Karabakh dialect

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Second Nagorno-Karabakh wars[1]
          Today
not all areas where the Karabakh dialect was/is spoken had/have Armenian majority

The Karabakh dialect (

Syunik and Gugark
of historical Armenia.

The dialect was spoken by most Armenians living in

Kirovabad (Ganja, Gandzak). As the first Nagorno-Karabakh War
escalated, Armenians of Azerbaijan were forced to leave their homes. Today, most of Armenians immigrants and refugees from Azerbaijan live in Armenia and Russia, where along with standard Armenian and Russian, the Karabakh dialect is sometimes spoken.

The dialect is considered to be one of the most widely spoken Armenian dialects.[2][3][4] No accurate information on the number of speakers is available. The population of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is around 141,400, according to the 2010 data.[5] An estimated 150,000 diaspora Armenians are originally from Karabakh.[6]

History

According to

Armenia, up to Kura River, spoke Armenian.[4]

The 8th century Armenian historian Stepanos Syunetsi was the first one to mention the local dialect of

Armenian Highlands.[8] In 1711 Karabakh dialect is mentioned by Johann Joachim Schröder.[9]

1920 massacre and expulsion of the local Armenians by the Azerbaijani forces.[10]

In his 1909 book

Classification des dialectes arméniens, Adjarian claims that the Karabakh dialect occupied the largest area of the Armenian dialects. According to Adjarian, it was spoken in the cities of Shusha, Elisabethpol (now Ganja), Nukha (now Shaki), Baku, Derbent, Agstafa, Dilijan, Karaklis (now Vanadzor), Kazak, Lori, Karadagh, Lilava quarter of Tabriz (Iran), Burdur and Ödemiş (in Turkey).[11]

Soviet Azerbaijan in 1923.[12]

Until the late 1980s, most Armenians living in

Armenians of Baku.[16]

In 1988, with the relaxation of the Soviet Union under

Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, but is still recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan by the international community.[13]

Today

Today, almost no Armenians live in Azerbaijan except Nagorno-Karabakh. In the Republic of Armenia, the dialect is spoken in

Syunik Region by the majority of the population, except the city of Sisian and the surrounding villages, where the Yerevan dialect dominates.[3][17][18][19]

The Karabakh dialect is also spoken in northern and northeastern Armenia, but it has been influenced by the other local dialects of the Armenian. In

Tavush, the Karabakh dialect is spoken along with the dominant Yerevan dialect. The Chambarak area of the Gegharkunik province is home to Karabakh dialect speakers, too.[20]

Dialectal features

The Karabakh dialect is very easy to differentiate from standard

Armenian Highland had been under foreign domination (Arabic, Turkic, Persian, Russian) for centuries and the Karabakh dialect, similar to other Armenian dialects, includes a significant number of foreign words and phrases. Azerbaijani, Persian and Russian had the biggest influence on this dialect.[21][24][25]

Palatalization

The Karabakh dialect is among few Armenian dialects (others being Van and Khoy-urmia) with acute palatalization. Also known as palatization, palatalization refers to a way of pronouncing a consonant, in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate, which softens that consonant. A consonant pronounced this way is called a palatalized consonant.

Unique sounds

The Karabakh dialect features unique vowels and consonants that make it phonetically distinct in comparison with literary Armenian language and many of other Armenian dialects. These sounds do not have corresponding letters in the Armenian alphabet.

List of unique vowels, expressed with the help of analogous Latin, Latin-derived and Cyrillic characters:

æ (ä): similar to a in English words maps, cap, or gap. Example: կեալ (meaning to come).

œ (ö): similar to oe in the word Goethe in German. Example: քըթէօլ (meaning spoon).

y (ü): similar to u English words mute or mule. Example: պիւլլիւր (meaning round).

List of unique consonants, expressed with the help of analogous Latin, Latin-derived and Cyrillic characters:

ɕ similar to Russian щ. Example: եշʲի (meaning see).

ɡʲ similar to Russian sound г with the Russian soft sign, or sound g in English word go but with the Russian soft sign. Example: կնէգʲ (meaning woman).

kʲʰ similar to Armenian sound ք or English sound q with the Russian soft sign. Example: խոխեքʲ (meaning children).

Lexicon

source: Armenian Wikisource: Հայերեն բարբառներ/Արցախ

Famous speakers

See also: List of Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh
Kocharyan spoke Russian as a native language, while the Karabakh dialect was the only variation of Armenian he knew before moving to Yerevan in 1997.[26][27]
  • Serzh Sargsyan (b. 1954), Defence Minister of Armenia (1993-5, 2000–7) and President of Armenia (since 2008)
  • Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
    (1997-2007)
  • Bekor Ashot (1959-1992), military commander, Hero of Artsakh
  • Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
    (since 2007)
  • Seyran Ohanyan (b. 1962), Defense Minister of Armenia (since 2008)
  • Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army
    commander, politician
  • André (b. 1979), singer, the first artist to represent Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2006

External media

Video
  • Հավաքական արժեքներ - Արցախյան բարբառ [Collective Values - Artsakh dialect]. Public Radio Television of Artsakh (in Armenian) – via YouTube.
Music
  • Armenoids - Karabagh. 2007 – via YouTube.
  • Tim De Beatz (Artyom Hakobyan) - Alo, Alo. 2011 – via YouTube.: a pop song in Karabakh dialect that became a hit in Armenia in 2011[28]

References

Notes
  1. Classification des dialectes arméniens can be seen here
  2. ^ Karapetyan, Samvel; Karapetyan, Bakur (1998). Тайны Гандзака (Кировабада) и Северного Арцаха [Secrets of Gandzak (Kirovabad) and Northern Artsakh]] (in Russian). Detskaya kniga. Из 51 диалекта армянского языка самым распространенным, по мнению лингвистов, является арцахский (карабахский) диалект.
  3. ^ a b c Manasian, Aleksandr (2002). Карабахский конфликт в ключевых понятиях и избранные темы в расширенном формате [The Karabakh conflict in key concepts and selected topics in wider format] (in Russian). p. 45. Карабахский диалект один из самых распрастраненных диалектов армянского языка. На этом диалекте говорят не только жители Нагорного Карабаха, но и большая часть населения Зангезура (Сюника) Республики Армения. Диалект имел большое воздействие на формирование бакинского говора армянского языка.
  4. ^
    ISSN 0320-8117
    .
  5. ^ "State Power". The Office of the NKR President. Retrieved 28 April 2013. The permanent population of the NKR as of January 1, 2010 constituted 141 4000 people.
  6. ^ Badalyan, Anzhela (7 February 2011). Ղարաբաղյան սփյուռք [Karabakhi diaspora]. Armedia (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 22 March 2013.
  7. ^ Gharibian, A. (1966). Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի բարբառային քարտեզը [Dialectical map of Nagorno-Karabakh]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian) (4). Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences: 273–276.
  8. ISSN 0320-8117
    . Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  9. ^ Г. Б. Джаукян. Языкознание в Армении в V—XVIII вв. // История лингвистических учений. Средневековый Восток / Отв. ред. А. В. Десницкая, С. Д. Кацнельсон. — Л.: Наука, 1981. — С. 13.
  10. ISBN 9780231144780
    . the newly created Azerbaijani army asserted its control over Karabakh, taking its then-capital city Shusha in March 1920 and killing or expelling that city's entire Armenian population
  11. ^ Adjarian 1909, p. 25.
  12. ^
    ISBN 9780812215724
    .
  13. ^ a b c Azerbaijan: Seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. Human Rights Watch. 1994. p. xviii-1.
  14. ^
  15. ISBN 9780859894517
    . The Armenian population in Baku was about 250,000, coming originally from Nagorno-Karabakh, where the Armenian population was about 160,000.
  16. ISBN 9780814719459
    . Large and shambling, he speaks with a stammer and, like many Baku Armenians, is more comfortable speaking Russian than Armenian.
  17. ^
    ISBN 9780203214473
    . The spoken language of today shows a gradual change as the villages extend farther from Erevan and the Ararat valleys. The villagers of western Siunik speak the Erevan dialect, that is, standard eastern Armenian, whereas in eastern Siunik, and in parts of Lori and Pambak in northern Armenia, as well as throughout the Artsakh/Karabakh, the dialect of Karabakh is spoken.
  18. ^
    ISBN 9783110199871
    . The dialects in the southern part of the Republic (Goris, Kapan, Meghri) and in Karabakh are very divergent from the literary language, and their speakers are clearly recognizable. All dialects now are influenced by the Eastern literary language through the schooling system and mass communications; in this respect Armenian dialects are in the same situation as in any other industrialized country.
  19. ^ Этнополитическая ситуация в России и сопредельных государствах в ... году: ежегодный доклад [Ethno-political situation in Russia and surrounding countries in the year ...: annual report] (in Russian). Ин-т этнологии и антропологии Российской академии наук. 2008. Карабахский диалект армянского языка во многом схож с диалектом армянского языка марза/области Сюник в самой Армении
  20. ISSN 0320-8117
    .
  21. ^
    ISBN 9780814719459
    .
  22. ISSN 0320-8117
    . Բարբառային հնաբանոլթ յոլններին (հատկապես գրաբարում չավանդված) վերջին ժամանակներս զգալի ուշադրություն է դարձվում'ւ Այդպիսիք շատ են Ղարաբաղի բարբառում է: Ղարաբաղի բարբառը հարազատորեն է պահել նաև գրաբարյան շատ երևույթներ:
  23. ISSN 0320-8117
    . Ղյսրաբաղի բարբառի Հնդեւրոպական տարրերը (գրաբարում Հավանդ- • ված բառեր): կւնելով Հայերենի որպես ՚ Հնդեվրոպական լեզուներից մեկի տարածքային տարբերակը, բարբառն, անշուշտ, պահել է Հ.-ե. ծագումով բազմաթիվ բառեր՝ զգալի մասը ժառանգելով գրաբարից: Ալ. Մարգարյանի Հավաստմամբ Հ.֊ե. ծագում ունեցող 927 բառերի գրեթե կեսը կենդանի ու գործուն է Գորիսի բարբառում*: Բնականաբար, այդ թիվր մեծ կլինի Ղյսրաբաղի բարբառում նկատի առնելով Հենց միայն տարածքային գործոնը:
  24. ^ Krivopuskov, Viktor (2006). Армения, Армения...: 200 вопросов--200 ответов о стране и народе с библейских времен и до наших дней [Armenia, Armenia...: 200 questions-200 answers about the country and the people since biblical times to modern days] (in Russian). Golos-Press. Любопытно, что карабахский диалект армянского языка включает русские слова и даже целые фразы.
  25. ISSN 0320-8117
    .
  26. ISBN 9780226142821
    . ....he knew Russian and the Karabagh dialect of Armenian but felt uneasy speaking, let alone writing, in the literary Armenian of Yerevan.
  27. ^ Armenian Forum, Volume 2, Gomidas Institute, 1999 "...Kocharian's first languages are Russian and Gharabagh dialect..."
  28. ^ Musayelyan, Lusine (24 October 2011). Ղարաբաղյան բարբառը ֆեյսբուքյան "սուպեր հիթ" [Karabakh dialect a Facebook super hit] (in Armenian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013. video
Bibliography
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