Kajkavian
This article has an unclear citation style. (July 2022) |
Kajkavian | |
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kajkavščina / kajkavština / kajkavica | |
Native to | Croatia |
Ethnicity | Croats |
Indo-European
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Standard forms | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kjv |
Glottolog | kajk1237 |
Kajkavian in Croatia | |
South Slavic languages and dialects |
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Kajkavian /kaɪˈkɑːviən, -ˈkæv-/ (Kajkavian noun: kajkavščina; Shtokavian adjective: kajkavski [kǎjkaʋskiː],[1] noun: kajkavica or kajkavština [kajkǎːʋʃtina])[2] is a South Slavic supradialect or language spoken primarily by Croats in much of Central Croatia and Gorski Kotar.[3][4]
Kajkavian is part of the South Slavic dialect continuum, being a transition between the supradialects of Chakavian, Shtokavian and the Slovene language.[5] There are differing opinions over whether Kajkavian is best considered a dialect of the Serbo-Croatian language or a fully-fledged language of its own, as it is only partially mutually intelligible with either Chakavian or Shtokavian and bears more similarities to Slovene; it is transitional and fully mutually intelligible with Prekmurje Slovene and the dialects in Slovenian Lower Styria's region of Prlekija in terms of phonology and vocabulary.[6]
The term "Kajkavian" and the definition of the dialect are modern-age inventions. The name stems from the interrogative pronoun kaj ("what"). The other supradialects of Serbo-Croatian also derive their names from their reflex of the interrogative pronoun.[7][8] However, the pronouns are only general pointers and do not serve as actual identifiers of the respective dialects. Certain Kajkavian dialects use the interrogative pronoun ča, the one that is usually used in Chakavian. Conversely, some Chakavian dialects (most notably Buzet dialect in Istria) use the pronoun kaj. The pronouns these dialects are named after are merely the most common one in that dialect.
Outside Croatia's northernmost regions, Kajkavian is also spoken in Austrian Burgenland and a number of enclaves in Hungary along the Austrian and Croatian border and in Romania.[9]
Classification
Historically, the classification of Kajkavian has been a subject of much debate regarding both the question of whether it ought to be considered a dialect or a language, as well as the question of what its relation is to neighboring vernaculars.
Autonyms used throughout history by various Kajkavian writers have been manifold, ranging from Slavic (slavonski, slovenski, slovinski) to Croatian (horvatski) or Illyrian (illirski).[10][11] The naming went through several phases, with the Slavic-based name initially being dominant. Over time, the name Croatian started gaining ground mainly during the 17th century, and by the beginning of the 18th century, it had supplanted the older name Slavic. The name also followed the same evolution in neighboring Slovene Prekmurje and some other border areas in what is now Slovenia, although there the name Slovene-Croatian (slovensko-horvatski) existed as well.[12] The actual term Kajkavian (kajkavski), including as an adjective, was invented in the 19th century and is credited to Serbian philologist Đuro Daničić, while it was generally used and promoted in the 20th century works by Croatian writer Miroslav Krleža.[13] The term is today accepted by its speakers in Croatia.
The problem with classifying Kajkavian within South Slavic stems in part from its both structural differences and closesness with neighboring Chakavian and Shtokavian speeches as well as its historical closeness to Slovene speeches. Some
According to Mijo Lončarić (1988), the formation of the Proto-Kajkavian linguistic and territorial unit would be around the 10th century (when it separated from Southwestern Slavic), until the 12th century it is a separate node of Croatian-Serbian language family (excluding Slovene), between the 13th and 15th century when formed as a dialect with main features known today, until the end of the 17th century when lost a part of spoken territory (to the South, Southeast and especially to East in Slavonia), and from the 17th-18th century till present time when regained part of lost territory by forming new transitional dialects.[16]
Characteristics
The Kajkavian speech area borders in the northwest on the
The Croatian capital,
As a result of the previously mentioned mixing of dialects, various Kajkavian features and characteristics have found their way into the standard Shtokavian (standard Croatian) spoken in those areas. For example, some of the prominent features are the fixed stress-based accentual system without distinctive lengths, the merger of /č/ and /ć/ and of /dž/ and /đ/, vocabulary differences as well as a different place of stress in words.[29] The Zagreb variety of Shtokavian is considered by some to enjoy parallel prestige with the prescribed Shtokavian variety. Because of that, speakers whose native speech is closer to the standard variety often end up adopting the Zagreb speech for various reasons.[30]
Kajkavian is closely related to Slovene – and to Prekmurje Slovene in particular.[31] Higher amounts of correspondences between the two exist in inflection and vocabulary. The speakers of the Prekmurje dialect are Slovenes and Hungarian Slovenes who belonged to the Archdiocese of Zagreb during the Habsburg era (until 1918). They used Kajkavian as their liturgical language, and by the 18th century, Kajkavian had become the standard language of Prekmurje.[32] Moreover, literary Kajkavian was also used in neighboring Slovene Styria during the 17th and 18th centuries, and in parts of it, education was conducted in Kajkavian.[33]
As a result of various factors, Kajkavian has numerous differences compared to Shtokavian:
- Kajkavian has a prothetic v- generalized in front of u (compare Kajkavian vuho, Shtokavian uho; Kajkavian vugel, Shtokavian ugao; Kajkavian vučil, Shtokavian učio). This feature has been attested in Glagolitic texts very early on, already around the 15th century (Petrisov zbornik, 1468). A similar feature exists in colloquial Czech,[34] as well as in many Slovene dialects, especially from the Pannonian, Styrian and Littoral dialect groups.
- Proto-Slavic *dj resulted in Kajkavian j as opposed to Shtokavian đ (cf. Kajkavian meja, Shtokavian međa, Slovene meja).[35]
- The nasal *ǫ has evolved into a closed /o/ in Kajkavian (cf. Kajkavian roka, Shtokavian ruka, Slovene roka).[36]
- Common Slavic *v and *v- survived as v in Kajkavian, whereas in Shtokavian they resulted in u and u-, and in Chakavian they gave way to va.[37] The same feature is maintained in most Slovene dialects.
- Kajkavian has retained /č/ in front of /r/ (cf. Kajkavian črn, črv, Shtokavian crn, crv, Slovene črn, črv).[38]
- Kajkavian /ž/ in front of a vowel turns into /r/. A similar evolution happened in Slovene, Chakavian as well as Western Shtokavian, however the latter does not use it in its standard form (cf. Kajkavian moči > morem/moreš/more, Shtokavian moći > mogu/možeš/može, Slovene moči > morem/moreš/more).[38]
- Kajkavian retains -jt and -jd clusters (cf. Kajkavian pojti, pojdem, Shtokavian poći, pođem).[38] This feature is shared by standard Slovene.
- Like most Slavic varieties (including Slovenian, but not Shtokavian), Kajkavian exhibits final-obstruent devoicing, however it is not consistently spelled out (cf. Kajkavian vrak, Shtokavian vrag)[39]
- Diminutive suffixes in Kajkavian are -ek, -ec, -eko, -eco (cf. Kajkavian pes > pesek, Shtokavian pas > psić).[40] The same diminutive suffixes are found in Slovene.
- Negative past-tense construction in Kajkavian deviates syntactically from neighboring speeches in its placing of the negative particle. Some argued that this might indicate a remnant of the Pannonian Slavic system. Similar behavior occurs in Slovak (compare Kajkavian ja sem nę čul, Slovene jaz nisem slišal, Shtokavian ja nisam čuo).[41]
- Some variants of Kajkavian have a different first-person plural present-tense suffix, -mę (cf. Kajkavian -mę, rečemę, Slovene -mo, rečemo, Shtokavian -mo, kažemo, Slovak -me, povieme) such as the Bednja dialect, although most Kajkavian sub-dialects retain the suffix -mo.[42]
- Relative pronouns differ from neighboring dialects and languages (although they are similar to Slovene). Kajkavian uses kateri, tęri and šteri depending on sub-dialect (cf. Czech který, Slovak ktorý, Shtokavian koji, standard Slovene kateri, Carniolan dialects k'teri, kęri).[41]
- The genitive plural in Shtokavian adds an -a to the end, whereas Kajkavian retains the old form (cf. Kajkavian vuk, vukov/vukof, Shtokavian vuk, vukova, Slovene volk, volkov, Kajkavian žene, žen, Shtokavian žene, žena, Slovene žene, žen/žena).[43]
- Kajkavian retains the older locative plural (compare Kajkavian prsti, prsteh, Shtokavian prsti, prstima, Slovene prsti, prstih).[44]
- The loss of the dual is considered to be significantly more recent than in Shtokavian.[44]
- Kajkavian has no vocative case.[44] This feature is shared with standard Slovene and most Slovene dialects.
- So-called s-type nouns have been retained as a separate declension class in Kajkavian contrasted from the neuter due to the formant -es- in oblique cases. The same is true for Slovene (compare Kajkavian čudo, čudesa, Shtokavian čudo, čuda, Slovene čudo, čudesa).[45]
- Kajkavian has no aorist.[46] The same is true for Slovene.
- The supine has been retained as distinctive from infinitive, as in Slovene. The infinitive suffixes are -ti, -či whereas their supine counterparts are -t, -č. The supine and the infinitive are often stressed differently. The supine is used with verbs of motion.[47]
- The future tense is formed with the auxiliary biti and the -l participle as in standard Slovene and similar to Czech and Slovak (compare Kajkavian išel bom, Shtokavian ići ću, standard Slovene šel bom, eastern Slovene dialects išel bom).[41]
- Modern urban Kajkavian speeches tend to have stress as the only significant prosodic feature as opposed to the Shtokavian four-tone system.[48]
- Kajkavian exhibits various syntactic influences from German.[49]
- The Slavic prefix u- has a vi- reflex in some dialects, similar to Czech vý- (compare Kajkavian vigled, Czech výhled, Shtokavian izgled).[50][51] This feature sets Kajkavian apart from Slovene, which shares the prefix -iz with Shtokavian.
In addition to the above list of characteristics that set Kajkavian apart from Shtokavian, research suggests possible a closer relation with Kajkavian and the Slovak language, especially with the Central Slovak dialects upon which standard Slovak is based. As modern-day Hungary used to be populated by Slavic-speaking peoples prior to the arrival of Hungarians, there have been hypotheses on possible common innovations of future West and South Slavic speakers of that area. Kajkavian is the most prominent of the South Slavic speeches in sharing the most features that could potentially be common Pannonian innovations.[52]
Some Kajkavian words bear a closer resemblance to other Slavic languages such as Russian than they do to Shtokavian or Chakavian. For instance gda (also seen as shorter "da") seems to be at first glance unrelated to kada, however when compared to Russian когда, Slovene kdaj, or Prekmurje Slovene gda, kda, the relationship becomes apparent. Kajkavian kak (how) and tak (so) are exactly like their Russian cognates and Prekmurje Slovene compared to Shtokavian, Chakavian, and standard Slovene kako and tako. (This vowel loss occurred in most other Slavic languages; Shtokavian is a notable exception, whereas the same feature in Macedonian is probably not due to Serbo-Croatian influence because the word is preserved in the same form in Bulgarian, to which Macedonian is much more closely related than to Serbo-Croatian).[53]
History of research
Linguistic investigation began during the 19th century, although the research itself often ended in non-linguistic or outdated conclusions. Since that was the age of national revivals across Europe as well as the South Slavic lands, the research was steered by national narratives. Within that framework, Slovene philologists such as Franz Miklosich and Jernej Kopitar attempted to reinforce the idea of Slovene and Kajkavian unity and asserted that Kajkavian speakers are Slovenes.[54] On the other hand, Josef Dobrovský also claimed linguistic and national unity between the two groups but under the Croatian ethnonym.[54][55]
The first modern dialectal investigations of Kajkavian started at the end of the 19th century. The Ukrainian philologist A. M. Lukjanenko wrote the first comprehensive monograph on Kajkavian (titled Кайкавское нарѣчiе (Kajkavskoe narečie) meaning The Kajkavian dialect) in Russian in 1905.[56] Kajkavian dialects have been classified along various criteria: for instance Serbian philologist Aleksandar Belić divided (1927) the Kajkavian dialect according to the reflexes of Proto-Slavic phonemes /tj/ and /dj/ into three subdialects: eastern, northwestern and southwestern.[57]
However, later investigations did not corroborate Belić's division. Contemporary Kajkavian dialectology begins with Croatian philologist Stjepan Ivšić's work "Jezik Hrvata kajkavaca" (The Language of Kajkavian Croats, 1936), which highlighted accentual characteristics. Due to the great diversity within Kajkavian primarily in phonetics, phonology, and morphology, the Kajkavian dialect atlas features a large number of subdialects: from four identified by Ivšić to six proposed by Croatian linguist Brozović (formerly the accepted division) all the way up to fifteen according to a monograph by Croatian linguist Mijo Lončarić (1995). The traditional division in six sub-dialects includes: zagorsko-međimurski, križevačko-podravski, turopoljsko-posavski, prigorski (transitional to Central Chakavian), donjosutlanski (migratory transitional Chakavina-ikavian which became Kajkavian), and goranski (also transitional which is more Kajkavian in lesser Eastern part, while more Slovene in main Western part).[15] Kajkavian categorization of transitional dialects, like for example of prigorski, is provisory.[58]
Area of use
Kajkavian is mainly spoken in northern and northwestern Croatia. The mixed half-Kajkavian towns along the eastern and southern edge of the Kajkavian-speaking area are
The major cities in northern Croatia are located in what was historically a Kajkavian-speaking area, mainly Zagreb, Koprivnica, Krapina, Križevci, Varaždin, Čakovec. The typical archaic Kajkavian is today spoken mainly in Hrvatsko Zagorje hills and Međimurje plain, and in adjacent areas of northwestern Croatia where immigrants and the Štokavian standard had much less influence. The most peculiar Kajkavian dialect (Bednjounski) is spoken in Bednja in northernmost Croatia. Many of northern Croatian urban areas today are partly Štokavianized due to the influence of the standard language and immigration of Štokavian speakers.
Other southeastern people who immigrate to Zagreb from Štokavian territories often pick up rare elements of Kajkavian in order to assimilate, notably the pronoun "kaj" instead of "što" and the extended use of future anterior (futur drugi), but they never adapt well because of alien eastern accents and ignoring Kajkavian-Čakavian archaisms and syntax.
Literary Kajkavian
Writings that are judged by some as being distinctly Kajkavian can be dated to around the 12th century.[59] The first comprehensive works in Kajkavian started to appear during the 16th century at a time when Central Croatia gained prominence due to the geopolitical environment since it was free from Ottoman occupation. The most notable work of that era was Ivanuš Pergošić's Decretum, released in 1574. Decretum was a translation of István Werbőczy's Tripartitum.
At the same time, many Protestant writers of the Slovene lands also released their works in Kajkavian in order to reach a wider audience, while also using some Kajkavian features in their native writings. During that time, the autonym used by the writers was usually slovinski (Slavic), horvatski (Croatian) or ilirski (Illyrian).[60]
After that, numerous works appeared in the Kajkavian literary language: chronicles by
During that time, the Kajkavian literary language was the dominant written form in its spoken area along with Latin and German.
Early 20th century witnessed a drastic increase in released Kajkavian literature, although by then it had become part of what was considered Croatian dialectal poetry with no pretense of serving as a standard written form. The most notable writers of this period were among others, Antun Gustav Matoš, Miroslav Krleža, Ivan Goran Kovačić, Dragutin Domjanić and Nikola Pavić.
Kajkavian lexical treasure is being published by the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Rječnik hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnoga jezika ("Dictionary of the Croatian Kajkavian Literary Language", 8 volumes, 1999).
Later, Dario Vid Balog, actor, linguist and writer translated the New Testament in Kajkavian.[65]
In 2018 is published the Kajkavian translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince) by Kajkavsko spravišče aka Mali kralevič.[66]
Below are examples of the
Standard Croatian | Literary Kajkavian | Međimurje-Kajkavian | Standard Slovene |
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|
|
|
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Vocabulary comparison
What follows is a comparison of some words in Kajkavian, Shtokavian and Slovene along with their English translations. Kajkavian is lexically closer to Slovene than to the Croatian Shtokavian dialects, which is considered by some another argument that Kajkavian is a separate language. The Kajkavian words are given in their most common orthographic form. Shtokavian words are given in their standard Croatian form. In cases where the place of accent or stress differs, the syllable with the stress or accent is indicated in bold. Words that are the same in all three are not listed. Loanwords are also not listed.
Kajkavian | Slovene | Shtokavian | English |
---|---|---|---|
kaj | kaj | što | what |
k/teri | kateri | koji | which |
reč | beseda | riječ | word |
več | več | više | more |
povedati | povedati | kazati | to say, to tell |
gda | kdaj/ko | kada | when, ever |
nigdar | nikoli/ nikdar | nikada | never |
vse | vse | sve | all |
iti | iti | ići | to go |
tu | tukaj | tu | here |
gde | kje | gdje | where |
negde | nekje | negdje | somewhere |
vleči | vleči | vući | to tug, to drag |
obleči | obleči | odjenuti | to dress |
oditi | oditi | otići | to leave, to go |
dete | otrok | dijete | child |
deska | deska | ploča | board |
leto | leto | godina | year |
imeti | imeti | imati | to have |
vekši | večji | veći | bigger, larger |
bolši | boljši | bolji | better |
razmeti | razumeti | razumjeti | to understand |
zdignuti | dvigniti | dignuti | to lift, to raise |
črlen | rdeč | crven | red |
črn | črn | crni | black |
bel | bel | bijeli | white |
gorši | slabši | gori | worse |
pes | pes | pas | dog |
narediti | narediti | uraditi | to do |
pisec | pisec | pisac | writer |
iskati | iskati | tražiti | to search |
boleti | boleti | boljeti | to hurt |
broj | število | broj | number |
igrati | igrati | igrati | to play |
vrnuti | vrniti | vratiti | to return |
hiža | hiša | kuća | house |
včera | včeraj | jučer | yesterday |
zaprti | zapreti | zatvoriti | to close, to shut |
delati | delati | raditi | to work |
vre | že | već | already |
komaj | komaj | jedva | barely |
veha | veja | grana | branch |
pozoj | zmaj | zmaj | dragon |
jajce | jajce | jaje | egg |
človek | človek | čovjek | hu/man |
megla | megla | magla | fog |
dešč | dež | kiša | rain |
žganica | žganje | rakija | brandy |
Kajkavian media
During Yugoslavia in the 20th century, Kajkavian was mostly restricted to private communication, poetry and folklore. With the recent regional democratizing and cultural revival beginning in the 1990s, Kajkavian partly regained its former half-public position chiefly in Zagorje and Varaždin Counties and local towns, where there is now some public media e.g.:
- A quarterly periodical "Kaj", with 35 annual volumes in nearly a hundred fascicles published since 1967 by the Kajkavian Association ('Kajkavsko Spravišče') in Zagreb.
- An autumnal week of Kajkavian culture in Krapina since 1997, with professional symposia on Kajkavian resulting in five published proceedings.
- An annual periodical, Hrvatski sjever ('Croatian North'), with a dozen volumes partly in Kajkavian published by Matica Hrvatska in Čakovec.
- A permanent radio program in Kajkavian, Kajkavian Radio in Krapina. Other minor half-Kajkavian media with temporary Kajkavian contents include local television in Varaždin, the local radio program Sljeme in Zagreb, and some local newspapers in northwestern Croatia in Varaždin, Čakovec, Samobor, etc.
See also
References
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- ^ "Hrvatski jezični portal (2)". Retrieved 21 March 2015.
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- ^ Svet med Muro in Dravo: Ob stoletnici 1. slovenskega tabora v Ljutomeru 1868–1968. Skupščina občine. 1968.
- ^ Golec, Boris. Hrvaški etnonim in lingvonim na Slovenskem v 17. in 18. stoletju s posebnim ozirom na Prekmurje [The Croatian ethnonym and linguonym in Slovene lands during 17th and 18th century with special focus on Prekmurje] (PDF) (in Slovenian). p. 259. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
Pridjev kajkavski po podatcima iz Akademijina rječnika prvi je upotrijebio Đuro Daničić, a u Habdelićevu i Belostenčevu rječniku nije naveden. U Rječniku hrvatskoga kajkavskog književnog jezika potvrde za pridjev kajkavski nalazimo tek u Krležinim djelima. Kajkavska gramatika Ignaca Kristijanovića naziva se Grammatik der Kroatischen Mundart (1837.), iz čega je razvidno kako je i taj autor materinsko narječje nazivao hrvatskim imenom.
- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 66:Moguš (1971: 23 i dalje) slijedi Junkovića (disertacija iz 1967., objavljena 1972) u pobijanju Ramovševih (1936) izoglosa kojima se kajkavski genetskolingvistički pripisuje slovenskomu jeziku. Premda nije posve eksplicitan, i on, čini se, vjeruje u genetsko jedinstvo čakavskoga, kajkavskoga i štokavskoga. M. Lončarić (2005: 46) dopušta mogučnost da se iz zapadnojužnoslavenskoga izdvojilo pet primarnih odvjetaka: slovenski, kajkavski, čakavski, šćakavski (zapadnoštokavski) i (istočno-)štokavski, što je u osnovi i naša teza.
- ^ a b c Kapović 2015, pp. 44–45
- ^ a b Lončarić, Mijo (1988). "Rani razvitak kajkavštine" [Early development of Kajkavian]. Rasprave (in Croatian). 14 (1): 92–99. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 65
- ^ Henrik Birnbaum; Jaan Puhvel (1966). Ancient Indo-European Dialects: Proceedings of the Conference on Indo-European Linguistics Held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25-27, 1963. University of California Press. pp. 188–. GGKEY:JUG4225Y4H2.
- ^ Ivšić, Stjepan (1996). Lisac, Josip (ed.). Jezik Hrvata kajkavaca [The Language of the Kajkavian Croats] (in Croatian) (New ed.). Zaprešić: Matica hrvatska.
- ^ Silić, Josip (1998), Hrvatski standardni jezik i hrvatska narječja, Kolo. 8, 4, p. 425-430.
- ^ Ivašković, Igor (2020). "Razlikovanje jezika u hrvatskom jezikoslovlju u svjetlu de Saussureove strukturalističke teorije" [Language Differentiation in Croatian Linguistics in the Light of de Saussure's Structuralist Theory]. Jezik (in Croatian). 67 (2–3): 62–67, 69.
- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 67
- ^ Kapović 2015, pp. 9–10, 63–66
- ISBN 978-3-412-07484-5.
- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 35
- ^ Kapović, Mate (2006). "Najnovije jezične promjene u zagrebačkom govoru". Kolo (in Croatian). 4.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-11-015243-2.
- ISBN 978-3-11-021711-7.
- ^ Kapović, Mate (2004), "Jezični utjecaj velikih gradova" (PDF), Rasprave Instituta Za Hrvatski Jezik I Jezikoslovlje (in Croatian), 30
- ^ a b Kapović, Mate (2010), Čiji je jezik? [Who does language belong to?] (PDF) (in Croatian), pp. 67–
- ^ Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje: Review for history and ethnography. Univerza v Mariboru in Zgodovinsko društvo Maribor. 1988.
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- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 140
- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 148
- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 152
- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 157
- ^ a b c Matasović 2008, p. 161
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- ^ Nuorluoto 2010, p. 41
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- ^ Matasović 2008, pp. 205–206
- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 269
- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 301
- ^ Thomas F. Magner (1966). A Zagreb Kajkavian Dialect. Pennsylvania State University.
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- ^ Matasović 2008, p. 37
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- ^ "iCloud". me.com. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ Mali Princ je pregovoril kajkavski! – Umjesto kave 15. prosinca 2018. (bozicabrkan.com)
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References
- ISBN 978-953-150-971-8.
- Lončarić, Mijo (1985). "Kajkavsko narječje u svjetlu dosadašnjih proučavanja". Rasprave. 10–11 (1): 281–295.
- Lončarić, Mijo (1988). "Rani razvitak kajkavštine" [Early development of Kajkavian]. Rasprave (in Croatian). 14 (1): 92–99.
- Lončarić, Mijo (1994). "Kajkavski vokalizam". Rasprave (in Croatian). 20 (1): 115–135.
- Lončarić, Mijo (1995). "Prostiranje kajkavštine u prošlosti". Rasprave (in Croatian). 21 (1): 79–102.
- Lončarić, Mijo (2017). "Osvrt na prozodijske izoglose u kajkavskome narječju". Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik (in Croatian). 21: 187–201. .
- Lončarić, Mijo (2021). "Buzetski dijalekt i kajkavština". Kaj (in Croatian). 54 (250) (3–4): 77–84. S2CID 248718149.
- ISBN 978-953-150-840-7.
- Nuorluoto, Juhani (2010). "Central Slovak and Kajkavian Structural Convergences: A Tentative Survey" (PDF). Journal of Slavic Languages and Literatures: 37–45.
- Šekli, Matej (2013). "Zemljepisnojezikoslovna členitev kajkavščine ter slovensko-kajkavska jezikovna meja" [Geographically-linguistic breakdown of Kajkavian and the Slovene-Kajkavian linguistic border] (PDF). Slovenski Jezik / Slovene Linguistic Studies (in Slovenian). 9: 3–53.
Bibliography
- Feletar D., Ledić G., Šir A.: Kajkaviana Croatica (Hrvatska kajkavska riječ). Muzej Međimurja, 37 pp., Čakovec 1997.
- Fureš R., Jembrih A. (ured.): Kajkavski u povijesnom i sadašnjem obzorju (zbornik skupova Krapina 2002–2006). Hrvatska udruga Muži zagorskog srca, 587 pp. Zabok 2006.
- JAZU / HAZU: Rječnik hrvatskoga kajkavskog književnog jezika (A – P), I – X. Zavod za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 2500 pp., Zagreb 1984–2005.
- Lipljin, T. 2002: Rječnik varaždinskoga kajkavskog govora. Garestin, Varaždin, 1284 pp. (2. prošireno izdanje u tisku 2008.)
- Lončarić M. 1996: Kajkavsko narječje. Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 198 pp.
- Lončarić M., Željko J., Horvat J., Hanzir Š., Jakolić B. 2015: Rječnik kajkavske donjosutlanske ikavice. Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics, 578 pp.
- Magner, F. 1971: Kajkavian Koiné. Symbolae in Honorem Georgii Y. Shevelov, Munich.
- Moguš, M.: A History of the Croatian Language, NZ Globus, Zagreb 1995
- Šojat, A. 1969–1971: Kratki navuk jezičnice horvatske (Jezik stare kajkavske književnosti). Kaj 1969: 3–4, 5, 7–8, 10, 12; Kaj 1970: 2, 3–4, 10; Kaj 1971: 10, 11. Kajkavsko spravišče, Zagreb.
- Okuka, M. 2008: Srpski dijalekti. SKD Prosvjeta, Zagreb, 7 pp.
- Levinson, David; O'Leary, Timothy (1992), Encyclopedia of World Cultures, G.K. Hall, p. 239, ISBN 0-8161-1808-6
Further reading
- Jedvaj, Josip 1956: Bednjanski govor, Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik, Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts
External links
- "Kajkavsko narječje", Croatian Encyclopaedia(in Croatian), 2021