Kappa (folklore)

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Kappa

Drawing of a kappa copied from Koga Tōan's Suiko Kōryaku (1820)
Grouping	Kami and yōkai
Other name(s)	Gatarō, Kawako
Country	Japan

A kappa (

on their backs. A depression on its head, called its "dish" (sara), retains water, and if this is damaged or its liquid is lost (either through spilling or drying up), the kappa is severely weakened.

The kappa are known to favor

Terminology

The name kappa is a contraction of the words kawa (river) and wappa, a variant form of 童 warawa (also warabe) "child". Another translation of kappa is "water sprites".^[3] The kappa are also known regionally by at least eighty other names such as kawappa, kawako, kawatarō, gawappa, kōgo, suitengu.^[4]

It is also called kawauso 'otter', dangame 'soft-shelled turtle', and enkō 'monkey', suggesting it outwardly resembles these animals. The name komahiki or "steed-puller" alludes to its reputed penchant to drag away horses.^[4]

The kappa has been known as kawako in Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) where Lafcadio Hearn was based,^[5] and gatarō was the familiar name of it to folklorist Kunio Yanagita from Hyōgo Prefecture.^[6]

Appearance

Kappa are said to be roughly humanoid in form and about the size of a child, inhabiting the ponds and rivers of Japan.^[1] Clumsy on land, they are at home in the water, and thrive during the warm months.^[7] They are typically greenish in color^[8] (or yellow-blue^[9]), and either scaly^[10][11] or slimy skinned, with webbed hands and feet, and a turtle-like carapace on their back.^[8] Inhuman traits include three anuses that allow them to pass three times as much gas as humans.^[7] Despite their small stature they are physically stronger than a grown man.^[7]

The kappa are sometimes said to smell like fish,^[9] and they can swim like them.

According to some accounts, a kappa's arms are connected to each other through the torso and can slide from one side to the other.^[12] While they are primarily water creatures, they do on occasion venture onto land. When they do, the "dish" on their head can be covered with a metal cap for protection.^[13]

A hairy kappa is called a hyōsube.^[14]

• 
  A book illustrating twelve kinds of kappa.
• 
  A kappa by

  Katsushika Hokusai
• 
  A kappa has sex at a river underwater, while a woman is watching and smiling in a print from Utamaro's Utamakura
• 
  A paired male and female kappa statues at the Sogenji Buddhist shrine at the Asakusa district in Tokyo.

Behavior

Kappa are usually seen as kami of the water. Their actions range from comparatively minor misdemeanors, such as looking up women's kimono if they venture too near to water, to outright malevolence, such as drowning people and animals, kidnapping children, raping women and at times eating human flesh.^[13] Though sometimes menacing, they may also behave amicably towards humans.^[10] While younger kappa are frequently found in family groups, adult kappa live solitary lives. However, it is common for kappa to befriend other yōkai and sometimes even people.^[7]

Cucumber

Folk beliefs claim the cucumber as their traditional favorite meal.^[13] At festivals, offerings of cucumber are frequently made to the kappa.^[15] Sometimes the kappa is said to have other favorite foods, such as the Japanese eggplant, soba (buckwheat noodles), nattō (fermented soybeans), or kabocha (Japanese pumpkin).^[16]

In Edo (old Tokyo), there used to be a tradition where people would write the names of their family members on cucumbers and send them afloat into the streams to mollify the kappa and prevent the family from coming to harm in the streams.^[17] In some regions, it was customary to eat cucumbers before swimming as protection, but in others it was believed that this act would guarantee an attack.^[15]

A cucumber-filled sushi roll is known as a kappamaki.^[13][1]

As a menace

As water monsters, kappa have been blamed for drownings, and are often said to try to lure people into water and pull them in with their great skill at wrestling.^[13] They are sometimes said to take their victims for the purpose of drinking their blood, eating their livers, or gaining power by taking their shirikodama (尻子玉), a mythical ball said to contain the soul, which is located inside the anus.^[13][18][19]

Kappa have been used to warn children of the dangers lurking in rivers and lakes, as kappa have been often said to try to lure people to water and pull them in.^[20][13] Even today, signs warning about kappa appear by bodies of water in some Japanese towns and villages.^{[citation needed]}

Kappa are also said to victimize animals, especially horses and cows. The motif of the kappa trying to drown a horse is found all over Japan.^[21]

Lafcadio Hearn wrote of a story in Kawachimura near Matsue where a horse-stealing kappa was captured and made to write a sworn statement vowing never to harm people again.^[5][22]

In many versions the kappa is dragged by the horse to the stable where it is most vulnerable, and it is there it is forced to submit a writ of promise not to misbehave.^[23]

Defeating the kappa

It was believed that there were a few means of escape if one was confronted with a kappa. Kappa are obsessed with politeness, so if a person makes a deep bow, it will return the gesture. This results in the kappa spilling the water held in the "dish" (sara) on its head, rendering it unable to leave the bowing position until the plate is refilled with water from the river in which it lives. If a person refills it, the kappa will serve that person for all eternity.^[13] A similar weakness of the kappa involves its arms, which can easily be pulled from its body. If an arm is detached, the kappa will perform favors or share knowledge in exchange for its return.^[24]

Another method of defeat involves shogi or sumo wrestling: a kappa sometimes challenges a human being to wrestle or engage in other tests of skill.^[25] This tendency is easily used to encourage the kappa to spill the water from its sara. One notable example of this method is the folktale of a farmer who promises his daughter's hand in marriage to a kappa in return for the creature irrigating his land. The farmer's daughter challenges the kappa to submerge several gourds in water. When the kappa fails in its task, it retreats, saving the farmer's daughter from the marriage.^[15] Kappa have also been driven away by their aversion to iron, sesame, or ginger.^[26]

Good deeds

Kappa are not entirely antagonistic to human beings.

Once befriended, kappa may perform any number of tasks for human beings, such as helping farmers

There are also legends that Kappa will save a friendly human from drowning.

Regional variations

Along with the oni and the tengu, the kappa is among the best-known yōkai in Japan.^[29][30]

The kappa is known by various names of the creature vary by region and local folklore.^[4] In Shintō, they are often considered to be an avatar (keshin) of the Water Deity or suijin.^[31]

Shrines are dedicated to the worship of kappa as water deity in such places as Aomori Prefecture^[10] or Miyagi Prefecture.^[32] There were also festivals meant to placate the kappa in order to obtain a good harvest, some of which still take place today. These festivals generally took place during the two equinoxes of the year, when the kappa are said to travel from the rivers to the mountains and vice versa.^[33]

The best known place where it has been claimed Kappa reside is in the

]

In his Tōno Monogatari, Kunio Yanagita records a number of beliefs from the Tōno area about women being accosted and even impregnated by kappa.^[35] Their offspring were said to be repulsive to behold, and were generally buried.^[35]

Cross culture lore

Similar folklore can be found in Asia and Europe. Like the Japanese description of the beast, in Chinese and in Scandinavian lore this beast is infamous for kidnapping and drowning people as well as horses.

The siyokoy of the Philippine islands is also known for kidnapping children by the water's edge.^{[citation needed]}

A frog-face vodyanoy is known in Slavic mythology. A green human-like being named a vodník is widely known in western Slavic folklore and tales, especially in the Czech Republic or Slovakia.^{[citation needed]}

In German mythology, a similar creature is known as Wassermann, Nix, or Nickel. They have been mentioned in connection with the larger rivers Elbe and Saale in the eastern part of Germany, but they are most widely connected to Lusatia in South-East Germany. This is not entirely surprising, as the area is not only close to Poland and Czech Republic, but also home to the Slavic minority of the Sorbs.

In popular culture

The kappa is a popular creature of the Japanese folk imagination; its manifestations cut across genre lines, appearing in folk religion, beliefs, legends, folktales and folk metaphors.^[4]

In Japan, the character Sagojō (

itself about the life and work of Akutagawa.

• In the anime show Inuyasha, a kappa, Sha Gojyo's descendant said to be a descendant of the legendary character from Journey of the West and together with Son Goku's descendant, the servant of Chokyūkai to find a bride. Later, since Hakudoshi collecting the heads of other yōkai, they tracked down Hakudoshi and Kagura, that he didn't they're Naraku's incarnations, and watching as Hakudoshi to peer into the yōkai heads to catch a glimpse of the Border of the Afterlife.
• Kagome's grandfather gave her an alleged mummified foot a kappa for her early 15th birthday, but she does not accept and gives to Buyo.
• In episode 4 of
  Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon, Grandpa Higurashi gifted to his great-granddaughter, Moroha
  a mummified kappa's foot as a gift in which she accepts and kept since then.

Kappa, and creatures based on them, are recurring characters in Japanese

These

Tokyo-Mitsubishi Bank's DC Card (a credit card). In their explicitly commercial conceptions, yōkai are no longer frightening or mysterious — the DC Card Kappa, for example, is not a slimy water creature threatening to kill unsuspecting children but a cute and (almost) cuddly cartoon character.^[42]

• Summer Days with Coo is a 2007 Japanese animated film about a kappa and its impact on an ordinary family, written for the screen and directed by Keiichi Hara based on two novels by Masao Kogure.^[43]
• It is said that the company president of Calbee liked kappa, so he wanted the name "Kappa" to be included in one of his products. That brought about Kappa Ebisen, a popular shrimp-flavored snack in Japan.^[44]
• In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, the titular Turtles accidentally activate the Time Scepter, a mystical artifact, and end up travelling back in time, to Japan of the Edo period (more specifically 1603). As a running gag, some of the townspeople who interact with them feel frightened by their appearance and mistake them for the legendary "kappa" throughout the film.^[45]
• In Mountain of Faith, the character Nitori Kawashiro is a kappa. Her boss fight reflects the aquatic nature of kappas.
• In Resident Evil Village, one of the four lord antagonists, Moreau, is inspired after the kappa.
• Several
  Ludicolo
  .
• The Zora from The Legend of Zelda videogame series were originally based on kappa, visually very close to the mythological depictions in the first three games. The fourth game, Ocarina of Time, changed them into the fish-humans they are now.
• Numerous kappa characters appear in the Animal Crossing franchise.
• In the strategy game Might & Magic Heroes VII, the kappa is a neutral creature.
• In The House of the Lost on the Cape the kappa play a crucial role in helping to restore hope to a region devastated by a tsunami.
• Season 3 and Orion no Kokuin
  .

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kappa.

• Kuzenbo, the king of kappa in Japanese mythology
• Kappabashi-dori, a Tokyo street named after the kappa
• Okinawa
• Kappa, a novel by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
• Ainu
  mythology
• Neck
  , a shapeshifting water spirit in Germanic mythology and folklore

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Foster (2015), p. 157.
2. ^ Foster (2015), p. 162.
3. S2CID 161932208
   .
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Foster (1998), p. 3, citing Ōno (1994), p. 14
5. ^ ^{a b} Hearn, Lafcadio (1910). Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. Tauchnitz. pp. 302–303.
6. ISBN 978-0-691-00030-5
   .
7. ^ ^{a b c d} "Kappa | Yokai.com". Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
8. ^ ^{a b} Foster (2015), p. 88.
9. ^ ^{a b} Foster (1998), p. 4.
10. ^
    ISBN 978-0-674-00770-3
    .
11. ISBN 978-90-04-04295-7
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12. ^ According to the Wakan Sansai Zue. Foster (1998), p. 6
13. ^
    ISBN 978-1-57607-467-1
    . Retrieved 22 December 2010.
14. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: カッパ， ヒョウスベ [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
15. ^ ^{a b c} Foster (1998), p. 5.
16. ^ Foster (1998), p. 5, citing Takeda, Akira [ja] (1988), "Suijinshinkō to kappa 水神信仰と河童 [Water deity belief and the kappa]"; Ōshima, Takehiko ed. Kappa 河童, p. 12.
17. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童雑談 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
18. ^ "Shirikodama". tangorin.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
19. ISBN 978-0-7391-1841-2
    .
20. ^ ^{a b} Does Kappa still have their occult power? Archived 2017-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. road-station.com (Michi-no-eiki).
21. ^ Ishida & Yoshida (1950), pp. 1–2, 114–115
22. ^ Davis, F. Hadland (1912). Myths and Legends of Japan. New York: T.Y. Crowell Co. pp. 350–351.
23. ^ Foster (1998), p. 8, 10.
24. ^ ^{a b} Foster (1998), p. 8.
25. ISBN 978-0-520-25361-2
    .
26. ^ Foster (1998), p. 6, citing Ōno (1994), p. 42
27. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童の教えた中風の薬 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
28. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童の秘伝接骨薬 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
29. ISBN 978-4-336-04187-6
    .
30. ISBN 978-4-915146-44-2
    .
31. ISBN 978-0-674-00770-3
    .
32. ^ 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース: 河童神社 [Folktale Data of Strange Phenomena and Yōkai] (in Japanese). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
33. ^ Foster (1998), p. 9.
34. ISBN 9784480028785
    .
35. ^ ^{a b} Tatsumi, Takayuki (1998). "Deep North Gothic: A Comparative Cultural Reading of Kunio Yanagita's Tono Monogatari and Tetsutaro Murano's The Legend of Sayo". Newsletter of the Council for the Literature of the Fantastic. 1 (5). Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
36. ^ Yamanouchi, Hisaaki. The Search for Authenticity in Modern Japanese Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
37. ^ Peace, David. "Last words" Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 27 September 2007.
38. OCLC 1013525517
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39. ^ Foster (2015), p. 164.
40. ISBN 978-1409425625
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41. ^ "Ultraman Ace". Beta Capsule Reviews. 26 January 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
42. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppkrc.11
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43. ^ Summer Days with Coo, archived from the original on 11 November 2020, retrieved 20 May 2020
44. ^ "第九十九回「い組」お稽古「江戸の妖怪・化物」アダム・カバット – 和塾" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
45. ^ "7 Redeeming Things About Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3". 18 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.

Bibliography

• ISBN 978-0-520-95912-5
  .
• JSTOR 1178994
• JSTOR 1177401
  .

External links

• Mark Schumacher (2004). Kappa – River Imp or Sprite. Retrieved 23 March 2006.
• Garth Haslam (2000). Kappa Quest 2000. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
• Kirainet (2007). For a look at Kappa in popular culture Kirainet. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
• Hyakumonogatari.com Translated kappa stories from Hyakumonogatari.com
• Kappa Unknown Explorers
• Underwater Love (2011)
• The Great Yokai War (2005)
• Summer Days with Coo (2009) Animation film featuring a Kappa as main character.