Kadi Burhan al-Din
Burhān al-Dīn | |
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Reign | 1381–1398 |
Born | 8 January 1345 Kayseri |
Died | c. 1398 (aged 52–53) Erzincan |
Father | Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
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Qāḍī Aḥmad Burhān al-Dīn (
Early life and education
Aḥmad was born on 8 January 1345 in Kayseri in central Anatolia, the capital of the Eretnid Sultanate. Aḥmad's father was Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad, who like his father, Sirāj al-Dīn,[1] and grandfather, was a qāḍī (judge). Aḥmad's paternal lineage belonged to Sālūr, an Oghuz tribe originally inhabiting the region of Khwarazm in Central Asia.[2] This tribe had earlier migrated to Kastamonu before arriving in Kayseri. A granddaughter of the Seljuk Sultan of Rum, Kaykhusraw II, Aḥmad's mother was the daughter of Abdullah Chelebī, son of Jalal al-Dīn Maḥmud Mustavfī, who was an influential figure during the Seljuk rule in Anatolia.[3] Following the political struggle caused by Eretna's death, Aḥmad and his father spent 4 months in exile in Syria in 1356.[4]
Aḥmad initially received his education from his father Muḥammad and later studied in
Rise to power
Despite this unusual favour, Burhān al-Dīn secretly participated in the rebellion of the local magnates in which Ghiyāth al-Dīn was killed in 1365.[5] Burhān al-Dīn's popularity spread as he was serving as the qāḍī of Kayseri, bolstering his political strength. He built strong personal relations, especially with local nomadic tribes. By 1376, he had become a military commander with significant power in a realm that was facing a political turmoil.[4] The previous year, Karamanids captured Kayseri in a surprise attack with the help of the Mongol tribes of Samargar and Chaykazan, prompting ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 'Ali to flee to Sivas. Burhān al-Dīn tried to fend off the Karamanids with the hopes that he could claim Kayseri for himself. He wasn't successful, getting arrested when 'Ali uncovered his true intentions.[6] The Emir of Sivas, Hajji Ibrahim, who allied with the leader of Samargar, Hizir Beg, rescued Burhān al-Dīn and imprisoned 'Ali instead.[7] 'Ali was eventually liberated by Burhān al-Dīn in 1378. In June of that year, Burhān al-Dīn was made vizier by Eretnid emirs in order to prevent a possible revolt of peasants disgruntled by 'Ali's incompetence.[8]
Reign
In 1381, after murdering the
Burhān al-Dīn was defeated by the Mamluks in 1387 but soon allied with them against the Aq Qoyunlu, only to later ally with the latter against rebellions of the beys of Amasya and Erzincan.[5] The Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, accompanied by his vassal the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, campaigned against Burhān al-Dīn in 1391, but was defeated at the Battle of Kırkdilim.[11] Upon Timur's advent in 1394, Burhān al-Dīn joined the Ottomans, Mamluks, and the Golden Horde in their resistance against Timurid invasion. When Timur left Anatolia later that year, Burhān al-Dīn led a counterattack against Timur's allies, Muṭahharten and the Karamanids.[4]
The Aq Qoyunlu ruler
Burhan al-Din was succeeded by his son Zayn al-‘Abidin, who ruled for a short time between 1398 and 1399.[12]
Poetry
He was an outstanding poet, who wrote in Turkish and
Burhan al-Din also composed two juridical works in Arabic, the Tardjīh al-tawḍīḥ in May 1397, and the Iksīr al-saʿādāt fī asrār al-ʿibādāt, which has remained in use until the present day.[5]
Biography
'Aziz ibn Ardashir Astarbadi, a companion of Kadi Burhan al-Din, wrote a Persian language history of his rule called Bazm-u Razm (lit. 'banquet and battle', traditionally the twin pursuits of Persian kings) which was edited by M. F. Köprülüzade in 1928. An analysis and commentary has been provided by H. H. Giesecke, Das Werk des ‘Azīz ibn Ardašīr Astarābādi (Leipzig, 1940).
Family
Burhān al-Dīn is reputed to have had 4 children: Muḥammad (died 1390), Zayn al-‘Abidin, Fulāna, and Ḥabība Seljūq Khātūn (died 1446). Zayn al-‘Abidin reigned for a few weeks after his father's demise. Burhān al-Dīn's daughters married
Notes
- ^ Or according to Hoja Saʿd al-Dīn, in Karabel (near Sivas).[5]
References
- ^ a b von Zambaur 1927, p. 156.
- ^ Rypka 1960; Özaydın 2001.
- ^ Özaydın 2001.
- ^ a b c d e f Heß 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rypka 1960.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 182.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 183.
- ^ Rypka 1960; Heß 2021.
- ^ a b Cahen 1968, pp. 362–363.
- ^ Zacharidou 1980, p. 471.
- ^ Stephen Album, A Checklist of Islamic Coins, 2nd ed. (1998), p. 114.
- ^ Javadi & Burrill 1988.
- ^ https://www.princeton.edu/~turkish/aatt/azeri.htm, American Association of Teachers of Turkic Languages
- ^ Mustafayev 2013, p. 336.
Bibliography
- Cahen, Claude (1968). Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history, c. 1071–1330. New York: Taplinger. pp. 362–363.
- Heß, Michael R. (19 July 2021). "Kadı Burhaneddin". In Fleet, Kate; ISSN 1873-9830.
- Javadi, H.; Burrill, K. (1988). "Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 3. pp. 251–255.
- Mustafayev, Shahin (2013). "Ethnolinguistic Processes in the Turkic Milieu of Anatolia and Azerbaijan (14th–15th Centuries)". In ISBN 978-973-595-622-6.
- Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2001). "Kadı Burhâneddin". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 24 (Kāânî-i Şîrâzî – Kastamonu) (in Turkish). Istanbul: ISBN 978-975-389-451-7.
- OCLC 495469456.
- Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (20 April 1968). "Sivas - Kayseri ve Dolaylarında Eretna Devleti" [State of Eretna in Sivas - Kayseri and Around]. BELLETEN (in Turkish). 32 (126). Turkish Historical Association: 161–190. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- von Zambaur, Eduard Karl Max (1927). Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de l'Islam avec 20 tableaux généalogiques hors texte et 5 cartes [Handbook of genealogy and chronology for the history of Islam: with 20 additional genealogical tables and 5 maps] (in French). H. Lafaire. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- Zacharidou, Elizabeth A. (1980). "Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bāyezīd I and Ḳāḍī Burhān al-Dīn Aḥmad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 43 (3): 471–481. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
Further reading
- Chittick, William C. (1981). "Sultan Burhān al-Dīn Sufi Correspondence". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 73: 33–45. Retrieved 8 November 2023.