Kalachuris of Tripuri

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For other Kalachuris dynasties, see Kalachuri dynasty (disambiguation).

Kalachuris of Tripuri
possibly 7th century–c. 1212 CE
Gold coin of king Gangeyadeva (c. 1015–1041) of the Kalachuris of Tripuri. Obverse: Lakshmi seated. Reverse: "Śrimad Gangeya Devah" in three lines. of Kalachuris of Tripuri
Gold coin of king Gangeyadeva (c. 1015–1041) of the Kalachuris of Tripuri. Obverse: Lakshmi seated. Reverse: "Śrimad Gangeya Devah" in three lines.
Tripuri
Religion
Hinduism
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
possibly 7th century
• Disestablished
c. 1212 CE
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Gurjara-Pratiharas
Kalachuri dynasty
Gahadavala
Chandela
Paramara dynasty
Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
Kalachuris of Ratnapura
Today part ofIndia

The Kalachuris of Tripuri (

Dahala-mandala), and their capital was located at Tripuri (present-day Tewar near Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
).

The origin of the dynasty is uncertain, although one theory connects them to the Kalachuris of Mahishmati. By the 10th century, the Kalachuris of Tripuri had consolidated their power by raiding neighbouring territories and by fighting wars with the

Chalukyas of Kalyani
.

In the 1030s, the Kalachuri king

Chandela
kingdoms for a brief period.

The dynasty gradually declined after Lakshmikarna, whose successors lost control of their northern territories to the

Gahadavalas. Trailokyamalla, the last known ruler of the dynasty, ruled at least until 1212 CE, but it is not certain how and when his reign ended. In the later half of the 13th century, the former Kalachuri territories came under the control of the Paramaras and the Chandelas, and ultimately under the Delhi Sultanate. A branch of the dynasty, the Kalachuris of Ratnapura, ruled at Ratnapura (now Ratanpur) in present-day Chhattisgarh
.

Origins

The Kalachuris of Tripuri alternatively called themselves Haihayas in some of their records: the earliest such records are the Bilahari stone inscriptions of Yuvaraja-deva II.

Prithviraja III. The poem also traces Kartavirya's mythical ancestry to Chandra, through his son Budha (the mercury).[5]

Historian

Chalukyas - refer to them by this name.[8]

The Kalachuris of Tripuri were also known as the Kalachuris of Dahala or the Chaidyas ("[lords] of the Chedi country").[7]

History

The Karna temple at Amarkantak, built by Lakshmikarna

Little is known about the earliest rulers of the dynasty, who find mentions in the inscriptional genealogies. The earliest extant inscriptions of the dynasty have been discovered at Chhoti Deori and Sagar. These inscriptions are from the reign of Shankaragana I, and have been dated to the 8th century CE.[9]

As Rashtrakuta and Pratihara feudatories

The Karitalai inscription of Lakshmanaraja I (825-850 CE) eulogizes a

Gurjara-Pratihara king Nagabhata II). This suggests that during this time, the Kalachuris were subordinate to their southern neighbours - the Rashtrakuta emperors, and fought against their northern neighbours - the Pratihara emperors. They had multiple marital connections to the Rashtrakutas. However, by the time of Lakshmanaraja's son or grandson Kokalla I (r. c. 850-890 CE), they had shifted their allegiance to the Pratiharas.[10]

Rashtrakuta inscriptions; and Valleka or Vallavati, who is known by his Gyaraspur inscription.[11]

Amarkantak Temple.

Valleka's inscription states that he was a son of queen Nata, who can be identified with the

Gurjara-Pratihara emperor Mihira Bhoja, who is also mentioned in other Kalachuri inscriptions. These other inscriptions include the Bilhari inscription, which describes Bhoja as one of the "pillars of glory" erected by Kokalla I; and the Varanasi inscription, which describes Bhoja as a recipient of Kokalla's protection. The descriptions in these two inscriptions had led earlier scholars to believe that Kokalla subjugated Bhoja, but Valleka's inscription suggests that the Kalachuris were subordinate to the Pratihara emperor Bhoja.[15]

Based on Valleka's inscription, epigraphist Richard G. Salomon theorizes that Kokalla I was a subordinate of Bhoja, and played an important role in expanding the south-eastern borders of the Pratihara empire.[16] His submission to Bhoja may have been nominal, and he appears to have laid the foundation of Kalachuri empire by expanding his own sphere of influence in the southern part of the Pratihara empire.[10] The later Kalachuri inscriptions greatly exaggerate Kokalla's glory, and use wording that plays down the subordinate position of the Kalachuris.[17]

Early sovereigns

After the decline of the Rashtrakuta and Pratihara empires, the Kalachuris assumed independence, probably during the reign of Yuvaraja-deva I (915-945 CE).[10]

Kalyani Chalukya ruler Tailapa II.[19] The Paramara king Munja, who was an enemy of Tailapa, invaded the Kalachuri kingdom and raided their capital Tripuri.[20] After the death of Yuvarajadeva II, the ministers placed his son Kokalla II on the throne.[21]

According to the Gurgi inscription of Kokalla, three neighbouring kings were afraid of him: the

Kalayani Chalukya king Vikramaditya V). These claims suggest that Kokalla raided the territories of these kings.[21]

Rajendra Chola engaged the Chalukya king Jayasimha II at multiple frontiers.[24] Both Kalachuri and Chalukya inscriptions claim success in this war: it appears that Gangeyadeva and his allies were repulsed after achieving some initial successes.[22]

Bhoja defeated Gangeyadeva in a war, but there is some uncertainty regarding the exact chronology. According to one theory, Bhoja defeated Gangeyadeva before the anti-Chalukya campaign, in which Gangeyadeva fought as a Paramara vassal.[23] Another theory is that the two turned enemies after their campaign against the Chalukyas.[25]

Imperial expansion

Dancing Ganesha, Madhya Pradesh, Kalacuri, 10th century CE.[26]

In the 1030s, Gangeyadeva achieved military successes at his eastern and northern frontiers, and assumed the titles of a sovereign emperor.

Somavanshi ruler of Dakshina Kosala.[22]

In the north, Gangeyadeva expanded his kingdom at the expense of the

Ghaznavid general Ahmad Niyaltigin raided Varanasi in 1033 CE.[30]

Gangeyadeva's successor

Atisha negotiated a peace treaty between the two kings.[33] Lakshmikarna also seems to have raided Gauda during the reign of Nayapala's successor Vigrahapala III. The two kings ultimately concluded a peace treaty, with Lakshmikarna's daughter Yuvanashri marrying the Pala king.[32]

In the south-west, Lakshmikarna fought an inconclusive war with the

Chaulukya king Bhima I.[31]

In the mid-1050s, Lakshmikarna and Bhima allied against the Paramara king Bhoja. The two attacked the Paramara kingdom of Malwa simultaneously from opposite directions.[32] According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhoja died just as the two kings attacked Malwa. Lakshmikarna seized the Paramara kingdom, prompting Bhima to launch an expedition to recover his share of the war spoils.[32] Within a short time, Lakshmikarna lost the control of Malwa to Bhoja's successor Jayasimha, who received help from the Kalyani Chalukya prince Vikramaditya VI[32] Subsequently, Karna allied with Vikramaditya's rival and brother Someshvara II, and again invaded Malwa. However, the two were forced to retreat by Bhoja's brother Udayaditya.[34]

Lakshmikarna also subjugated the

Chandela king Devavarman (r. c. 1050-1060 CE), who seems to have died in a battle against him.[32] He seems to have retained control of a large part of the Chandela territory for over a decade, before being ousted by Devavarman's successor Kirttivarman in the 1070s CE.[32]

Decline

Ghurid Empire invasion of the subcontinent.[35][36]

Lakshmikarna's son

Chandela king Sallakshanavarman.[38]

Yashahkarna's son

Chandela king Madanavarman.[39] The Kalachuris of Ratnapura, who had earlier served as vassals of the Tripuri Kalachuris, declared their independence during Gayakarna's reign. Gayakarna unsuccessfully tried to reduce them to submission.[38]

Gayakarna's son Narasimha recovered the territories lost to Madanavarman. Narasimha seems to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his brother Jayasimha.[38] Jayasimha suffered a defeat against the Chandela king Paramardi. He also sent an unsuccessful expedition against the Ratnapura Kalachuris to reduce them to submission.[40]

During the reign of Jayasimha's successor

Kanyakubja", but in absence of any corroborative evidence, it cannot be said with certainty if he actually captured Kanyakubja.[41]

Trailokyamalla is the last known king of his dynasty. It is not known when and how his rule ended. It is known that in the later half of the 13th century, the former Kalachuri territories came under the control of the Paramaras, Chandelas, the Delhi Sultanate and the Seunas (Yadavas of Devagiri).[42]

Religion

Virateshwar temple at Sohagpur
, built during the Kalachuri reign

Draksharama during an invasion of the Andhra region.[37] The patronage of Gayakarna's queen Alhanadevi led to the rise of Pashupata Shaivite religious leaders in the Kalachuri kingdom.[38]

The Gyaraspur inscription of Kokalla I's son Valleka, which records the foundation of a

Brahmanical iconography.[46]

List of rulers

Map
Find spots of the inscriptions issued during the Tripuri Kalachuri reign (blue)[47][48] and their Ratnapura vassals (gray)[49][50]

The following is a list of the Tripuri Kalachuri rulers, with estimates of their reigns:[51]

References

  1. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library. p. 147, Map "k".
  2. ^ a b R. K. Sharma 1980, p. 2.
  3. ^ a b Richard Salomon 1996, p. 151.
  4. ^ R. K. Sharma 1980, pp. 1–2.
  5. ^ D. C. Sircar 1971, p. 153.
  6. ^ V. V. Mirashi 1974, p. 376.
  7. ^ a b R. K. Sharma 1980, p. 8.
  8. ^ R. K. Sharma 1980, pp. 2–3.
  9. ^ Om Prakash Misra 2003, p. 13.
  10. ^ a b c Richard Salomon 1996, p. 154.
  11. ^ Richard Salomon 1996, pp. 149–150.
  12. ^ Richard Salomon 1996, p. 133.
  13. ^ Richard Salomon 1996, p. 150.
  14. ^ Richard Salomon 1996, pp. 146–147.
  15. ^ Richard Salomon 1996, pp. 151–152.
  16. ^ Richard Salomon 1996, p. 152.
  17. ^ Richard Salomon 1996, pp. 152–153.
  18. ^ V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 486.
  19. ^ V. V. Mirashi 1957, pp. 486–487.
  20. ^ V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 487.
  21. ^ a b V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 488.
  22. ^ a b c d V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 489.
  23. ^ a b Krishna Narain Seth 1978, p. 170.
  24. ^ Krishna Narain Seth 1978, pp. 144–145.
  25. ^ Mahesh Singh 1984, p. 65.
  26. ^ "Dancing Ganesha". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  27. ^ a b V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 490.
  28. ^ R. K. Dikshit 1976, p. 98.
  29. ^ Sisirkumar Mitra 1977, p. 88.
  30. ^ R. K. Dikshit 1976, p. 100.
  31. ^ a b c d e f V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 491.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 492.
  33. ^ Alaka Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 98.
  34. ^ V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 493.
  35. ISBN 0226742210
    .
  36. ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7
    .
  37. ^ a b V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 494.
  38. ^ a b c d e V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 495.
  39. ^ Sisirkumar Mitra 1977, pp. 112–113.
  40. ^ V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 496.
  41. ^ a b c V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 497.
  42. ^ V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 498.
  43. ^ a b Richard Salomon 1996, p. 155.
  44. ^ R. K. Sharma 1980, p. 84.
  45. ^ Richard Salomon 1996, pp. 155–156.
  46. ^ Richard Salomon 1996, p. 156.
  47. ^ Om Prakash Misra 2003, pp. 13–14.
  48. ^ Vibhuti Bhushan Mishra 1973, p. 157.
  49. ^ Rajiv Kumar Verma 2015, p. 59.
  50. ^ Om Prakash Misra 2003, p. 14.
  51. ^ Rajiv Kumar Verma 2015.

Bibliography

Further reading

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