Kanakanavu language
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|
| Kanakanavu | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Kaohsiung City |
| Ethnicity | 360 (2020)[1] |
Native speakers | 4 (2012)[1] |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xnb |
| Glottolog | kana1286 |
| ELP | Kanakanavu |
Kanakanavu (also spelled Kanakanabu) is a Southern
Formosan language of the Austronesian
family.
The Kanakanavu live in the two villages of Manga and Takanua in Namasia District (formerly Sanmin Township), Kaohsiung.[2]
The language is moribund, with only 4 speakers (2012 census).[3]
History
The native Kanakanavu speakers were
Han-Chinese immigration began to dominate the islands population. The village of Takanua is a village assembled by Japanese rulers to relocate various aboriginal groups in order to establish easier dominion over these groups.[4]
Phonology
There are 14 different consonant phonemes, containing only voiceless plosives within Kanakanavu. Adequate descriptions of liquid consonants become a challenge within Kanakanavu. It also contains 6 vowels plus
CV syllable structure (where C = consonant, V = vowel). Very few, even simple words, contain less than three to four syllables.[5]
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n |
ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ||||
| Plosive | pulmonic | p | t |
ɖ ⟨l⟩ | c | k | ʔ ⟨'⟩ |
| implosive | ɓ ⟨p⟩ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiceless | v | z | |||||
| Rhotic | ɽ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | ɫ ⟨hl⟩ |
ɭ | j ⟨y⟩ | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ʉ | u |
| Mid | e | e/ə | o |
| Open | a |
Orthography
Kanakanavu is usually written with the Latin script. The following are often used to represent sounds in the language: A, C, E, I, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, R, S, T, U, Ʉ, V, ' /ʔ.
C represents the phoneme /c/.
L represents the phonemes /ɗ/ and /ɽ/.
P represents both /ɓ/ and /p/.
/ɫ/ is spelled as hl.
References
- ^ a b Kanakanavu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- S2CID 148368774. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2021-05-04 – via www.ling.sinica.edu.tw.
- ^ "Did You Know Kanakanabu is Critically Endangered?". endangeredlanguages.com. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ "Ethnographic Setting". Kanakanavu: An Aboriginal Language on Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-09-15.
- ^ "Phonology". Kanakanavu: An Aboriginal Language on Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Further reading
- Adelaar, Alexander; Pawley, Andrew, eds. (2009). Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust. Pacific Linguistics 601. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 978-0-85883-601-3.
- Dyen, Isidore (2005). "Some Notes on the Proto-Austronesian Words for 'Water'". Oceanic Linguistics. 44 (1): 1–11. S2CID 144863141.
- Li, Paul Jen-Kuei (2004). "Basic Vocabulary for Formosan Languages and Dialects". Selected Papers on Formosan Languages (in English and Chinese). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. ISBN 9789570184136.
- Pejros, I. (1994). "Some Problems of Austronesian Accent and *T ~ *C (Notes of an Outsider)". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (1): 105–127. JSTOR 3623002.
- Ross, M. (2012). "In Defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and Against Tsouic)" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (6): 1253–1330. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-14.
- Song, Limei 宋麗梅 (2018). Kǎnàkǎnàfùyǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn 卡那卡那富語 語法概論 [Introduction to Kanakanavu Grammar] (in Chinese). Xinbei Shi: Yuanzhu minzu weiyuanhui. ISBN 978-986-05-5697-1– via alilin.apc.gov.tw.
- Teng, Stacy F.; Zeitoun, Elizabeth (2016). "The Noun-Verb Distinction in Kanakanavu and Saaroa: Evidence from Pronouns" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 55 (1): 134–161. S2CID 147806280. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2021-05-04 – via www.ling.sinica.edu.tw.
- Tsuchida, Shigeru (1975). Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology (Doctoral dissertation). Yale University.
- Tsuchida, Shigeru (1976). Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology. Studies of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa: Monograph Series, 5. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
- Tsuchida, Shigeru (2003). Kanakanavu Texts (Austronesian Formosan) (Thesis). Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Publications Series, A3-014. Osaka: ELPR. hdl:10108/77962.
- Wild, Ilka (2018). Voice and Transitivity in Kanakanavu (PhD thesis). Universität Erfurt. .
External links
- www.kanakanavu.info – language documentation project website
- Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典 (in Chinese) – Kanakanavu search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation
- Endangered Languages
- Kanakanavu teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan (in Chinese)
- Kanakanavu translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people – published on the website of the presidential office