Kalinga (historical region)
Kalinga | |
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Region | |
Country | India |
State |
|
Founded by | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
Ancient and Medieval Capitals | Tosali, Sisupalgarh, Dantapuram, Prishtapura, Kalinganagara, Cuttack |
Kalinga (
The
Extent
The Kalinga region is generally defined as the
In the ancient Indian literature, the Kalinga region is associated with the
At times, the southern border of Kalinga extended further up to the
The eastern boundary of Kalinga was formed by the sea (the Bay of Bengal). Its western boundary is difficult to pinpoint, as it varied with the political power of its rulers. However, the Puranic literature suggests that Kalinga extended up to the Amarakantaka hills in the west.[23]
Several ancient inscriptions mention the term "
Some scholars have misinterpreted the text of Mahabharata and have said river Vaitarani was the northern border of Kalinga. However the text says river Vaitarani passes through Kalinga [2] and Pandavas came to Kalinga after crossing Ganga. Therefore, this assumption is wrong. In the south it was bounded by the country of the Āndhras, although its southern border varied often and reached Elamanchili and Cheepurupalli in the Visakhapatnam district or even Piṣṭapura or Pithapuram[25] to the north-east of the Godāvarī river, although it did not reach the river itself, which was in Āndhra territory. On the west, Kaliṅga had established its suzerainty over the tribes in inland hills so that its authority reached till the Amarakaṇṭaka range.[26]
History
Antiquity
The name of the region is derived from a tribe of the same name. According to the legendary text
The Kalingas occupied the extensive territory stretching from river
The kingdom of Kaliṅga was already existent at the time of the Brahmana texts, which mention its king Karaṇḍu as a contemporary of Nagnajit of Gāndhāra and of Bhīma of Vidarbha.[26]
According to the Mahāgovinda Suttanta, the king Sattabhu of Kaliṅga was a contemporary of Reṇu of
Kaliṅga was mentioned by both
Ancient Kalinga : Kalinga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 261 BCE)
Kalinga dynasty (I) (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)
According to
- Known rulers are-
- King Kalinga, (founder of Kalinga Kingdom)
- King Odra, (founder of Odra Kingdom)
- Srutayudha
- Srutayush
- Manimat
- Chitrangada
- Subahu
- Virasena
- Sudatta
- Nalikira
- Yavanaraj
- Dantavakkha or Dantavakhra (c. 9th century BCE)
- Avakinnayo Karakandu (c. late 9th to early 8th century BCE)
- Vasupala (c. 8th century BCE)
Kalinga dynasty (II) (c. 700 – 350 BCE)
This dynasty is mentioned in Chullakalinga Jataka and Kalingabodhi Jataka. The last ruler of First Kalinga dynasty is said to have broken away from the Danda kingdom along with the kings of Asmaka and Vidarbha as its feudal states, and established rule of Second Kalinga dynasty.
- Known rulers are-
- Dandaki
- Mahakalinga
- Chullakalinga
- Kalinga II (c. 7th – 6th century BCE)
- Other or late Kalinga rulers according to Dāṭhavaṃsa are-
This was probably another dynasty or late rulers of Second Kalinga dynasty, which is mentioned in Dāṭhavaṃsa.
- Known rulers are-
- Brahmadatta (c. 6th – 5th century BCE)
- Sattabhu
- Kasiraja
- Sunanda
- Guhasiva
Suryavamsha of Kalinga (c. 350 – 261 BCE)
- Known rulers are-
- Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BCE)
- Raja Ananta Padmanabha (c. 216 BCE)
Raja Ananta Padmanabha was the ruler of Kalinga during the Kalinga war according to most sources.[33]
His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per
Pre-classical Kalinga
Annexation by Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)
Kalinga was believed to be briefly annexed by Nanda ruler Mahapadma Nanda between 345 to 340 BCE.
The Nanda empire appears to have stretched from present-day Punjab in the west to Odisha (Kalinga) in the east.[35] Nandas control of Kalinga region is corroborated by the Hathigumpha inscription of the later king Kharavela (c. 2nd or 1st century BCE).[36]
When Chandragupta Maurya rebelled against the Nandas, Kalingas broke away from the empire of Magadha in 322 BCE.
Hathigumpha Inscription of Kalinga
The Hathigumpha inscription suggests that a king named Nandaraja had excavated an aqueduct there in the past. Assuming that Nandaraja refers to a king of the
The Prinas and the Cainas (a tributary of the Ganges) are both navigable rivers. The tribes which dwell by the Ganges are the Calingae, nearest the sea, and higher up the Mandei, also the Malli, among whom is Mount Mallus, the boundary of all that region being the Ganges.
— Megasthenes fragm. XX.B. in Pliny. Hist. Nat. V1. 21.9–22. 1.[38]
The royal city of the Calingae is called Parthalis. Over their king 60,000 foot-soldiers, 1,000 horsemen, 700 elephants keep watch and ward in "procinct of war."
— Megasthenes fragm. LVI. in Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8–23. 11.[38]
Kalinga War and annexation by Maurya Empire (c. 261 – 225 BCE)
Mahameghavahana Empire (c. 224 BCE – 250 CE)
After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the region came under the control of the Mahameghavahana family, whose king Kharavela described himself as the "supreme Lord of Kalinga".[10] Kharavela was the greatest ruler of empire who ruled during the second or first century BCE and the primary source for his reign is sourced from the rock-cut Hathigumpha inscription. The inscription describes yearly records of his reign and also credits him with public infrastructure projects, welfare activities, patronage of the arts, and many military victories and also patronising religions such as Jainism while the inscription also describes him as a devotee of all religions.[39]
Post-classical Kalinga
Gupta Empire
Kalinga came under Gupta suzerainty in the 4th century CE. After the Gupta withdrawal, it was ruled by several minor dynasties, whose rulers bore the title Kalingadhipati ("Lord of Kalinga"). These included the Matharas, Pitrbhaktas, Vasishthas and Nalas.[40] They were followed by the Shailodbhavas and the early Eastern Gangas.
Shailodbhava dynasty
In the 7th century, the Shailodbhavas ruled parts of eastern India and their core territory was known as Kongoda-mandala, and included parts of the present-day Ganjam, Khordha and Puri districts. King Madhavaraja II claimed the title Sakala-Kalingadhipati ("the lord of the entire Kalinga").[41] During the 8th–10th centuries, the Bhauma-Kara dynasty ruled the region, although they called their kingdom "Tosala" (derived from Tosali, the ancient capital of Kalinga).[42]
Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty
The Somavamshis ruled parts of present-day Odisha in eastern India between the 9th and the 12th centuries with their capitals included Yayatinagara and Abhinava-Yayatinagara (modern Jajpur). They ruled the Dakshina Kosala region claiming the title Kosalendra ("lord of Kosala"), following which they conquered the Kalinga and the Utkala regions in present-day Odisha, succeeding the Bhauma-Karas. Thus they called themselves the lord of Kalinga, Kosala, and Utkala.[43] They also introduced a new style of art and architecture in Odisha.[44]
Medieval Kalinga
Eastern Ganga Dynasty
During the 11th–15th century, the Eastern Gangas became the dominant power in the region, and bore the title Kalingadhipati. After succeeding the Somavanshis, they assumed various titles viz. Trikalingadhipathi or Sakala Kalingadhipathi (Lord of three Kalinga or all three Kalingas namely
Following repeated invasions from the northern regions,
Gajapati Empire
The last Eastern Ganga ruler Bhanudeva IV was dethroned by Kapilendra Deva in 1435. This event marked the foundation of the Gajapati Empire[a] that ruled over the regions of Utkala (North Odisha) and Kalinga (South Odisha, North Andhra Pradesh). Prataparudra Deva was the last great king of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis.
Bhoi Dynasty
After the death of Prataprudra Deva in 1540 his sons Kalua Deva and Khakura Deva were made kings and later assassinated by their minister Govinda Vidyadhara laying the foundation of the Bhoi dynasty. They could only control the Odisha coast, the interior regions fell under the Garhjat Kings.
Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Mukunda Deva
Mukunda Deva who traced his descent from the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi[48] rebelled and killed the last two successors of the Bhoi dynasty and declared himself an independent ruler in 1559 on Northern Odisha coast over the Bhoi dynasty's territories but Sulaiman Khan Karrani formed a kingdom in the region of Bengal which proved a potential threat to Mukunda Deva.[49]The fall of the Gajapatis meant the weakening of the centralised authority in the region and the subsequent fragmentation and independence of the tributary and feudal states.
Influence
The merchant Kaundinya I, who became the co-founder of the Funan kingdom (centered in modern Cambodia) after he married the local Nāga princess Soma also has his origins from the ancient Kalinga region.[50][51][52]
According to scholar R. C. Majumdar, the 8th century CE Shailendra dynasty of Java likely originated from Kalinga and the dynasty was also powerful in Cambodia and Champa(Annam) region.[53][54] The Shailendras are considered to have been a thalassocracy and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia and the dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of both the Mataram Kingdom of Central Java, for some period and the Srivijaya Kingdom in Sumatra.
Burma went by the name of Kalinga-rattha (likely observed in the old Indo-Chinese records for Pegu) and there is evidence of very early merchant settlements and Buddhist missions in the southern Mon regions and by the 2nd century CE, the rule of Kalinga migrants centered around Kale, the Arakan River valley and Pegu, around the Gulf of Martaban. The remains of a ship excavated at Tante, near Yangon is thought to have belonged to Kalingan traders. Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the Gulf of Bengal.[55][56]
As per Maldivian history, the first kingdom
In the Philippines according to Eric Casino, a king of Butuan was called Kiling; Casino posited that the king was not of Visayan origin but was rather of Indian origin, basing solely on the likelihood that the name Kiling was the same as the Malay term Keling (albeit this term is pronounced with a schwa) which refers to Indians.[57]
Derived from Kalinga is the still current term Keling or Kling, used in parts of Southeast Asia to denote a person of the Indian subcontinent or Indian diaspora and at present having some derogatory and pejorative connotations, especially in Malaysia.[58][59][60] The 16th-century Portuguese traveller Castanheda wrote of the Keling community in Melaka who lived in the northern part of the city of Malacca(Melaka). The merchants were known as Quelins (Kling, the people of Kalinga from India).[61]
See also
- History of Odisha
- List of rulers of Odisha
- Kalinga script, derived from Brahmi script
- Keling
- Kalingga Kingdom
Notes
References
Citations
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- ^ ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS GAJAPATI (PDF), GAD, Govt of Odisha, 2002, p. 51
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- ^ a b Dineschandra Sircar 1971, p. 167.
- ^ Dineschandra Sircar 1971, pp. 168–171.
- ^ Mano Mohan Ganguly 1912, p. 11.
- ^ Ganguly, DK (1975). Historical Geography and Dynastic history of Orissa. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. pp. 8–9.
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- ^ Tripathy 1997, p. 4,5,7.
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- ^ Tripathy 1997, p. 53.
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- ^ a b c d Raychaudhuri 1953, p. 87-89.
- ^ Dineschandra Sircar 1971, p. 168.
- ^ a b K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1988, p. 18.
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- ^ Walter Smith 1994, p. 26.
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- ^ Benudhar Patra (November 2005), Kalinga and Burma - A Study in Ancient Relations (PDF), Orissa Review
- ^ Eric Casino. "The Barangays of Butuan: Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone". Asia Mindanaw: Dialogue of Peace and Development (2014): 2.
- ^ Aiman Mohamad (1991). Minerva English-Malay Malay-English Dictionary. Kuala Lumpur.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "KBBI – Keling". Kamus Besar bahasa Indonesia.
- ^ M. Veera Pandiyan (10 August 2016). "'Keling' and proud of it". The Star online.
- ^ KA Nilakanta Sastri (1939). "Foreign Notices Of South India From Megasthenes To Ma Huan". p. 311.
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