Kabylia
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Kabylia
Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen منطقة القبائل | |
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Coordinates: 36°48′N 4°18′E / 36.8°N 4.3°E | |
Region | Algeria |
Provinces - Wilayas | |
Area | |
• Total | 25,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi) |
Population (2012) | |
• Total | 3,450,000 UTC+1 (CEST) |
Area code | +213 (Algeria) |
Languages | Kabyle (Kabyle) Arabic French |
Kabylia or Kabylie
Kabylia covers two provinces of Algeria: Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia. Gouraya National Park and Djurdjura National Park are also located in Kabylia.
Name
During the French colonization of Algeria, the French invented the term 'Kabylia', a term never used by the Arab and Berber populations of Algeria prior to the French invasion. The word 'Kabyle' is a distortion of the Arabic word qaba'il (قبائل) which has two meanings, the first one is tribes that live among sedentary populations and the second is 'to accept', which Arabs after the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb used for local populations that accepted Islam.[4]
History
Antiquity
Middle Ages
The history of Kabylie started to appear in the classical books during the fourth century AD with the revolt of the commander Firmus and his brother Guildon against the empire.
The
Between 902 and 909 AD, after being converted to
A Berber family emerged as formidable leaders in the unique Berber form of elected delegates form of government (through financial contribution and thus influence), the
Regency of Algiers
During the
French colonisation and resistance
Though the region was the last stronghold against French colonization,[41] the area was gradually taken over by the French after 1830, despite vigorous local resistance by the local population led by leaders such as Faḍma n Sumer and Cheikh Mokrani, until the Battle of Icheriden in 1857 marked a decisive French victory, with sporadic outbursts of violence continuing as late as Mokrani's rebellion in 1871. Much land was confiscated in this period from the more recalcitrant tribes and given to French pieds-noirs. Many arrests and deportations were carried out by the French in response to uprisings, mainly to New Caledonia (hence the origins of the Algerians of the Pacific.) Colonization also resulted in an acceleration of the emigration into other areas of the country and outside of it.
Algerian migrant workers in France organized the first party promoting independence in the 1920s. Messali Hadj, Imache Amar, Si Djilani, and Belkacem Radjef rapidly built a strong following throughout France and Algeria in the 1930s and actively trained militants who became key players during the struggle for independence and in building an independent Algerian state.
French colonists invented the Kabyle myth in the 19th century which asserted that the Kabyle people were more predisposed than Arabs to assimilate into "French civilization." Lacoste explained that "turning the Arabs into invaders was one way of legitimizing the French presence".[42] Prior to the creation of the term in the 1840s, Kabyles throughout the centuries were actively and fully assimilated into the Arab culture of Algeria.[43]
In the Algerian War
During the War of Independence (1954–1962), the FLN and ALN's reorganisation of the country created, for the first time, a unified Kabyle administrative territory, wilaya III, being as it was at the centre of the anti-colonial struggle.[44] As such, along with the Aurès, it was one of the most affected areas because of the importance of the maquis (aided by the mountainous terrain) and the high levels of support and collaboration of its inhabitants for the nationalist cause. Several historic leaders of the FLN came from this region, including Hocine Aït Ahmed, Abane Ramdane, and Krim Belkacem. It was also in Kabylia that the Soummam conference took place in 1956, the first of the FLN. The flipside of being such a critical region for the independence movement was being one of the major target of French counter-insurgency operations, not least the devastation of agricultural lands, looting, destruction of villages, population displacement, the creation of forbidden zones, etc.[45]
After independence
From the moment of independence, tensions had already developed between Kabyle leaders and the central government, with the
In April 1980, following the banning of a conference by writer Mouloud Mammeri on traditional Kabyle poetry, riots and strikes broke out in Tizi Ouzou, followed by several months of demonstrations on university campuses in Kabylia and Algiers, known as the Berber Spring, demanding the officialisation and recognition of the Tamazight language. These resulted in the extrajudicial imprisonment of thousands of Kabylie intellectuals, along with other clashes in Tizi-Ouzou and Algiers in 1984 and 1985.[47] With the opening up and establishment of the multi-party system in 1989, the RCD (Rally for Culture and Democracy) party was created by Saïd Sadi, at the same time as identity politics and the cultural awakening of the Kabylians were intensifying in reaction to the increasingly hard-line Arabization.[48] In the midst of the civil war, there was an act of massive civil disobedience beginning in September 1994 and lasting the entire school year until mid 1995 where the ten-million strong population of Kabylia conducted a total school boycott, known as the "schoolbag strike".[49][50] In June and July 1998 the region flared up again after the assassination of protest singer and political activist Lounès Matoub at the same time that a law requiring the use of Arabic in all fields of education entered into force, further worsening tensions.[51][52]
Following the death in April 2001 of Massinissa Guermah, a young high school student, in police custody, major riots took place, known as the
The
Geography
Main features:
- Greater Kabylia, which runs from .
- Lesser Kabylia, comprising Kabylia of Bibans and Kabylia of Babors.
Three large chains of mountains occupy most of the area:
- In the north, the mountain range of maritime Kabylia, culminating with Tifrit n'Ait El Hadj (Tamgout 1278 m)
- In the south, the Lalla-Khedidja(2308 m)
- Between the two lies the mountain range of Agawa, which is the most populous and is 800 m high on average. The largest town of Great Kabylia, Tizi Ouzou, lies in that mountain range. At Iraten (formerly "Fort-National" in French occupation), which numbered 28,000 inhabitants in 2001, is the highest urban centre of the area.
Ecology
There are a number of flora and fauna associated with this region. Notable is a population of the
Population
The area is populated by Kabyles, a Berber ethnic group. They speak the Kabyle language, the largest Berber language in Algeria.[58] It is spoken by 3 million people[59] and has significant Arabic, French, Latin, Greek, Phoenician and Punic substratum,[60] with Arabic loanwords representing 35%[60] to 46%[61] of the total Kabyle vocabulary.
Since the Berber Spring in 1980, Kabyles have been at the forefront of the fight for recognition of the Berber language as an official one in Algeria (see Languages of Algeria).
Zawiyas
The Kabylia region is home to dozens of
- Zawiya Thaalibia in the Issers.
- Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi in Tidjelabine.
- Thenia.
- Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif in Sidi Daoud.
- Zawiyet Sidi M'Hamed Saadi in Aafir.
- Zawiyet Sidi Ali Debbaghi in Beni Amrane.
- Zawiyet Sidi Ghobrini in Khemis El-Khechna.
- Zawiyet Sidi Salem in Boudouaou.
Economy
The traditional economy of the area is based on arboriculture (orchards,
). The mountain and hill farming is gradually giving way to local industry (textile and agro-alimentary).Today Kabylia is one of the most industrialised parts of
Bgayet (
, and the 6th largest on the Mediterranean Sea.See also
References
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