. ^ Jacques Leclerc, "Algérie: Les droits linguistiques des berbérophones", in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Université Laval, 20 April 2010
  53. ^ "Report No. 15" (PDF). Algeria: Unrest and Impasse in Kabylia. International Crisis Group. 10 June 2003. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  54. .
  55. .
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  57. ^ "Barbary Macaque (Macaca sylvanus) - iGoTerra.com". Globaltwitcher.auderis.se. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
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  59. ^ Leclerc, Jacques (5 April 2009). "Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique". L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). Université Laval. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  60. ^ .
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  63. ^ a b "Tadamsa taqbaylit", Saεid Duman

External links