Kara Mustafa Pasha
Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha | |
|---|---|
| Succeeded by | Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1634 or 1635 Mırınca near Polish–Ottoman War (1683–99) (1683–99)Great Turkish War
|
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (
Early life and career
Kara Mustafa Pasha was of
He conformed to the Islamic custom of not wearing silk, and never wore silver or gold, which was a largely unenforced requirement. Europeans who met him (with few exceptions, such as Colyer, who initially described him as a man of "most agreeable nature") variously described him as greedy, humorous but terse, avid, intransigent, perfidious, covetous, unwilling to accept bribes yet concerned with improving his own well-being, and completely devoted to the Ottoman state. Later accounts by Giovanni Morosini di Alvise, Venetian bailo of Istanbul from 1675 to 1680, speak of a man "born in an obscure place of Asia, in Trebisonda, to castigate the nations," and describe him as "wholly venal, cruel and unfair." The English ambassador to Istanbul John Finch also describes him as greedy, and a "grievous oppressor of Christendom."[10][12] He was particularly "unbearable to Europeans", especially for the heavy taxes he imposed (a "stream of avanias in the years 1676-1683"). Even though his adoptive siblings also imposed notable avanias, their reputation with Europeans was not as bad.[10][12] Merlijn Orlon noted that his bad reputation doesn't do him justice. Orlon explains that he worked to maintain the House of Osman's supremacy in their own territories, clashing with ambitious foreign ministers. This resulted in his bad reputation. He dealt differently with the Dutchmen for political reasons, and this resulted in Colyer's more positive account of him. As the Franco-allied wars ended, a preferential treatment of the Dutch became useless, and, as a result, Mustafa's relationship with Colyer grew troubled.[12]
In 1659 he had become a governor of
He served as a commander of ground troops in a war against
Kara Mustafa led several successful campaigns into Ukraine, attempting to shore up the position of the Cossack state of
Battle of Vienna
In 1683, he launched a campaign northward into Austria in a last effort to expand the Ottoman Empire after more than 150 years of war. By mid-July, his 100,000-man army had besieged Vienna (guarded by 10,000 Habsburg soldiers), following in the footsteps of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1529. By September, he had taken a portion of the walls and appeared to be on his way to victory.
But on 12 September 1683, a Polish army under King
The defeat cost Mustafa his position, and ultimately, his life. On 25 December 1683, Kara Mustafa was executed in
Legacy
The Foundation of Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha was one of the largest foundations ever founded both in Ottoman Empire and Turkey. According to the official records, it was last managed by the descendants of Kara Mustafa Pasha. The last few managers of the foundation were Mustafa Pasha's descendant Ahmed Asım Bey (born 1844), his son Mehmed Nebil Bey (born 1888) (also known as Merzifonlu Karamustafaoğlu or Merzifonlu Karamustafapaşaoğlu), and his son, the Turkish painter Doğan Yılmaz Merzifonlu Karamustafaoğlu, better known as Yılmaz Merzifonlu (1928–2010), until 1976. The "Merzifonlu Karamustafaoğlu" family name ended with the marriage of Yılmaz Merzifonlu's only daughter, Abide Tuğçe Mit to Burak Mit from the house of noble Circassian Mit family .[14] Kara Mustafa Pasha's family and descendant tree can be found via Turkey's Directorate General of Foundations.[15]
Kara Mustafa Pasha's legacy in modern Turkey is mixed. Whereas historians describe him either as a capable tactician or reckless commander,
Kara Mustafa's birthplace near Merzifon district was renamed Karamustafapaşa in his honour.
In media
In the 2012 Polish and Italian historical drama film
See also
- Köprülü era of the Ottoman Empire
- Köprülü family
- List of Ottoman grand viziers
References
- ISBN 9782840502586.: He [Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha] was of Turkish descent and was brought up in the Köprülü family.
French: Il [Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pacha] était d'origine turque et fut élevé dans la famille des Köprülü. (English
- ISBN 9788483066706.: He would be succeeded by Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa, of Turkish origin.
Spanish: A él le sucedería Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa, de origen turco. (English
- ISBN 9789752550056.
Kara Mustafa Pasha, who was of Turkish origin and was brought up in the Köprülü family, was a passionate, ambitious and authoritarian person
- ^ ISBN 9780786744541.
While the other Köprülü were all of Albanian origin, the first of them brought to Istanbul in the youth levy, Kara Mustafa was a pure Anatolian.
- ISBN 9789757645009.
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha - Ethnicity: Turkish
- ^ ISBN 9789758845163.)
Kara Mustafa Pasha from Merzifon was Turkish, and those from Köprülü were Albanians
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 9789759744700.
Even later, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, one of the Grand Viziers of Turkish origin in the Ottoman Empire [...]
- ISBN 9004118543.
- ^ Evliya Çelebi (ed. by von Hammer-Purgstall) (1 January 1834). The Travels of Evliya Efendi. p. 156.
- ^ JSTOR 26449345. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d The Siege of Vienna, John Stoye, p. 18.
- ^ . Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2004). "Introduction". The Ottoman Survey Register of Podolia (ca. 1681) Part I: Text, Translation, and Commentary. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–10.
- ^ "Son Merzifonlu o filme karşı değil". www.hurriyet.com.tr. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ http://www.vgm.gov.tr/ (in Turkish)
Further reading
- Olnon, Merlijn (2003). "'A Most Agreeable and Pleasant Creature'? Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa in the Correspondence of Justinus Colyer (1668–1682)". Oriente Moderno. New Series. 22 (3): 649–669. .
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