Kandahar Province
Kandahar
کندهار | |
---|---|
UTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Time) | |
Postal code | 38xx |
Area code | AF-KAN |
Main languages | Pashto |
Kandahār (
The province contains about 18 districts, over 1,000 villages, and approximately 1,431,876 people (the 6th most populous province), which is mostly tribal and a rural society.[5] The main inhabitants of Kandahar province are the ethnic Pashtuns. They are followed by the Baloch people, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens and Hazaras.[6]
Etymology
There is speculation revolving around the origin of the name "Kandahar". It is believed to have started as one of many cities named after the Hellenistic conqueror
A temple to the deified Alexander as well as an inscription in Greek and Aramaic by the emperor Ashoka, who lived a few decades later, have been discovered in the old citadel.[8]
History
History of Afghanistan | |
---|---|
Timeline | |
410–557 | |
Nezak Huns | 484–711 |
Excavations of prehistoric sites by archaeologists such as Louis Dupree and others suggest that the region around Kandahar is one of the oldest human settlements known so far.
...Early peasant farming villages came into existence in Afghanistan ca. 5000 B.C., or 7000 years ago. Deh Morasi Ghundai, the first prehistoric site to be excavated in Afghanistan, lies 27 km (17 mi.) southwest of Kandahar (Dupree, 1951). Another
Indus Valley sites and with those of comparable age on the Iranian Plateau and in Central Asia, indicating cultural contacts during this very early age...[9]
The area was called
Later Kandahar came under the influence of the
The Arabs advanced through
From the tenth century onwards, as Persian language and culture continued to spread into Afghanistan, the focus of power shifted to
In the early 16th century, Kandahar briefly fell to Babur. From then on the province was controlled by the Shia Safavids, as their easternmost territories. They regularly had wars with the Sunni Mughals, who ruled Kandahar as a short-lived subah (imperial province) from the 1638 conquest until its loss in 1648 to one of the Safavids' rivals.
Starting in 1709,
Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founding father of Afghanistan, gained control of the province in 1747 and made the city of Kandahar the capital of his new Afghan Empire. In the 1770s, the capital of the empire was transferred to Kabul. Ahmad Shah Durrani's mausoleum is located in the center of the city.
British-led Indian forces occupied the province during the First Anglo-Afghan War from 1832 to 1842. They also occupied the city during the Second Anglo-Afghan War from 1878 to 1880. It remained peaceful for about 100 years until the late 1970s.
20th century
In the mid-20th century until 1979, Kandahar city was a major stop on a popular road to India used by hippies.[10]
In December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. This led to a war that lasted for years, between the Soviets and a rebellion by local guerrila groups, known as the Mujahideen.[12] The groups were usually made up of fellow members of local tribes, and were led by a chief who inherited the title.[13]
In 1985, a major guerilla commander, Esmatullah Muslim, joined the forces of the pro-Soviet Afghan government in Kandahar.[12] A leading official of Afghanistan's Communist Party, Hayat Khan, was killed by guerrilas in the province August 1985.[14] The Soviets carpet-bombed the province's southern districts in 1986.[15] Kandahar city became "mostly ruins".[16] Guerilla plans for taking the unoccupied city were thwarted when the Soviet and Afghan government forces returned there in 1988.[17] The Soviets eventually withdrew from the country.[18]
In the early 1990s, the province's governor was Gul Agha Shirzai. The province under his reign was described as anarchic.[19]
The
21st century
2000s
In October 2001, as a response to the September 11 attacks, the United States and NATO (aided by the Northern Alliance[26]) invaded Afghanistan to depose the Taliban. This began the War on Terror. Initially, it was an air war, and included the bombing of multiple targets near Kandahar city's airport. On the 20th, the war's first ground operation began with a U.S. commando raid near the airport, which the Taliban claimed was unsuccesful.[27][28]
In December, Kandahar city fell to the invading forces, marking the end of Taliban government at that point.[28][29] Mullah Omar's presidential palace was bombed by U.S. forces, later being rebuilt and used as a complex for U.S. Special Forces.[22] Omar went into hiding,[21] and pledged to keep fighting against the invasion.[18] In a deal with the U.S., the surrendering Taliban agreed to give up their in the province.[30] Two of the commanders who fought in Kandahar prior to the surrender were Gul Agha Shirzai, who became the province's governor again, and Hamid Karzai, who became the president of Afghanistan.[19][31]
Kandahar city became a base of U.S. army forces (at Kandahar Airfield),[32] new construction efforts,[33] and was the site of an assassination attempt on Hamid Karzai.[19][32]
In the following years, a new Taliban insurgency fought against the U.S. and NATO, mostly in Kandahar and Helmand Province.[34][35] At the same time, the U.S. was searching for Osama bin Laden. Arrested terrorists or suspected terrorists were sent from the Kandahar detention center to the Guantanamo Bay naval base.[36] Afghans detained by Canadian troops were handed over to Afghan's intelligence police, the National Directorate of Security, who (without Canadian knowledge) tortured the detainees during interrogation in jail.[37]
Despite a new focus on gender equality, a dysfunctional legal system allowed for the continuing sale of
There was a surge in Taliban attacks in May 2006,
In 2009, the U.S. started planning for a new anti-Taliban operation in the province, building a presence around Kandahar city. Their
2010s
In 2010, Kandahar was considered the most dangerous province in the country.[45] It had a lack of government workers, which caused an influx of insurgents.[46] Four of its 17 districts were under Taliban control. Health services and education were "virtually absent" outside of certain towns. In March, a major provincial official, Abdul Majeed Babai, was shot and killed.[29] In the spring, the U.S. experienced fighting before their operation could start.[29] They attempted to attain the military backing of two influential leaders in the region, the warlord Haji Ghani and tribal leader Haji Lala, but only Ghani was receptive.[47] Later, there were two notable incidents of U.S. soldiers massacring Afghan civilians in Maiwand District and Panjwai District.[48][49]
The U.S. and NATO's combat mission in Afghanistan formally ended in 2014.[28] By 2015, The Guardian wrote Kandahar city was considered "largely secure by Afghan standards". It had gained an extensive police force and blast walls, and commercial and domestic flights had restarted there. However, that year, the U.S. pulled funding from various development programs in the region, and there were fears it could lead to a strengthened Taliban; the Afghan national security forces were "strained" in the absence of international troops.[50]
In 2018, Afghanistan's election commission delayed elections in Kandahar after two senior provincial officials (its police commander and intelligence agency commander) were killed in a Taliban-claimed shooting. The vote eventually took place, peacefully.[51][52]
2020s
In 2021, as the U.S. withdrew from Afghanistan, a Taliban offensive started taking over Afghanistan.[20][53] On May 1, the U.S. withdrew from Kandahar, and the Taliban started taking nearby districts to Kandahar city.[54] The fighting displaced 150,000 people living nearby.[20] They took the city on August 12.[55] Following this, women and girls in the province were banned from multiple institutions.[20][56] In 2023, the office of the Taliban's spokesman was moved from Kabul to Kandahar.[20]
Politics and governance
Yousaf Wafa is the current governor of the province.[57] His predecessor was Rohullah Khanzada. In early 2003, Hamid Karzai transferred Sherzai from Kandahar to Jalalabad as Governor of Nangarhar Province. Sherzai was replaced by Yousef Pashtun in Kandahar.
In 2005, when Karzai won the first Afghan Presidential Elections, he appointed Yousef Pashtun as the Minister of Urban Development. After Pashtun, Asadullah Khalid governed the province until the appointment of Rahmatullah Raufi in August 2008.[58] Raufi was replaced by Toryalai Wesa in December 2008.
Demographics
According to the National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA), the total population of the province was estimated at 1,431,876.[5] Pashtuns make up the majority in province. There are also communities of Baloch people, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Hazaras and others.[6] The main language spoken throughout the province is Pashto.[4] Dari and Balochi is also understood by some, especially in the city of Kandahar where learning of Dari as a second language is promoted in public schools.[59]
Tribes
The main tribes in the province are as follows:[60]
- sadozai
- Barech
- Popalzai
- Alikozai
- Barakzai
- Noorzai
- Alizai
- Ishaqzai
- Achakzai
- Momand
- Khogyani
- Mohammadzai
- Kakar
- Babai
- Tokhi
- Hotak
- Taraki
- Loudin
- Brahui
- Quraish
- Sayed
- Zurmati
- Yousafzai
District information
In 1914 Kandahar was divided into the following districts:[61]
- Kariajat (includes the suburbs of Kandahar and the Arghandab Valley)
- Mahalajat (Old Kandahar and surroundings)
- Daman
- Tirin
- Derawat
- Dahla
- Deh-i Buchi
- Khakrez
- Kushk-i Nakhud
- Maiwand
- Nish
- Ghorak
- Kalat-i Ghilzai
- Arghastan
- Tarnak
- Mizan
- Maruf
- Kadanai (named after the Kadanai river that flows through it)
- Shorawak
Today the province is divided into the following administrative divisions:
District | Capital | Population[5] | Area in km2 |
Pop. density |
Number of villages and ethnic groups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arghandab |
70,016 | 606 | 116 | 79 villages. Pashtun | |
Arghistan | 38,928 | 3,728 | 10 | Pashtun[62] | |
Daman | 39,193 | 4,179 | 9 | Pashtun.[63] | |
Ghorak | 10,895 | 1,742 | 6 | Pashtun[64] | |
Kandahar | Kandahar | 632,601 | 114 | 5,539 | Predominantly Pashtun, few Baloch, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek.[59] |
Khakrez | 25,774 | 1,738 | 15 | Pashtun[65] | |
Maruf | 37,333 | 3,335 | 11 | Pashtun[66] | |
Maiwand | 66,297 | 2,963 | 22 | 160 villages. 95% Pashtun and 5% other.[67] | |
Miyanishin |
17,006 | 803 | 21 | Pashtun[68] | |
Nesh | 15,146 | 1,110 | 14 | Pashtun.[69] Used to belong to Uruzgan Province. | |
Panjwayi | 98,448 | 5,841 | 17 | Pashtun[59] | |
Reg |
10,097 | 13,470 | 1 | Baloch and Pashtun | |
Shah Wali Kot | 49,025 | 3,345 | 15 | Pashtun | |
Shorabak | 13,020 | 4,153 | 3 | Pashtun and Baloch | |
Spin Boldak | 113,727 | 2,963 | 38 | Pashtun | |
Takhta-pul | 14,349 | 2,926 | 5 | Pashtun | |
Zhari | 96,987 | 745,1 | 130 | Pashtun | |
Dand |
50,752 | 617 | 82 | Pashtun | |
Kandahar | 1,399,594 | 54,845 | 26 | 98.7% Pashtuns, 0.9% Balochi, 0.1% Tajiks, 0.1% Hazaras, 0.1% Uzbeks, 0.2% others.[note 1] |
- ^ Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.
Transport and economy
The
There is currently no rail service but reports indicate that at least one will be built between the city of Kandahar and the border town of Spin Boldak in the south, which will then connect with Pakistan Railways.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76] Ground transport of goods is done by trucks and cars. A number of important roads run through the province and this helps the area's economy. The town of Spin Boldak serves as a major transporting, shipping, and receiving site. It is being developed so that trade with neighboring Pakistan increases.
Kandahar province has bus services to major towns and village headquarters. Its capital, Kandahar, used to have a city bus service that took commuters on daily routes to different destinations throughout the city. There are taxicabs that provide transportation service inside the city as well as throughout the province. Other traditional methods of ground transportation are also used. Private vehicles are on the rise in the country, with large showrooms selling new or second-hand vehicles imported from the United Arab Emirates. More people are buying new cars as the roads and highways are being improved.
Kandahar has been known for having well-irrigated gardens and orchards, and was famous for its grapes, melons, and pomegranates. The main source of trade is to Pakistan, Iran and other regional countries. Kandahar is an agricultural area and several of the districts are irrigated by the Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority.[77] The Dahla Dam is located in the province, north of the city of Kandahar. There are approximately 700 greenhouses in the entire province but farmers want the government to build more.[78]
Healthcare
There are a number of hospitals in the province, most of them in the city of Kandahar. They include Aino Mina Hospital, Al Farhad Hospital, Ayoubi Hospital, Mirwais Hospital, Mohmand Hospital,[79] Sial Curative Hospital and Sidal Hospital.
Education
There are approximately 377 public and private schools in Kandahar province. The total number of students is 362,000. Of this, 79,000 are female students. Due to insecurity and other issues, many female students
Notable people from Kandahar Province
- Royalty and statesmen
- Abdul Aziz Hotak – Second ruler of the Hotaki dynasty
- Abdur Rahman Khan – King of Afghanistan
- Ahmad Shah Durrani – Founding father of Afghanistan (Father of the Nation)
- Ashraf Hotaki– Hotak Emir of Afghanistan and shortly Shah of Persia (1725–1729)
- Dost Mohammad Khan – Founder of the Barakzai dynasty/Emirate of Afghanistan
- Hamid Karzai – President of Afghanistan
- Hussain Hotaki– Last ruler of the Hotaki dynasty
- Mahmud Hotaki– Third ruler of the Hotaki dynasty and Shah of Persia
- Hotaki dynasty
- (Mohammad) Ayub Khan – Afghan Emir, defeated the British in Second Anglo-Afghan War
- Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal – Prime Minister of Afghanistan
- Nur Jahan – Empress of the Mughal Empire
- Sher Ali Khan – Emir of Afghanistan
- Timur Shah Durrani – Second ruler of the Durrani Empire
- Zaman Shah Durrani – Third ruler of the Durrani Empire
- Other politics, generals and administration
- Ghulam Haider Hamidi – Mayor of Kandahar who was killed in July 2011
- Abdul Ahad Karzai – Former tribal leader of Popalzai tribe, former Deputy Speaker of Afghan Parliament
- Yahya Maroofi – Secretary General of ECO
- Mohammad Arif Noorzai – tribal leader, former Deputy Speaker of Afghan Parliament
- Yousef Pashtun – Senior Advisor to the Afghan President, Former Minister of Urban Development, Former Governor of Kandahar Province
- Mohammad Omar Shairzaad - former member of the House of Elders
- Gul Agha Sherzai – Governor of Nangarhar Province
- Toryalai Wesa – Former Governor of Kandahar Province
- Muhammad Yousuf Wafa - Current Governor of Kandahar Province
- Culture
- Afghan National Anthem
- Abdul Hai Habibi- Poet, Writer, Historian, Founder and Developer of Academic Pashto era.
- Faizullah Kakar - Afghan epidemiologist. Previous Chief of Staff to President Ashraf Ghani, the Afghan Ambassador to Qatar, the Adviser to president for Health and Education, and the Deputy Minister of Public Health for the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
See also
References
- ^ آزادی, رادیو (11 January 2022). منبع: رهبر طالبان دستور داده تا شورای علما در کندهار ایجاد شود [Source: The leader of the Taliban has ordered the creation of a council of scholars in Kandahar]. Radio Azadi (in Dari). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
- ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- ^ "Respect amnesty for ex-officials: Taliban chief". December 30, 2021 – via pajhwok.com.
- ^ a b "Name of the Province: Kandahar". Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: President. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
- ^ a b c d "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). nsia.gov.af. National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- ^ a b "Kandahar Provincial Overview". Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). Retrieved 2021-02-18.
- ^ "Alexander the Great: his towns – Alexandria in Arachosia". Livius.org.
- ^ "Livius Picture Archive: Shahbazgarhi - Pakistan". Archived from the original on 2004-06-30.
- ^ Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1970). An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. Vol. First Edition. Kabul: Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization. p. 492. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
- ^ a b Brooke, James (September 23, 2002). "Kandahar Journal; Cradle of Taliban Reverts to Cradle of Commerce". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-415-29826-1
- ^ a b Bonner, Arthur (1986-07-06). "The Slow Motion War in Afghanistan". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ a b c Maass, Peter (January 6, 2002). "The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Afghanistan's Taliban move spokesman's office to Kandahar". Reuters. April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
- ^ ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ a b "Green Berets cozy in Mullah Omar's compound". NBC News. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ Knowlton, Brian (November 30, 2001). "Northern Alliance and Tribes Both Claim Advances : Drive on Kandahar Reported". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Pomfret, John (October 20, 2001). "Taliban Says Its Forces Foiled U.S. Commandos". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Afghanistan War | History, Combatants, Facts, & Timeline | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-03-14. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
- ^ Knowlton, Brian (December 7, 2001). "Rumsfeld Rejects PlanTo Allow Mullah Omar 'To Live in Dignity' : Taliban Fighters Agree to Surrender Kandahar". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Hamid Karzai | Biography, Presidency, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ a b Brooke, James (September 12, 2002). "VIGILANCE AND MEMORY: KANDAHAR; Pentagon Tells Troops in Afghanistan: Shape Up and Dress Right". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Kaufman, Marc (February 23, 2003). "Young Girls Sold as Brides Desperate Afghan Poor". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Bomb kills six Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan". Reuters. August 9, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "U.S., Afghan forces kill some 80 insurgents - U.S." Reuters. October 27, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ "From Canadian custody into cruel hands". The Globe and Mail. 2007-04-23. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ a b "Taliban maintains grip rooted in fear". NBC News. 2004-08-09. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ a b "Afghan Car Bomb Kills 3 - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2006-06-04. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ Gall, Carlotta (June 11, 2006). "Taliban Surges as U.S. Shifts Some Tasks to NATO". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
- ^ "Top Taleban commander 'arrested'". 2006-05-19. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ a b c Gall, Carlotta (October 3, 2006). "After Afghan Battle, a Harder Fight for Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "FRONTLINE/WORLD . Afghanistan - The Other War . Interview with Col. Tom Collins . PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ "Bomb attack kills Afghan governor". 2006-09-10. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ Alison, Jane (2010-04-01). "Most Dangerous, Most Unmerciful". VQR Online. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
- ^ Bowman, Tom (June 24, 2010). "In Kandahar, It Will Take A Village To Oust Taliban". NPR. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
- ^ Bowman, Tom (July 15, 2010). "Progress In Kandahar A Matter Of Whom To Trust". NPR. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
- ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ "How it happened: Massacre in Kandahar". BBC News. 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ "Afghanistan delays vote in Kandahar province after deadly attack". France 24. 2018-10-19. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ Constable, Pamela (October 27, 2018). "In Afghanistan's Kandahar province, delayed parliamentary vote tense but peaceful". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
- ^ Amiri, Ali M. Latifi,Abdul Matin. "'War all around': Kandahar residents fear Taliban advance on city". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nossiter, Adam (July 9, 2021). "Taliban Enter Kandahar City and Seize Border Posts". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
- ^ "Taliban take Kandahar, Herat in major Afghanistan offensive". AP News. 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ "Taliban official letter reinforces bar of female aid staff in southern Kandahar". Reuters. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ "Senior Officials Appointed in Kandahar". TOLOnews. January 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
- ^ Galloway, Gloria (23 August 2008). "Security chief concern for new Kandahar governor". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ a b c هنریار, ارشاد (2019-05-26). "فارسی زبانهای قندهار؛ پیشتاز زرگری و رایگیری". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 2020-07-26.
- ^ "Welcome - Program for Culture and Conflict Studies - Naval Postgraduate School". www.nps.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
- ISBN 978-3-201-01125-9.
- ^ "Arghistan District" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Daman District (Updated DDP)" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Ghorak District" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Khakriz District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Maruf District" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Maiwand District" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Mianishin District" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Nish District" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Pakistan to launch train service with Afghanistan". 5 December 2020.
- ^ Shah, S. Muddasir Ali (5 December 2020). "Pakistan plans Chaman-Spin Boldak rail link".
- ^ "Pakistan to build railway line between Chaman and Spin Boldak | Ariana News". Ariana News. 2020-12-05. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
- ^ "Pakistan to build railway line between Chaman and Spin Boldak".
- ^ "Minister announces Pak-Afghan train service". 4 December 2020.
- ^ "Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan ink map for rail link". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
- ^ "What's Behind the Planned Uzbekistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan Railway?".
- ^ "The Helmand Valley Project in Afghanistan: A.I.D. Evaluation Special Study No. 18" (PDF). C. Clapp-Wicek & E. Baldwin, U.S. Agency for International Development. December 1983. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013.
- ^ "Kandahar farmers want construction of green houses resumed". Pajhwok Afghan News. June 19, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
- ^ "Mohmand Hospital Kandahar ,Mohmand Hospital Kandahar,Best hospital in Afghanistan,Kandahar Medical Complex ,Kandahar Hospital, Best Hospital In Kandhar". mohmandhospital.com. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
- ^ "Kandahar University Goes Solar". November 3, 2012. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
- ^ "Number of girls graduated from Kandahar schools increases". TOLOnews. March 10, 2021. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
Further reading
- Vogelsang, W. (1985). Early historical Arachosia in South-east Afghanistan; Meeting-place between East and West.
- Dupree, Louis. (1973) Afghanistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Rashid, Ahmed. (2000) Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.