Karachi

Karachi ڪراچي‎ کراچی
Megacity
Clockwise from top: Mazar-e-Quaid; Hawke's Bay Beach; Frere Hall; Karachi Port Trust Building; Mohatta Palace; and Port of Karachi
Nickname(s):  City of the Quaid,[1] Paris of the East,[2][3] City of Lights,[2] Bride of the Cities[4][5]
Karachi Map of the city of Karachi Show map of Karachi Karachi Location within Sindh province Show map of Sindh Karachi Location within Pakistan Show map of Pakistan Karachi Location within Asia Show map of Asia Karachi Karachi (Earth) Show map of Earth
Coordinates: 24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E / 24.86000°N 67.01000°E / 24.86000; 67.01000
Country	Pakistan
Province	Sindh
Division	Karachi Division
Settled	1729
Metropolitan council	1880; 144 years ago (1880)
City council	City Complex, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town
Districts[6]	7 Kemari
Government GDP (2020)		Saddar Town ($40 billion)
Website	www.kmc.gos.pk

Karachi (

The region has been inhabited for millennia,

Karachi is now Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. The city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $190 billion as of 2021[update], which is the largest in the country.^[37][38] Karachi collects 35% of Pakistan's tax revenue,^[39] and generates approximately 25% of Pakistan's entire GDP.^[40][41] Approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi,^[42] while Karachi's ports handle approximately 95% of Pakistan's foreign trade.^[43] Approximately 90% of the multinational corporations and 100% of the banks operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi.^[43] It also serves as a transport hub, and contains Pakistan's two largest seaports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim, as well as Pakistan's busiest airport, Jinnah International Airport.^[44] Karachi is also considered to be Pakistan's fashion capital,^[45][46] and has hosted the annual Karachi Fashion Week since 2009.^[47][48]

Known as the "City of Lights" in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife,^[49] Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic, sectarian, and political conflict in the 1980s with the large-scale arrival of weaponry during the Soviet–Afghan War.^[50] The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants, initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers.^[51] As a result of the operation, Karachi dropped from being ranked the world's 6th-most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.^[52]

Etymology

Modern Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi-jo-Goth during the rule of Kalhora dynasty.^[27] The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile in the village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it.^[27] The name Karachee, a shortened and corrupted version of the original name Kolachi-jo-Goth, was used for the first time in a Dutch report from 1742 about a shipwreck near the settlement.^[53][54]

History

Early history

UNESCO World Heritage Site

.

The region around Karachi has been the site of human habitation for millennia.

discovered at several sites.

The expansive Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ancient Greeks, and may have been the site of Barbarikon, an ancient seaport which was located at the nearby mouth of the Indus River.^{[55][56][57][58]} Karachi may also have been referred to as Ramya in ancient Greek texts.^[59]

The ancient site of Krokola, a natural harbor west of the Indus where Alexander the Great sailed his fleet for Achaemenid Assyria, may have been located near the mouth of Karachi's Malir River,^[60][61][62] though some believe it was located near Gizri.^[63][64] No other natural harbor exists near the mouth of the Indus that could accommodate a large fleet.^[65] Nearchus, who commanded Alexander's naval fleet, also mentioned a hilly island by the name of Morontobara and an adjacent flat island named Bibakta, which colonial historians identified as Karachi's Manora Point and Kiamari (or Clifton), respectively, based on Greek descriptions.^[66][67][68] Both areas were island until well into the colonial era, when silting in led to them being connected to the mainland.^[69]

In 711 CE,

Under Mirza Ghazi Beg, the Mughal administrator of Sindh, the development of coastal Sindh and the Indus River Delta was encouraged. Under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against Portuguese incursions into Sindh. In 1553–54, Ottoman admiral Seydi Ali Reis, mentioned a small port along the Sindh coast by the name of Kaurashi which may have been Karachi.^[73][74][75] The Chaukhandi tombs in Karachi's modern suburbs were built around this time between the 15th and 18th centuries.

Kolachi settlement and the first port

The first port was established by the Kalhoras near Karachi in the mid-18th century, known as Kharak Bander.^[76] 19th century Karachi historian Seth Naomal Hotchand recorded that a small settlement of 20–25 huts existed along the Karachi Harbour that was known as Dibro, which was situated along a pool of water known as Kolachi-jo-Kun.^[77] In 1725, a band of Baloch settlers from Makran and Kalat had settled in the hamlet after fleeing droughts and tribal feuds.^[78]

A new settlement was built in 1729 at the site of Dibro, which came to be known as Kolachi-jo-Goth ("The village of Kolachi").^[27] The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, a resident of the old settlement whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile.^[27] Kolachi was about 40 hectares in size, with some smaller fishing villages scattered in its vicinity.^[79] The founders of the new fortified settlement were Sindhi Baniyas,^[78] and are said to have arrived from the nearby town of Kharak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains.^[80] Kolachi was fortified, and defended with cannons imported from Muscat, Oman. Under the Talpurs, the Rah-i-Bandar road was built to connect the city's port to the caravan terminals.^[81] This road would eventually be further developed by the British into Bandar Road, which was renamed Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road.^[82][83]

The name Karachee was used for the first time in a

In 1799 or 1800, the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan, allowed the East India Company under Nathan Crow to establish a trading post in Karachi.^[87] He was allowed to build a house for himself in Karachi at that time, but by 1802 was ordered to leave the city.^[88] The city continued to be ruled by the Talpurs until it was occupied by forces under the command of John Keane in February 1839.^[89]

British control

KMC Building

.

The

The Portuguese Goan community started migrating to Karachi in the 1820s as traders. The majority of the estimated 100,000 who came to Pakistan are primarily concentrated in Karachi.^[94]

Sindh's capital was shifted from Hyderabad to Karachi in 1840 when Karachi was annexed to the British Empire after Major General Charles James Napier captured the rest of Sindh following his victory against the Talpurs at the Battle of Miani. Following the 1843 annexation, on 17 February the entire province was amalgamated into the Bombay Presidency for the next 93 years, and Karachi remain the divisional headquarter. A few years later in 1846, Karachi suffered a large cholera outbreak, which led to the establishment of the Karachi Cholera Board (predecessor to the city's civic government).^[95]

The city grew under the administration of its new Commissioner,

of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city.

Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city's infrastructure, but continued to neglect localities like

in 1889.

With the completion of the

Under the British, the

.

Karachi's increasing importance as a cosmopolitan transportation hub leads to the influence of non-Sindhis in Sindh's administration. Half the city was born outside of Karachi by as early as 1921.[104] Native Sindhis were upset by this influence,^[98] and so on 1 April 1936, Sindh was established as a province separate from the Bombay Presidency with Karachi was once again made capital of Sindh. In 1941, the population of the city had risen to 387,000.^[98]

Post-independence

At the dawn of independence following the success of the Pakistan Movement in 1947, On 15 August 1947 Capital of Sindh shifted from Karachi to Hyderabad and Karachi was made the national capital of Pakistan.

Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000.^[22] The city had a slight Hindu majority, with around 51% of the population being Hindu. Partition resulted in the exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though Karachi, like most of Sindh, remained relatively peaceful compared to cities in Punjab.^[105] Riots erupted on 6 January 1948, after which most of Sindh's Hindu population fled to India,^[105] with assistance of the Indian government.^[106]

Karachi became the focus for the resettlement of middle-class

Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan, and was administered as a federal district separate from Sindh beginning in 1948,

Karachi of the 1960s was regarded as an economic role model around the world, with

The 1970s saw a construction boom funded by remittances and investments from the

which separated from Pakistan in 1971.

In 1972, the

South

districts.

The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of almost one million

In 1996, two (02) more districts created in the

districts.

The 2010s saw another influx of hundreds of thousands of Pashtun refugees fleeing

In 2022 at least one million flood affectees from Sindh and Balochistan took refuge in Karachi.^{[citation needed]}

Geography

Karachi is located on the coastline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, along the

, which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and beaches.

Karachi lies very close to a major fault line, where the

Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has developed around the Malir River and Lyari Rivers, with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for Kolachi. To the east of Karachi lies the Indus River flood plains.^[124]

Climate

Karachi has a

The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant in winter relative to the warm hot season that follows, which starts in March and lasts until October. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round. Thus, the climate is similar to a humid tropical climate except for low precipitation and occasional temperatures well over 100 F (38 C) due to dry continental influence.

The city's highest monthly rainfall, 19 in (480 mm), occurred in July 1967.[127]^[128] The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.^[129]

Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 47.8 °C (118.0 °F) which was recorded on 9 May 1938,^[130] and the lowest is 0 °C (32 °F) recorded on 21 January 1934.^[128]

Cityscape

The city first developed around the Karachi Harbour, and owes much of its growth to its role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century,^[135] contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar. Karachi's Mithadar neighbourhood represents the extent of Kolachi prior to British rule.

British Karachi was divided between the "New Town" and the "Old Town", with British investments focused primarily on the New Town.^[93] The Old Town was a largely unplanned neighbourhood which housed most of the city's indigenous residents and had no access to sewerage systems, electricity, and water.^[93] The New Town was subdivided into residential, commercial, and military areas.^[93] Given the strategic value of the city, the British developed the Karachi Cantonment as a military garrison in the New Town to aid the British war effort in the First Anglo-Afghan War.^[93] The city's development was largely confined to the area north of the Chinna Creek prior to independence, although the seaside area of Clifton was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of the city's most desirable properties. The aforementioned historic areas form the oldest portions of Karachi, and contain its most important monuments and government buildings, with the I. I. Chundrigar Road being home to most of Pakistan's banks, including the Habib Bank Plaza which was Pakistan's tallest building from 1963 until the early 2000s.^[2] Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi's historic core lies the sprawling district of Orangi. North of the historic core is the largely middle-class district of Nazimabad, and upper-middle-class North Nazimabad, which were developed in the 1950s. To the east of the historic core is the area known as Defence, an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the Pakistan Army. Karachi's coastal plains along the Arabian Sea south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project. Karachi's city limits also include several islands, including

Economy

Being the largest city, Karachi is also Pakistan's financial and commercial capital.^[137] Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy despite the economic stagnation caused by sociopolitical unrest during the late 1980s and 1990s. The city forms the centre of an economic corridor stretching from Karachi to nearby Hyderabad, and Thatta.^[138]

As of 2021^[update], Karachi had an estimated GDP (PPP) of $190 billion with a yearly growth rate of 5.5%.^[139][38] Karachi contributes 90% of Sindh's GDP^{[140][141][142][143]} and accounts for approximately 25% of the total GDP of Pakistan.^[40][41] The city has a large informal economy which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates.^[144] The informal economy may constitute up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy.^[145] The informal sector employs up to 70% of the city's workforce.^[146] In 2018 The Global Metro Monitor Report ranked Karachi's economy as the best performing metropolitan economy in Pakistan.^[147]

Today along with Pakistan's continued economic expansion Karachi is now ranked third in the world for consumer expenditure growth with its market anticipated to increase by 6.6% in real terms in 2018

Finance and banking

Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's I. I. Chundrigar Road, which is known as "Pakistan's Wall Street",^[2] with a large percentage of the cash flow in the Pakistani economy taking place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign multinational corporations operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which was rated as Asia's best-performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by MSCI.^[152]

Media and technology

Karachi has been the pioneer in cable networking in Pakistan with the most sophisticated of the cable networks of any city of Pakistan,^[153] and has seen an expansion of

, as well as several local stations.

Industry

Industry contributes a large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products.[157] The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector,^[42] and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's value added in large scale manufacturing.^[158] At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy.^[159] Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than the formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value-added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that of formal sector enterprises.^[160] An estimated 63% of the Karachi's workforce is employed in trade and manufacturing.^[138]

Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE,

Name of estate	Location	Established	Area in acres
SITE Karachi	SITE Town	1947	4700[163]
Korangi Industrial Area	Korangi Town	1960	8500[164]
Landhi Industrial Area	Landhi Town	1949	11000[165]
North Karachi Industrial Area	New Karachi Town	1974	725[166]
Federal B Industrial Area	Gulberg Town	1987	[167]
Korangi Creek Industrial Park	Korangi Creek Cantonment	2012	250[168]
Bin Qasim Industrial Zone	Bin Qasim Town	1970	25000[169]
Karachi Export Processing Zone	Landhi Town	1980[170]	315[171]
Pakistan Textile City	Bin Qasim Town	2004	1250[172]
West Wharf Industrial Area	Keamari Town		430
SITE Super Highway Phase-I	Super Highway	1983	300[173]
SITE Super Highway Phase-II	Super Highway	1992	1000[173]

Revenue collection

As home to Pakistan's largest ports and a large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country.^[174] As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces.^[175] Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue is generated in Karachi.^[40]

According to the Federal Board of Revenue's 2006–2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax.^[176] Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports,^[176] and collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.^[176][177]

Demographics

Karachi is the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan.

Karachiite in English, and Karāchīwālā in Urdu.

Language

Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers in Pakistan.[153]^[179] As per the 2017 census, the linguistic breakdown of Karachi Division is:

Language	Rank	2017 census[180]	Speakers	1998 census[181]	Speakers	1981 census[182]	Speakers
Urdu	1	42.30%	6,779,142	48.52%	4,497,747	54.34%	2,830,098
Pashto	2	15.01%	2,406,011	11.42%	1,058,650	8.71%	453,628
Punjabi	3	10.73%	1,719,636	13.94%	1,292,335	13.64%	710,389
Sindhi	4	10.67%	1,709,877	7.22%	669,340	6.29%	327,591
Saraiki	5	4.98%	798,031	2.11%	195,681	0.35%	18,228
Balochi	6	4.04%	648,964	4.34%	402,386	4.39%	228,636
Others	7	12.25%	1,963,233	12.44%	1,153,126	12.27%	639,560
All		100%	16,024,894	100%	9,269,265	100%	5,208,132

The category of "others" includes

Population

At the end of the 19th century, Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000.

Lower than expected population figures from the census suggest that Karachi's poor infrastructure, law and order situation, and weakened economy relative to other parts of Pakistan made the city less attractive to in-migration than previously thought.[178] The figure is disputed by all the major political parties in Sindh.^{[186][187][188]} Karachi's population grew by 59.8% since the 1998 census to 14.9 million, while Lahore city grew 75.3%^[189] – though Karachi's census district had not been altered by the provincial government since 1998, while Lahore's had been expanded by Punjab's government,^[189] leading to some of Karachi's growth to have occurred outside the city's census boundaries.^[178] Karachi's population had grown at a rate of 3.49% between the 1981 and 1998 census, leading many analysts to estimate Karachi's 2017 population to be approximately 18 million by extrapolating a continued annual growth rate of 3.49%. Some had expected that the city's population to be between 22 and 30 million,^[178] which would require an annual growth rate accelerating to between 4.6% and 6.33%.^[178]

Historical Population
Year	Pop.		%±
1729	250		—
1838	14,000		5,500.0%
1842	15,000		7.1%
1850	16,773		11.8%
1856	22,227		32.5%
1861	56,859		155.8%
1881	73,560		29.4%
1891	105,199		43.0%
1901	136,297		29.6%
1911	186,771		37.0%
1921	244,162		30.7%
1931	300,779		23.2%
1941	435,887		44.9%
1951	1,137,667		161.0%
1961	2,044,044		79.7%
1972	3,606,744		76.5%
1981	5,437,984		50.8%
1986	7,443,663		36.9%
1998	9,802,134		31.7%
2017	14,910,352		52.1%
Source:[190][191][192][193] † Large population rise between 1941 and 1951 due to large-scale migration after independence in 1947.

Political parties in the province have suggested the city's population has been underestimated in a deliberate attempt to undermine the political power of the city and province.^[194] Senator Taj Haider from the PPP claimed he had official documents revealing the city's population to be 25.6 million in 2013,^[194] while the Sindh Bureau of Statistics, part of by the PPP-led provincial administration, estimated Karachi's 2016 population to be 19.1 million.^[195]

District population density per km²

According to 2017 Census, with 43,063.51 residents per square kilometre

is the most densely populated district of the six districts of Karachi as well as the entirety of Pakistan.

Rank	District	Population (2017 census)[196]	Area (Sq. km.)	Density
1	Central	2,971,382	69	43,063.51
2	Korangi	2,577,556	108	23,866.26
3	East	2,875,315	139	20,685.72
4	South	1,769,230	122	14,501.89
5	West	3,907,065	929	4,205.67
6	Malir	1,924,364	2,160	890.90
	All	16,024,894	3,527	4,543.49

Ethnicity

The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement, with Balochis and Sindhis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood,^[23] though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants. Following Partition, large numbers of Hindus left Pakistan for the newly independent Dominion of India (later the Republic of India), while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant and refugees from India settled in Karachi. The city grew 150% during the ten year period between 1941 and 1951 with the new arrivals from India,^[197] who made up 57% of Karachi's population in 1951.^[198] The city is now considered a melting pot of Pakistan and is the country's most diverse city.^[23]

Karachi is the largest Bengali speaking city outside Bengal region.

In 2011, an estimated 2.5 million foreign migrants lived in the city, mostly from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.^[199]

Much of Karachi's citizenry descend from Urdu-speaking migrants and refugees from North India who became known by the Arabic term for "Migrant":

Karachi is home to a wide array of non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what is now the

During the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, large numbers

Migrants from Punjab began settling in Karachi in large numbers in the 1960s, and now make up an estimated 14% of Karachi's population.[2] The community forms the bulk of the city's police force.^[2] The bulk of Karachi's Christian community, which makes up 2.5% of the city's population, is Punjabi.^[214]

Despite being the capital of Sindh province, only 6–8% of the city is Sindhi.

Following the

Central Asian migrants from

During World War II, about 3,000 Polish refugees from the Soviet Union, with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition.^[221][222] Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary Iran.^[218]

Religion

Grand Jamia Mosque

is the largest mosque in Pakistan and 3rd largest in the world.

Karachi is a religiously homogeneous city with more than 96 per cent of its population adhering to Islam.

population left for India while Muslim refugees from India, in turn, settled in the city. This mass migration dramatically changed the religious demographics of the city.

Islam

.

Christianity

Approximately 2.5% of Karachi's population is Christian.[223]^[224][225] The city's Christian community is primarily composed of Punjabi Christians and a community of Goan Catholics who are typically better-educated and more affluent than their Punjabi co-religionists.^[233] They established the posh Cincinnatus Town in Garden East as a Goan enclave. The Goan community dates from 1820 and has a population estimated to be 12,000–15,000 strong.^[234] Karachi is served by its own archdiocese, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi.

Hinduism

While most of the city's Hindu population left en masse for India following Pakistan's independence, Karachi still has a large Hindu community with an estimated population of 250,000 based on 2013 data,

which are over a 100 years old.

Zoroastrianism

Karachi's affluent and influential

In 2019, according to Framji Minwalla, approximately 1,092 Parsis are left in Pakistan.^[239]

Transportation

Road

Karachi is served by a road network estimated to be approximately 15,500 kilometres (9,600 miles) in length,^[240] serving approximately 5 million vehicles per day.

Karachi is served by 6 Signal-Free Corridors which are designed as urban express roads to permit traffic to transverse large distances without the need to stop at intersections and stoplights. The 16 km (10 mi) Karsaz Road connects PAF Museum in central Karachi to SITE Industrial Area. The Rashid Minhas Road connects Surjani Town with Shah Faisal Town over a 20 km span. The 19 km (12 mi) University Road connects Karachi's urban centre to the Gulistan-e-Johar suburb. The 18 km (11 mi) Shahrah-e-Faisal connects Karachi's Sadar area to the Jinnah International Airport. The 18 km (11 mi) Shahrah-e-Pakistan connects city centre to Federal B. Area. The 18 km (11 mi) Sher Shah Suri Road connects the city centre to Nazimabad.

The

and terminate at Kathore on the M-9 motorway.

Karachi is the terminus of the

.

Karachi is also the terminus of the N-5 National Highway which connects the city to the historic medieval capital of Sindh, Thatta. It offers further connections to northern Pakistan and the Afghan border near Torkham. The N-25 National Highway connects Karachi to Quetta, the capital of Balochistan. The N-10 National Highway connects Karachi to the emerging port city of Gwadar.

Rail

Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by

The railway system also handles freight linking Karachi port to destinations up-country in northern Pakistan.

Public transport

Metrobus

Main article:

Karachi Metrobus

The Pakistani Government is developing the

Orange and Green Lines are operational while Red-Line is underconstruction.

People's Bus Service

In 2022, provincial government launched Peoples Bus Service having fleet size of 100+ which run on 12 different routes on nominal fare. The buses are air-conditioned, have wifi, have priority seeting for disabled and elderly and are wheelchair accessible.

Red buses are for general public. Pink buses are for women only. White buses are environment friendly electric buses having designated charging points.

Karachi Circular Railway

KCR was included in

at points of intersection. Project would be operational by 2025.

With its hub at Karachi City station on I. I. Chundrigar Road, KCR will connect the city centre with several industrial, commercial and residential districts within the city.^[249]

Tramway service

A tramway service was started in 1884 in Karachi but was closed in 1975.^[250][251] However, the revival of tramway service is proposed by Karachi Administrator Iftikhar Ali. Turkey has offered assistance in the revival and launching modern tramway service in Karachi.^[252]

Air

Karachi's Jinnah International Airport is the busiest airport of Pakistan with a total of 7.2 million passengers in 2018. The current terminal structure was built in 1992, and is divided into international and domestic sections. Karachi's airport serves as a hub for the flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), as well as for Air Indus, Serene Air and airblue. The airport offers non-stop flights to destinations throughout East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Gulf States, Europe and North America.^[253][254]

Sea

The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the Port of Karachi and the nearby Port Qasim, the former being the oldest port of Pakistan. Port Qasim is located 35 kilometres (22 miles) east of the Port of Karachi on the Indus River estuary. These ports handle 95% of Pakistan's trade cargo to and from foreign ports. These seaports have modern facilities which include bulk handling, containers and oil terminals.^[255] The ports are part of the Maritime Silk Road.^[256]

Civic administration

City government

Karachi has a fragmented system of civic government. The urban area is divided into six District Municipal Corporations:

Each district is further divided into between 22 and 42 Union Committees. Each Union Committee is represented by seven elected representatives, four of whom can be general candidates of any background; the other three seats are reserved for women, religious minorities, and a union representative or peasant farmer.

Karachi's urban area also includes six cantonments, which are administered directly by the Pakistani military, and include some of Karachi's most desirable real-estate.

Key civic bodies, such as the

Historical background

In response to a cholera epidemic in 1846, the

During the 1900s, Karachi saw its major beautification project under the mayoralty of

Union councils (2001–11)

In 2001, during the rule of General Pervez Musharraf, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi, with a three-tier structure. The two most local tiers are composed of 18 towns, and 178 union councils.^[262] Each tier focused on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation.^[263]

Naimatullah Khan was the first Nazim of Karachi during the Union Council period, while Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Paracha was the first district coordination officer of Karachi. Syed Mustafa Kamal was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and Nasreen Jalil was elected as the City Naib Nazim.

Each Union Council had thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the Union Mayor (Nazim) and Deputy Union Mayor (Naib Nazim).^[264] Each council included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. The Union Council system was dismantled in 2011.

District Municipal Corporations (2011–present)

In July 2011, city district government of Karachi was reverted its original constituent units known as District Municipal Corporations (DMC). The five original DMCs are:

The committees for each district devise and enforce land-use and zoning regulations within their district. Each committee also manages water supply, sewage, and roads (except for 28 main arteries, which are managed by the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation).^[95] Street lighting, traffic planning, markets regulations, and signage are also under the control of the DMCs. Each DMC also maintains its own municipal record archive, and devises its own local budget.^[95]

Municipal Administration of Karachi is also run by the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC), which is responsible for the development and maintenance of main arteries, bridges, drains, several hospitals, beaches, solid waste management, as well as some parks, and the city's firefighting services.^[274] Between 2016 till 2020 the mayor of Karachi was Waseem Akhtar (2016-2020), with Arshad Hassan serving as Deputy Mayor; both served as part of the KMC. The Administrator of Karachi is Syed Saif-ur-Rehman as of 2022.^[275] In 2023, Murtaza Wahab of PPP was elected the mayor of Karachi.^[7][276]

The position of

, and are some of Karachi's most upscale neighbourhoods.

Districts Karachi East Karachi West Karachi South Karachi Central Malir Korangi Kemari

Cantonments A. Karachi Cantonment B. Clifton Cantonment C. Korangi Creek Cantonment D. Faisal Cantonment E. Malir Cantonment F. Manora Cantonment

City planning

The

City-planning in Karachi, therefore, is not locally directed but is instead controlled at the provincial level.

Each District Municipal Corporation regulate land-use in developed areas, while the Sindh Building Control Authority ensures that building construction is in accordance with building & town planning regulations. Cantonment areas, and the Defence Housing Authority are administered and planned by the military.

Municipal services

Water

Municipal water supplies are managed by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB), which supplies 640 million gallons daily (MGD) to the city (excluding the city's steel mills and Port Qasim), of which 440 MGD are filtered/treated.^[95] Most of the supply comes from the Indus River, and 90 MGD from the Hub Dam.^[95] Karachi's water supply is transported to the city through a complex network of canals, conduits, and siphons, with the aid of pumping and filtration stations.^[95] 80% of Karachi households have access to piped water as of 2022^[update],^[278] with private water tankers supplying much of the water required in informal settlements.^[138] 15% of residents in a 2022 survey rated their water supply as "bad" or "very bad", while 40% expressed concern at the stability of water supply.^[278] By 2022, an estimated 35,000 people were dying due to water-borne diseases annually.^[279]

The K-IV water project is under development at a cost of $876 million. It would connect Keenjhar Lake to Karachi hence eradicating water scarcity in eastern and northern parts of the city. It is expected to supply 650 million gallons daily of potable water to the city, the first phase 260 million gallons upon completion.^[280][281]

Desalination plants are also planned to be built on Arabian Sea coast on western side of Karachi in near future. These would resolve water scarcity issues in western parts of the city including SITE Area, Shershah and Orangi Town.

Sanitation

98% of Karachi's households are connected to the city's underground public sewerage system,^[278] largely operated by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB). The KW&SB operates 150 pumping stations, 25 bulk reservoirs, over 10,000 kilometres of pipes, and 250,000 manholes.^[95] The city generates approximately 472 million gallons daily (MGD) of sewage, of which 417 MGD are discharged without treatment.^[95] KW&SB has the optimum capacity to treat up to 150 MGD of sewage, but uses only about 50 MGD of this capacity.^[95] Three treatment plants are available, in SITE Town (Gutter Baghicha), Mehmoodabad, and Mauripur.^[95] 75% reported in 2022 that Karachi's drainage system overflows or backs up,^[278] the highest percentage of all major Pakistani cities.^[278] Parts of the city's drainage system overflow on average 2–7 times per month, flooding some city streets.^[278]

Households in Orangi self-organized to set-up their own sewerage system under the Orangi Pilot Project,^[282] a community service organization founded in 1980. 90% of Orangi streets are now connected to a sewer system built by local residents under the Orangi Pilot Project.^[282] Residents of individual streets bear the cost of sewerage pipes, and provide volunteer labour to lay the pipe.^[282] Residents also maintain the sewer pipes,^[282] while the city municipal administration has built several primary and secondary pipes for the network.^[282] As a result of OPP, 96% of Orangi residents have access to a latrine.^[282]

The Sindh Solid Waste Management Board (SSWMB) is responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste, not only in Karachi but throughout the whole province. Karachi has the highest percentage of residents in Pakistan who report that their streets are never cleaned – 42% of residents in Karachi report their streets are never cleaned, compared to 10% of residents in Lahore.^[278] Only 17% of Karachi residents reporting daily street cleaning, compared to 45% in Lahore.^[278] 69% of Karachi residents rely on private garbage collection services,^[278] with only 15% relying on municipal garbage collection services.^[278] 53% of Karachi residents in a 2022 survey reported that the state of their neighbourhood's cleanliness was either "bad" or "very bad".^[278] compared to 35% in Lahore,^[278] and 16% in Multan.^[278]

Electricity

The one and only electricity providing company in Karachi is

is an Independent Power Producer (IPP) that owns few major powerplants.

Karachi mostly gets electricity from oil, gas and coal powerplants established either on western coastline or Port Qasim Industrial Zone. Most recently built coal powerplants were the 1320MW Port Qasim Powerplant and the 1320MW Hub Coal Powerplant. 3 Nuclear Powerplants on western coastline namely KANUPP (K-1, K-2, K-3) also feed Karachi. Jhimpir, a nearby town has Wind Powerplants of more than 1000MW. This capacity is going to increase in future expansions. Solar Parks are envisioned to be established on western coastline having a starting generation of 1000MW.

75% of Karachi receives uninterrupted power supply almost throughout the year. 25% areas including industrial areas suffer with up to 6 hours of power outages everyday due to energy generation deficit. Power outages increase further in Peak-summer and Monsoon season (May to August). Many slums and unregulated areas are not yet electrified hence they indulge in electricity theft which is locally called Kunda-System.

Police, Ambulance, Firefighting

Police is under the control of provincial government and city government has no authority over it. Ambulance is run by private hospitals or NGOs, the most famous of which are Edhi, Chhipa and JDC. Firefighting is under control of local government and has enough firefighters and vehicles to work quickly during fire.

Education

Districts literacy rate (10 years and above)

According to 2017 Census of Pakistan,

is the most literate district among all the districts of Karachi and Sindh. Following is the literacy rate of 10 years and above population of the six districts of Karachi:

Rank	District	Literate Population % (2017 census)[283]
1	Central	81.52%
2	Korangi	80.49%
3	South	77.79%
4	East	75.96%
5	Kemari )	65.61%
6	Malir	63.69%

Primary and secondary

Karachi's primary education system is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five);

degrees. Karachi has both public and private educational institutions. Most educational institutions are gender-based from primary to intermediate. Universities are mostly co-education.

Several of Karachi's schools, such as

, are operated by Christian churches, and are among Pakistan's most prestigious schools.

Higher

Karachi is home to several major public universities. Karachi's first public university's date from the

was established in 1945, and is now one of Pakistan's top medical research institutions.

The

National University of Sciences and Technology

(NUST) in Islamabad.

Karachi is also home to numerous private universities. The

, operates a campus in Karachi. Other names include:

• Iqra University
• Habib University
• Dow University
• Jinnah Medical and Dental College
• Jinnah Sindh Medical University
• Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology
• United Medical and Dental College
• Liaquat National Medical College
• Institute of Cost & Management Accountants of Pakistan
  (ICMAP)
• Institute of Business Management
  (CBM)

Healthcare

• 
  Aga Khan University's hospital
• 
  Lady Dufferin Hospital

Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals, 80 registered private hospitals and 12 recognized medical colleges,

Karachi municipal authorities in 2017 launched a new early warning system that alerted city residents to a forecasted heatwave. Previous heatwaves had routinely claimed lives in the city, but implementation of the warning system was credited for no reported heat-related fatalities.[126] During 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were available in all major hospitals.

Entertainment, tourism and culture

Shopping malls

Karachi is home to Pakistan and South Asia's largest shopping mall, Lucky One Mall which hosts more than two hundred stores.^[294] According to TripAdvisor the city is also home to Pakistan's favorite shopping mall, Dolmen Mall, Clifton which was also featured on CNN.^[295][296] In 2023, another mega mall/entertainment complex named 'Mall of Karachi' situated at the bottom of Pakistan's tallest skyscraper Bahria Icon Tower will be opened.^[297][298]

Museums and galleries

• 
  The famous "Priest-King" statue of the

  Indus Valley civilization is displayed at Karachi's National Museum of Pakistan

  .
• 
  Built as a home for a wealthy Hindu businessman, the Mohatta Palace is now a museum open to the public.

Karachi is home to several of Pakistan's most important museums. The

.

Theatre and cinema

Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The National Academy of Performing Arts,^[301] located in the former Hindu Gymkhana, offers diploma courses in performing arts including classical music and contemporary theatre. Karachi is home to groups such as Thespianz Theater, a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan.^[302][303]

Though Lahore was considered to be home of Pakistan's film industry, Karachi is home to Urdu cinema and Kara Film Festival annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.^[304]

Bambino Cinema, Capri Cinema, Cinepax Cinema, Cinegold Plex Cinema (Bahria Town), Mega Multiplex Cinema (Millennium Mall), Nueplex Cinema (Askari-4), Atrium Mall Cinema (Sadar) are some of the most popular cinemas in Karachi.

Music

The All Pakistan Music Conference, linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in Lahore, has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004.^[305] The National Arts Council (Koocha-e-Saqafat) has musical performances and mushaira.

Social issues

Crime & Lawlessness

Sometimes stated to be amongst the world's most dangerous cities,^[306] the extent of violent crime in Karachi is not as significant in magnitude as compared to other cities.^[307] According to the Numbeo Crime Index 2014, Karachi was the 6th most dangerous city in the world. By the middle of 2016, Karachi's rank had dropped to 31 following the launch of anti-crime operations.^[308] By 2018, Karachi's ranking has dropped to 50.^[309] In 2021, Karachi's ranking fell to 115. In 2022, the ranking fell further to 128th place, ranking Karachi safer than regional cities such as Dhaka (56th place), Delhi (90th place), and Bangalore (122nd place).^[310]

The city's large population results in high numbers of homicides with a moderate homicide rate.^[307] Karachi's homicide rates are lower than many Latin American cities,^[307] and in 2015 was 12.5 per 100,000^[311] – lower than the homicide rate of several American cities such as New Orleans and St. Louis.^[312] The homicide rates in some Latin American cities such as Caracas, Venezuela and Acapulco, Mexico are in excess of 100 per 100,000 residents,^[312] many times greater than Karachi's homicide rate. In 2016, the number of murders in Karachi had dropped to 471, which had dropped further to 381 in 2017.^[313]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political conflict while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the

Karachi Operation by Pakistan Rangers

Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but rates sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers.^[51] In 2015, 1,040 Karachiites were killed in either acts of terror or other crime – an almost 50% decrease from the 2,023 killed in 2014,^[320] and an almost 70% decrease from the 3,251 recorded killed in 2013 – the highest ever recorded number in Karachi history.^[321] Violent crime like target killings, kidnappings for ransom or extortion, burning or torturing to death, drugs and weapons smugling decreased sharply after 2015. Street crime still remains high like snatching of cash, phones, motorcycles and cars on gunpoint.^[322]

With 650 homicides in 2015, Karachi's homicide rate decreased by 75% compared to 2013.^[323] In 2017, the number of homicides had dropped further to 381.^[313] Extortion crimes decreased by 80% between 2013 and 2015, while kidnappings decreased by 90% during the same period.^[323] By 2016, the city registered a total of 21 cases of kidnap for ransom.^[324] Terrorist incidents dropped by 98% between 2012 and 2017, according to Pakistan's Interior Ministry.^[325] As a result of the Karachi's improved security environment, real-estate prices in Karachi rose sharply after 2015,^[326] with a rise in business for upmarket restaurants and cafés.^[327]

Ethnic & Linguistic conflict

Insufficient affordable housing infrastructure to absorb growth has resulted in the city's diverse migrant populations being largely confined to ethnically homogeneous neighbourhoods.

in 1992, as part of an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. The ethnic conflicts kept going between linguistic groups till late 2010s and are no more extreme.

Poor infrastructure

Urban planning and service delivery have not kept pace with Karachi's growth, resulting in the city's low ranking on livability rankings.[138] The city has no cohesive transportation policy and inadequate transport, though up to 1,000 new vehicles are added daily to the city's congested streets.^[138] Roads and streets are broken at many places but are not repaired in timely manner.

Unable to provide housing to large numbers of refugees shortly after independence, Karachi's authorities first issued "slips" to refugees beginning in 1950 – which allowed refugees to settle on any vacant land.

Pollution

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Air quality index is one of the worst in the world. Due to desert terrain, there is plenty of dust throughout the year except for rainy season. Vehicles and industries also contribute to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. There is a lot of noise pollution due to traffic. Land pollution is due to solid trash not disposed to dedicated dumping sites. Trash is seen here and there and sometimes everywhere.^[329] Lastly there is water pollution in Lyari and Malir rivers as gutters directly open into these rivers. These rivers than directly go into Arabian sea untreated. So sewerage and industrial wastewater is directly being thrown into Indian Ocean hence polluting it and destroying marine life under the sea. 3 waste water treatment plants exist but are all dysfunctional.^[330]

Urban flooding in monsoon season

Size of Drainage system and storm water drains (locally known as Naalahs) in the city is not enough to handle the heavy rainfalls of monsoon. The drainage system and storm water drains are also filled with solid trash. When water finds no path, it enters streets, roads, underpasses and even houses during rainfall in July and August of every year. Major Naalahs like Orangi Naalah, Gujjar Naalah, Mehmoodabad Naalah are cleaned every year by government but are polluted by people the next day. ^[331]

Flooding hinders connectivity of different areas of the city specially Landhi and Korangi. Floods have caused drown or electric shocks related deaths as well. ^[332]

Architecture

Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied

The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the

Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the

Newer skyscrapers are being built in Clifton. At least 50 150m+ buildings were underconstruction in 2022.

Sports

Cricket

Cricket's history in Pakistan predates the creation of the country in 1947. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between Sindh and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites.^[340] Karachi is also the place that innovated tape ball, a safer and more affordable alternative to cricket.^[341]

The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 Test matches played at the National Stadium.^[342] The first One Day International at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball.

The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi,^[343] Karachi Blues,^[344] Karachi Greens,^[345] and Karachi Whites.^[346] The National Stadium hosted two group matches (Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3 March), and a quarter-final match (South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March) during the 1996 Cricket World Cup.^[347]

Rafi Cricket Stadium under construction in Bahria Town would soon become the largest cricket stadium in Karachi with a capacity of 50,000+ spectators.

Other sports

When it comes to sports Karachi has a distinction, because some sources cite that it was in 1877 at Karachi in (British) India, where the first attempt was made to form a set of rules of badminton^[348] and likely place is said to be Frere Hall.

Karachi has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007.^[349]

In 2005, the city hosted the

venue and Multi-purpose sports facility in Karachi.

Professional teams of Karachi

Club	League	Sport	Venue	Established
Karachi Kings	Pakistan Super League	Cricket	National Stadium	2015
Karachi Kings	Pakistan Super League	Cricket	National Stadium	2015
Karachi Blues	National T20 Cup	Cricket	National Stadium	2023
Karachi Whites	National T20 Cup/Quaid-e-Azam Trophy	Cricket	National Stadium	2023
Karachi Zebras	National One-day Championship	Cricket	National Stadium	2004
HBL FC	Pakistan Premier League	Football	People's Football Stadium	1975
K-Electric F.C.	Pakistan Premier League	Football	People's Football Stadium	1913
KPT F.C.	Pakistan Premier League	Football	KPT Football Stadium	1887
NBP F.C.	Pakistan Premier League	Football	KPT Football Stadium	N/A
PIA F.C.	Pakistan Premier League	Football	KPT Football Stadium	1958
Karachi United F.C.	Pakistan Premier League	Football	Karachi United Stadium	1996
Diya W.F.C.	National Women Football Championship	Football	N/A	2002

Notable people

Twin towns and sister cities

See also

References

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Karachi

• Gayer, Laurent (1 June 2014), Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City,
  ISBN 978-0-19-023806-3
• West Pakistan (Pakistan). Transport Commission; Mian Anwer Ali (1970), Report: April 1969 – September 1969, Volume 2, West Pakistan Government Press
• Review of Developments in Transport in the ESCAP Region ...: Asia and the Pacific, United Nations, 2007,
  ISBN 978-92-1120-534-3
• Thomas, Amos Owen (3 October 2005), Imagi-Nations and Borderless Television: Media, Culture and Politics Across Asia, SAGE,
  ISBN 978-0-7619-3396-0
• Janin, Hunt; Mandia, Scott A. (11 October 2012), Rising Sea Levels: An Introduction to Cause and Impact,
  ISBN 978-0-7864-5956-8
• Sind Muslim College, Karachi (1965), Sind Muslim College Magazine, University of Michigan
• ISBN 978-1-74104-542-0
• Weightman, Barbara A. (15 June 2011), Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia, John Wiley & Sons,
  ISBN 978-1-118-13998-1
• Senzai, N. H. (17 November 2015), Ticket to India, Simon and Schuster,
  ISBN 978-1-4814-2258-1
• Narayanan, Yamini (19 November 2015), Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising Sustainable Cities for South Asia,
  ISBN 978-1-317-75542-5
• Stimson, Robert; Haynes, Kingsley E. (1 January 2012), Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues, Edward Elgar Publishing,
  ISBN 978-1-78100-796-9
• Publications, Newsline (2006), Newsline, Volume 18,
  ISBN 978-1-78100-796-9
• Shahid Alam, Mohammad (1996), Community Organizations and Urban Development: A Study of Selected Urban Settlements in Karachi, NGO Resource Centre
• Balbo, Marcello (2005), International Migrants and the City: Bangkok, Berlin, Dakar, Karachi, Johannesburg, Naples, São Paulo, Tijuana, Vancouver, Vladivostok, UN-HABITAT,
  ISBN 978-92-1131-747-3
• Blank, Jonah; Clary, Christopher; Nichiporuk, Brian (30 October 2014), Drivers of Long-Term insecurity and Instability in Pakistan: Urbanization, Rand Corporation, p. 19,
  ISBN 978-0-8330-8751-5
• Cohen, Stephen P. (2004), The Idea of Pakistan,
  ISBN 978-0-8157-9761-6
• Q. Ashton Acton (1 May 2013), Issues in National, Regional, and Environmental Health and Medicine (2013 ed.), ScholarlyEditions, p. 278,
  ISBN 978-1-4901-1294-7
• Q. Ashton Acton (22 July 2013), Endocrine System Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional (2013 ed.), ScholarlyEditions, p. 404,
  ISBN 978-1-4816-5848-5
• Zaidi, Zohra; S.W Lanigan (10 March 2010), Dermatology in Clinical Practice, Springer Science & Business Media, p. x,
  ISBN 978-1-84882-862-9
• Aslam Uqaili, Mohammad; Harijan, Khanji (14 October 2011), Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Springer Science & Business Media, p. 259,
  ISBN 978-3-7091-0109-4
• Renaux, Helen (2011), True Children of the Raj, Trafford Publishing, p. 159,
  ISBN 978-1-4669-0177-3
• Miller, Kenneth D.; Simon, Miklos (3 February 2015), Global Perspectives on Cancer: Incidence, Care, and Experience [2 volumes]: Incidence, Care, and Experience, ABC-CLIO, p. 414,
  ISBN 978-1-4408-2858-4

External links

• Official website
• Karachi at the end of the Raj, film by an unknown British soldier, 1942–1947, Mowgli Productions.
• Karachi at
  Curlie
• Growth of the city