Kampala
Kampala | |
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UTC+3 (EAT) | |
Website | www |
Kampala (UK: /kæmˈpɑːlə/,[3][4] US: /kɑːmˈ-/)[3][5] is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city proper has a population of 1,680,600 (2020)[6] and is divided into the five political divisions of Kampala Central Division, Kawempe Division, Makindye Division, Nakawa Division, and Rubaga Division.
Kampala's metropolitan area consists of the city proper and the neighboring Wakiso District, Mukono District, Mpigi District, Buikwe District and Luweero District. It has a rapidly growing population that is estimated at 6,709,900 people in 2019 by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics[7] in an area of 8,451.9 km2 (3,263.3 square miles). Other estimates estimate put the size of the metropolitan area at around four million people.[8]
In 2015, this metropolitan area generated an estimated nominal GDP of $13.80221 billion (constant US dollars of 2011),[9] which was more than half of Uganda's GDP for that year, indicating the importance of Kampala to Uganda's economy.
Kampala is reported to be among the fastest-growing cities in Africa, with an annual population growth rate of 4.03 percent,[10] by City Mayors. Mercer (a New York–based consulting firm) has regularly ranked Kampala as East Africa's best city to live in,[11][12] ahead of Nairobi and Kigali.
Etymology
Kampala originally referred to only the present-day
Before the British construction of Fort Lugard, the hill was a hunting reserve of the
The Baganda, in whose territory this British settlement was located, then translated "Hill of the Impala" as Akasozi ke'Empala. This was then shortened to K'empala and finally Kampala. Kasozi means "hill", ke "of", and empala the plural of "impala". Hence the name "Kampala" came to refer to this initial British colonial settlement that would later on spread out from the occupied
History
This area of numerous hills and swamps that later become known as Kampala was part of the core of the highly centralised
19th century
The first written description of this Kibuga (capital) was by the explorer
…the settlement is not less than a day's journey in length, the buildings are of cane and rattan. The sultan's (Kabaka) palace is at least a mile long and the circular huts neatly arranged in a line are surrounded by a strong fence which has only four gates.
In 1862, when explorer
In 1875, explorer Henry Morton Stanley reported the capital as being at present-day Lubaga Hill, where he met the same Kabaka, Mutesa I.
During this visit, Stanley wrote a letter that was published in the Daily Telegraphy, inviting missionaries to come to Buganda. He also described the Kibuga in his 1870s dispatches to
As we approached the capital, the highway from Usavara [Busabala] increased in width from 20 ft [6 meters] to 150 ft [45 meters]...Arrived at the capital I found the vast collection of huts crowning the eminence were the Royal Quarters, around which ran several palisades and circular courts, between which and the city was a circular road, ranging from 100 ft [30 meters] to 200 ft [60 meters] in width with gardens and huts...
— Bennet, N.R. (ed.) Stanley's Dispatches to the New York Herald, 1871–1872, 1874–1877, Boston, 1970.
In 1877, the first missionaries from the Church Mission Society, who were of the Protestant faith, arrived from the United Kingdom and were allocated Namirembe Hill. Two years later, in 1879, the Catholic White Fathers also arrived, first settling at the present-day village of Kitebi near Lubaga; subsequently, they would be allocated Lubaga Hill. The arrival of these two missionary groups laid the ground for the religious wars of 1888 to 1892 between their new converts and forced the missionaries from Great Britain to then lobby for the British government to take over Buganda/Uganda as a protectorate.[citation needed]
In 1890,
In 1895,
In 1897, Mwanga launched a rebellion but was defeated and was subsequently captured and
Also in 1897, Kampala's first Western-style health facility,
In 1899, the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa founded Lubaga Hospital on Lubaga Hill.
20th century
In 1900, the regents of the infant This agreement with Sir Harry Johnston created new land tenures such as freehold, Crown land, and mailo, and divided up and allocated the land in such a way that would come to define the development of Kampala.
The land in
To legalise the above changes, the following laws and ordinances were subsequently passed: The Crown lands Ordinance of 1903, The Land Law of 1908, The Registration of Land Titles ordinance of 1922, and the Busulu and Envujo law of 1928.[20][21]
In 1906, the Crown lands consisting of Old Kampala, Nakasero hills etc. and covering 567 hectares (5.67 km2; 1,400 acres) was consolidated and gazetted as Kampala Township.[citation needed]
In 1912, Kampala Township received its first land-use plan and had a European and Asian population of 2,850.[22]
In 1922, Kampala's oldest university, Makerere, was founded as the Uganda Technical College at the present Makerere Hill and initially offered carpentry, building construction, mechanics, arts, education, agriculture, and medicine.
In 1930, the first sewerage plan was prepared to target a population of 20,000 people in the
In 1931, the
In 1938, The East African Power & Lighting Company was granted a licence for thermal electric power generation and distribution for the towns of Kampala and
In 1945,
Henry Kendall's 1951 plan expanded Kampala from the 5.67 km2 (2.19 square miles) area of the 1930 plan to an area of 28 km2 (11 square miles) incorporating areas like Kololo Hill, and the Industrial Area. However, like the first two planning schemes, the 1951 plan failed to achieve many of its stated objectives.[28]
On 9 October 1962, Uganda gained independence; subsequently the capital city was transferred from Entebbe to Kampala and in the same year, Kampala was granted city status.
In 1968, six years after Uganda attained independence, the boundaries of Kampala were expanded incorporating the Kibuga (then known as Mengo Municipality), Kawempe and Nakawa Townships, and areas including Muyenga and Ggaba.[29] This increased the administrative area of Kampala from 28 km2 (11 square miles) to the current 189 km2 (73 square miles).
In 1972, the fourth physical plan for Kampala was made covering the newly incorporated areas of Kampala's boundary extensions of 1968, but the subsequent political and economic turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s meant the plan was never implemented.[29][30]
The
Similarly, the fifth physical plan for Kampala, made in 1994, like the 1972 plan, was also never implemented.[citation needed]
21st century
In 2010, the Kampala Capital City Authority Act was enacted, giving the Ugandan Government more control of the administration of Kampala. The act also created the Kampala Metropolitan Physical Planning Authority with the stated aims of improving the infrastructure of the City of Kampala and the surrounding districts of Wakiso, Mukono, Buikwe, Mpigi and Luwero.[31]
On 11 July 2010, suicide bombers affiliated with al-Shabaab, a Sunni Islamist group based in Somalia, carried out two nearly simultaneous bombings in Kampala, killing 74 people.[32][33] After eleven years of relative calm, on 16 November 2021, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), an Islamist group based in eastern Congo with ties to the Islamic State, carried out two suicide bombings near the central police station and parliament, killing three people and injuring 36.[34][35][33]
Geography
Topography
The City of Kampala covers a total area of 189 km2 (73 square miles), comprising 176 km2 (68 square miles) of land and 13 km2 (5.0 square miles) of water.
Kampala is a hilly place with its valleys filled with sluggish rivers/ swamps. The highest point in the city proper is the summit of Kololo hill at 1,311 metres (4,301 ft), located in the center of the city and the lowest point at the shores of Lake Victoria south of the city center at altitude of 1,135 metres (3,724 ft).
Hills
Kampala was originally built on seven hills, but it has expanded to cover more than the original seven hills.
The original seven hills are:
- Old KampalaHill on which Fort Lugard was located, the first seat of the British colonial authorities in colonial Uganda.
- The second is Mengo Hill which was the then Kibuga (capital) of Buganda kingdom at the start of British colonial rule.
- The third is Kibuli Hill, that is home to the Kibuli Mosque.
- The fourth is Anglican Cathedral.
- The fifth is Lubaga Hill, that was home to the White Fathers Catholic (Wafaransa) faction of the above-mentioned Buganda religious wars and also site of the Rubaga Catholic Cathedral.
- The sixth is Nsambya Hill, site of the former Cathedral of St Peter's Nsambya and allocated to the British Catholic Mill Hill Mission during the signing of the Uganda Agreement (1900).
- The seventh is Nakasero Hill on whose summit was Fort Nakasero, a British military installation built after relocating from Fort Lugard in Old Kampala. The hill was also the site of the European Hospital (the current government analytical laboratory opposite Ministry of Public Service headquarters).
Swamps and slow rivers
Due to Kampala's hilly nature and tropical climate, the valleys have slow rivers/swamps that tend to flow southwards towards Lake Victoria or northwards. These seasonal and or permanent swamps cover 15% of Kampala's land area. They include:
- Kinawataka swamp river covering an area of 1.5 km2 (0.58 square miles) flowing southwards into Lake Victoria and is located in Nakawa Division.[36]
- Nakivubo swamp river covering an area of 5.29 km2 (2.04 square miles) flowing southwards to Lake Victoria from the foothills of Makerere and of length 9 kilometres (5.6 mi).[36][37]
- Lubigi swamp covering an area of 2.85 km2 (1.10 square miles) flowing westwards from the foothills of Kisaasi into the Mayanja River.[36]
- Kansanga swamp[38]
- Kyetinda swamp
Vegetation
Kampala, due to the diversity of habitats that include wetlands and hills, was previously covered with short grasses on the tops of the hills, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), Cyperus papyrus, African water lily etc. in the swamps and evergreen forests with trees such as African olive (mpafu) and Natal fig (mutuba).[39]
Geology
Kampala is located on the East African Plateau between the two arms of the East African Rift and on the northern limits of Tanzania Craton.
Climate
Kampala has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.[40]
A facet of Kampala's weather is that it features two annual wetter seasons. While the city does not have a true dry season month, it experiences heavier precipitation from August to December and from February to June. However, it is between February and June that Kampala sees substantially heavier rainfall per month, with April typically seeing the heaviest amount of precipitation at an average of around 169 millimetres (6.7 in) of rain.
Climate data for Kampala | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 33 (91) |
36 (97) |
33 (91) |
33 (91) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
31 (88) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
36 (97) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.7 (63.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.1 (62.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | 12 (54) |
14 (57) |
13 (55) |
14 (57) |
15 (59) |
12 (54) |
12 (54) |
12 (54) |
13 (55) |
13 (55) |
14 (57) |
12 (54) |
12 (54) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 68.4 (2.69) |
63.0 (2.48) |
131.5 (5.18) |
169.3 (6.67) |
117.5 (4.63) |
69.2 (2.72) |
63.1 (2.48) |
95.7 (3.77) |
108.4 (4.27) |
138.0 (5.43) |
148.7 (5.85) |
91.5 (3.60) |
1,264.3 (49.77) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.8 | 5.1 | 9.5 | 12.2 | 10.9 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 7.4 | 93.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
66 | 68.5 | 73 | 78.5 | 80.5 | 78.5 | 77.5 | 77.5 | 75.5 | 73.5 | 73 | 71.5 | 74.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155 | 170 | 155 | 120 | 124 | 180 | 186 | 155 | 150 | 155 | 150 | 124 | 1,824 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[41] Climate-Data.org for mean temperatures[40] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: BBC Weather[42] |
Education
Pre-primary education
Pre-primary education is offered only by private entities which are located in the various neighbourhoods of Kampala and is lightly regulated by the Ministry of Education and Sports and starts from age of 6 weeks. Education in Kampala city is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions offering a wide range of educational training that includes pre-primary, primary, secondary, vocational, technical undergraduate and post-graduate education.
Primary and secondary education in Kampala
Kampala has a number of both primary and secondary schools in every parish that are mostly privately owned and a handful that are state-owned and are also lightly regulated by the City Education directorate and Ministry of Education and Sports.[43]
Some of the private institutions:
- Kampala Parents School
- Aga Khan School
- Gayaza High School
- Good Times Primary School
- Global Junior School[4]
Vocational and technical education in Kampala
Kampala has a number of both private and state institutions offering training in a broad range of fields as indicated in the table below:
Vocation/technical
institution |
Speciality | Location | Ownership | Est |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nakawa Vocational Training Institute[44] |
|
Nakawa | State owned | 1971 |
Tiner International School of Beauty[45] |
|
Wandegeya | Private | 1995 |
Jimmy Sekasi Institute of Catering[46] |
|
Kabalagala | Private | 1989 |
St Mbaaga Major Seminary[47] |
|
Ggaba | Private | 1976 |
Demographics
The population of Kampala city proper has been rapidly increasing from 62,264 in 1948 to 1,189,142 in 2002, then 1,507,080 in 2014. In 2019, the population was estimated to be 1,650,800.[48][49]
Kampala, being the capital city and economic engine of Uganda, has a diverse ethnic population drawn from all parts of the country and also from neighboring countries such as Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, and even from countries as far away as India and China.[50][51][52][53]
Cross-cultural intimate relations in Kampala and even Uganda as a whole is still unusual. Although many of Kampala's residents live and work in close contact, they still define themselves by their ethnic origins. This is more evident in the native languages (alongside
Historical population data for Kampala
Year | 1948 | 1959 | 1969 | 1980 | 1991 | 2002 | 2014 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kampala (city proper) | 62,264[55] | 107,058[55] | 330,700[56] | 458,503[56] | 774,241[56] | 1,189,142[56] | 1,507,080[56] | 1,650,800[56] |
Culture
Cultural institutions
Prominent institutions include the
Ndere Cultural Centre
A prominent cultural centre in the Kampala area of Kisasi that aims to promote Ugandan and African cultural expressions through music, dance, and drama. The name Ndere is derived from the noun 'endere', which means flute. As an instrument found in all cultures, it is chosen as a peaceful symbol of the universality of cultural expressions. The Ndere centre is famous for its Ndere troupe, a music and dance troupe that perform several nights every week at the centre showcasing music and dance from all over Uganda as well as Rwanda and Burundi.[57]
Sports
Kampala is home to the
The city hosted the
Notable people
Politics
Heads of State
- Idi Amin (Dada)
- Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, one of Africa's longest ruling presidents[59]
- Mutesa II of Buganda, the 1st president. Kabaka of Buganda
- Paulo Muwanga, former president and prime minister
- Apollo Milton Obote, led Uganda to independence in 1962[60]
- Tito Okello
Monarchs
- Muteesa I, the 30th Kabaka of Buganda
- Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda, the 36th Kabaka of Buganda
MP/elected officials
- Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, Ugandan politician, businessman, entrepreneur, philanthropist and musician
Municipal
- Erias Lukwago, Ugandan lawyer and politician and the Lord Mayor of Kampala City
Other
- Salma Lakhani, Lieutenant Governor for the Province of Alberta
Activists
- Esther Nakajjigo, humanitarian and human rights activist
- Pepe Julian Onziema, human rights activist
Artists
Business
- Maggie Kigozi
- James Mulwana
- Sudhir Ruparelia, Ugandan entrepreneur and builder, Founder Chairman of Ruparelia Group
Chess
- Robert Katende
- Phiona Mutesi, chess prodigy and subject of the 2012 book and 2016 Disney film Queen of Katwe
Fashion
- Santa Anzo
- Stella Atal
- Anita Beryl
- Aamito Lagum, fashion model, winner of the first season of Africa's Next Top Model
- Sylvia Owori
Film & Television
- Shimit Amin, Uganda-born Indian filmmaker
- Richard Gibson, British actor
Journalists
- Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, British journalist and author
- Nancy Kacungira
- Maurice Mugisha
- Rajat Neogy, Ugandan-Indian journalist, writer, poet and founder and editor of Transition Magazine
- Solomon Serwanjja
Public speakers
Religion & Spirituality
- Robert Kayanja
- Martin Ssempa
- John Sentamu, Archbishop of York
Scientists & academicians
- Kwatsi Alibaruho
- Ash Amin, British academic and geographer
- Venansius Baryamureeba
- Alex Coutinho
- Ellinor Catherine Cunningham van Someren, scientist
- Ivan Edwards
- Sebastian Kyalwazi
- Joshua Sikhu Okonya
- Samuel Sejjaaka, professor
- Robert Ssentongo (surgeon)
Sports
- Micheal Azira, Ugandan footballer, who plays for the New Mexico United in the USL Championship
- Cornelius Boza-Edwards, former boxer
- Moses Magogo Hassim, FUFA President who took Uganda Cranes to AFCON after 39 years and first Ugandan on CAF Executive
- Mandy Juruni, basketball coach
- John Mugabi, world champion boxer[61]
- Martin Kayongo-Mutumba
- Denis Onyango, footballer
- Wasswa Serwanga, American football player
- Pione Sisto, footballer, Ugandan born Danish footballer
- Joshua Cheptegei, long-distance runner, world-record holder in the 10,000 metres and 5000 metres
- Jacob Kiplimo, long-distance runner, world-record holder in the Half marathon
Writers
- Marcel Theroux, British novelist
Other
- Allen Kagina, executive director, Uganda National Roads Authority, UNRA
- CEO of PostBank Uganda
- Jennifer Musisi, former execute Director of Kampala Capital City Authority
People awarded the honorary citizenship of Kampala are:
Date | Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
16 June 2017 | Aga Khan IV (1936–present) | British humanitarian and Imam of Nizari-Ismaili Shia Islam[62][63] |
Economy
Efforts are underway to relocate heavy industry to the
The informal sector is a large contributor to Kampala's GDP. Citizens who work in the formal sector also participate in informal activities to earn more income for their families. A public servant in Kampala, for example, may engage in agriculture in addition to working in the formal sector. Other informal fields include owning taxis and urban agriculture. The use of Kampala's wetlands for urban farming has increased over the past few decades. It connects the informal rural settlements with the more industrialized parts of the city. The produce grown in the wetlands is sold in markets in the urban areas.[67]
In December 2015, Google launched its first Wi-Fi network in Kampala.[68]
While more than 30 percent of Kampala's inhabitants practice urban agriculture, the city of Kampala donated 13 hectares (32 acres) to promote urban agriculture in the northeastern parish of Kyanja, in Nakawa Division.[69]
Transport
Kampala is served by Entebbe International Airport, which is the largest airport in Uganda.
In early 2007, it was announced that Kampala would remove commuter taxis from its streets and replace them with a comprehensive city bus service. (In Kampala, the term "taxi" refers to a 15-seater minibus used as public transport.) The bus service was expected to cover the greater Kampala metropolitan area including
In 2014, Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni and a Chinese transportation company signed a Memorandum of Understanding, to embark at some point on building a light rail system in Kampala[citation needed], similar to the one in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
On 11 April 2011, the pressure group Activists for Change (A4C) held its first
In 2016, the
At the start of 2018, there was a resurgence of car rental services in Kampala and are now a common means of transport. There are two kinds of car hire services, the metered (app) car hire where Uber, safe car and bolt belong and the customary car rental services which include Car Rental in Uganda, Road Trip Uganda, 4x4 Uganda, Self Drive in Uganda and Alpha Rentals. With car hire in Kampala, a traveler can either a hire a car on a self-drive or car and driver basis to travel to any given destination in the city or outside it especially when using customary services. The services are considered the safest and convenient means of travel in the capital of Uganda, but their drawback is they are quite expensive for the local person. Car Hire services have been labeled as a transport mode for tourists and people from an affluent background.
Places of worship
-
Baha'i House of Worship in Kampala
-
St. Paul's Anglican Cathedral located on Namirembe Hill
-
Rubaga Cathedral, the seat for the Roman Catholic Church
-
Uganda National Mosque (Islam)
Among the
Kampala hosts a
Gallery
-
Mengo Palace
-
Kampala skyline
-
Entrance to the Parliament building
-
Stride monument
-
Kampala City by night
-
Nelson Mandela National Stadium, the home of the national football team, the Uganda Cranes
-
Independence Monument
-
Namugongo Martyrs Shrine
-
Uganda Museum
-
National Theatre
-
Uganda House – Kampala / Jinja Road
See also
- List of banks in Uganda
- List of tallest buildings in Kampala
- Timeline of Kampala#Bibliography
- Wakaliwood – A film studio based in Kampala
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