Karamanids

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

For other uses, see Karaman (disambiguation).
Beylik of Karaman
1250–1487
Mut
Ereğli[1]
Common languagesPersian,
Karaman Bey
• 1483–1487
Mahmud Bey
Historical era
Late Medieval
• Established
1250
• Disestablished
1487
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Sultanate of Rum
Ottoman Empire
Part of a series on the
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Turkey in Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, 1921
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The Beylik of Karaman (orange) in 1300

The Karamanids (Turkish: Karamanoğulları or Karamanoğulları Beyliği), also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman (Turkish: Karamanoğulları Beyliği), was one of the Anatolian beyliks, centered in South-Central Anatolia around the present-day Karaman Province. From the mid 14th century until its fall in 1487, the Karamanid dynasty was one of the most powerful beyliks in Anatolia.[3]

History

Page from the Quran manuscript made for Halil of Karaman. Konya, 1314. Mevlâna Museum

The Karamanids traced their ancestry from Hodja Sad al-Din and his son

the Mongol invasion
in 1230.

The Karamanids were members of the

Seljuq Sultan of Rum, Kayqubad I, instead established a Karamanid dynasty in these lands.[5]

Mamluks and Seljuks
(1244).

The rivalry between

Pervâne
Sulayman Muin al-Din (who had the real power in the sultanate).

Larende (now Karaman, in honor of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260) in order to win him to his side. In the meantime, Bunsuz, brother of Karaman Bey, was chosen as a Candar, or bodyguard, for Kilij Arslan IV
. Their power rose as a result of the unification of Turkish clans that lived in the mountainous regions of Cilicia with the new Turkish population transferred there by Kayqubad.

Good relations between the

Mu'in al-Din Suleyman, the Pervane, Karaman Bey and his two brothers, Zeynül-Hac and Bunsuz, marched toward Konya, the Seljuq capital, with 20,000 men. A combined Seljuq and Mongol
army, led by the Pervane, defeated the Karamanid army and captured Karaman Bey's two brothers.

After Karaman Bey died in 1262, his older son,

Mehmed Bey captured Konya on 12 May and placed on the throne a pretender called Jimri, who claimed to be the son of Kaykaus
. In the end, however, Mehmed was defeated by Seljuq and Mongol forces and executed with some of his brothers in 1278.

Despite these blows, the Karamanids continued to increase their power and influence, largely aided by the

Murat I
, the first important contact between the two dynasties.

As Ottoman power expanded into the Balkans, Aleaddin Ali Bey captured the city of Beyşehir, which had been an Ottoman city. However, it did not take much time for the Ottomans to react and march on Konya, the Karamanoğlu capital city. A treaty between the two kingdoms was formed, and peace existed until the reign of Bayezid I.

Bursa. He captured the city and damaged it; this would not be the last Karamanid invasion of Ottoman
lands. However, Mehmet Bey was captured by Bayezid Pasha and sent to prison. He apologized for what he had done and was forgiven by the Ottoman ruler.

Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey captured

Egyptian Mamluks damaged Konya after defeating the Karamanids, and Mehmet Bey retreated from Konya
. Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey pursued and captured him; according to an agreement between the two leaders, Mehmet Bey was exiled to Egypt for the rest of his life.

During the

Murad II was returning from Rumelia with a victory against the Hungarian Crusaders. Like all other Islamic emirates in Anatolia, the Karamanids were accused of treason. Hence, İbrahim Bey accepted all Ottoman terms. The Karamanid state was eventually terminated by the Ottomans in 1487, as the power of their Mameluke allies was declining. Some were resettled in various parts of Anatolia. Large groups were accommodated in northern Iran on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. The main part was brought to the newly conquered territories in north-eastern Bulgaria – the Ludogorie region, another group – to what is now northern Greece and southern Bulgaria— present-day Kardzhali region and Macedonia. Ottomans founded Karaman Eyalet
from former territories of Karamanids.

Power of the Karamanid state in Anatolia

According to Mesâlik-ül-Ebsâr, written by Şehâbeddin Ömer, the Karamanid army had 25,000 riders and 25,000

saracens
. They could also rely on some Turkmen tribes and their warriors.

Their economic activities depended mostly on control of strategic commercial areas such as Konya, Karaman and the ports of Lamos, Silifke, Anamur, and Manavgat.

Karamanid architecture

Tiled mihrab niche from the Karamanoglu Ibrahim Bey Imaret, Karaman, now displayed in the Tiled Kiosk of Istanbul

66

medreses
built by the Karamanids survived to the present day. Notable examples of Karamanid architecture include:

  • Hasbey Medrese (1241)
  • Şerafettin Mosque (13th century)
  • İnce Minare (Dar-ül Hadis) Medrese (1258–1279)
  • Hatuniye Medrese (Karaman)
  • Mevlana Mosque and Tomb in Konya
  • Mader-i Mevlana (Aktekke) mosque in Karaman
  • Ibrahim Bey Mosque (Imaret) in Karaman

List of rulers

  1. Nûreddin Sûfi Bey (Capital City: Ereğli) (1250–1256)[1]
  2. Kerîmeddin Karaman Bey (Capital City: Ermenek
    ) (1256?–1261)
  3. Şemseddin I. Mehmed Bey
    (1261–1277), notable for making Turkish the official language
  4. Güneri Bey (1277–1300)
  5. Bedreddin Mahmut Bey
    (1300–1308)
  6. Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312) (Capital City: Konya)
  7. Bedreddin I. İbrahim Bey
    (1312–1333, 1348–1349)
  8. Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348)
  9. Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350)
  10. Şemseddin Bey (1350–1351)
  11. Mut
    ) (1351–1356)
  12. Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1357–1361)
  13. Damad I. Alâeddin Ali Bey (1361–1398)
  14. Sultanzâde II. Mehmed Bey
    (1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
  15. Damad Bengi Ali Bey (1423–1424)
  16. Damad II. İbrahim Bey (1424–1464)
  17. Sultanzâde İshak Bey (1464)
  18. Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed Bey
    (1464–1469)
  19. Kasım Bey (1469–1483)
  20. Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)

Family tree

Karamanid dynasty
Sufi Bey
r. 1250–1256
Karaman Bey

r. 1256–1261
Mahmut Bey

r. 1300–1308
Yahshi
Han Bey
r. 1308–1312		Musa Bey
r. 1312–1333, 
1351–1356		Ibrahim I Bey
r. 1312–1333, 
1348–1349		Halil
Mirza Bey
r. 1333–1348
Ahmet Bey
r. 1349–1350		Shemseddin
Bey
r. 1350–1351		Suleyman Bey
r. 1356–1361		Alaeddin
Ali Bey
r. 1361–1398		Nefise Hatun
Mehmet II Bey

r. 1398–1399, 
1402–1420,
1421–1423
Ibrahim II Bey
r. 1424–1464
Ishak Bey
r. 1464–1465		Pir Ahmad
Bey
r. 1465–1474		Kasim Bey
r. 1474–1483		Turgut Bey
Turgutoglu
Mahmut Bey
r. 1483–1487

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The secondary literature often mentions that Turkish was made the official language by the Karamanid ruler of south-central Anatolia, Mehmed Beg, on his conquest of Konya in 1277. However, this derives from a statement by the Persian historian Ibn Bibi that was probably intended to discredit Mehmed Beg as a barbaric Turkmen. There is no other evidence that the Karamanids ever used Turkish for official purposes or even much for literary ones.” Andrew Peacock, personal communication, May 10, 2017.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Türk Tarih Sitesi, Türk Tarihi, Genel Türk Tarihi, Türk Cumhuriyetleri, Türk Hükümdarlar – Tarih Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Green 2019, p. 62.
  3. ISBN 9781438110257
    .
  4. ^ Boyacıoğlu, Ramazan (1999). Karamanoğulları'nın kökenleri (The Origin Of The Karamanids) Archived 19 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Language: Turkish. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi C.I S.3 Sivas 1999 s.,27–50
  5. ^ a b Cahen, Claude, Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History c. 1071–1330, trans. J. Jones-Williams (New York: Taplinger, 1968), pp. 281–2.
  6. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam vol. IV, page 643.

Sources

Further reading
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