Karasahr
Karasahr
Qarasheher Ārśi; Yanqi; Agni; Kara Shahr; Yenki | |
|---|---|
Town | |
| Karashar | |
 Karasahr downtown mosque | |
  Karasahr Location in Xinjiang  Karasahr Karasahr (China) | |
| Coordinates: 42°3′31″N 86°34′6″E / 42.05861°N 86.56833°E | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Xinjiang |
| Autonomous prefecture | Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture |
| Autonomous county | Yanqi |
| 29000 | |
Karasahr or Karashar (
As of the 2000 census[update] it had a population of 29,000,[1] growing to 31,773 people in 2006; 16,032 persons of which were Han, 7781 people Hui, 7154 people Uyghur, 628 Mongol and 178 other ethnicities and an agricultural population of 1078 people.
The town has a strategic location, being located on the Kaidu River (known in ancient times as the Liusha), China National Highway 314 and the Southern Xinjiang Railway and is an important material distribution center and regional business hub. The town administers ten communities.[1] It has a predominately Muslim population and contains many mosques.
Geography
The modern town of Yanqi is situated about 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of the shallow
The city, referred to in classical Chinese sources as Yanqi, was located on the branch of the
History
The earliest known inhabitants of the area were an
Ārśi was bordered by related
In China, Han dynasty sources describe Yanqi (Ārśi / Agni) as a relatively large and important neighboring kingdom. According to Book of Han, the various states of the "Western Regions", including Yanqi, were controlled by the nomadic Xiongnu, but later came under the influence of the Han dynasty, following a Han show of force against Dayuan (Fergana) in the late 2nd century BCE.[4]
From the 1st century BCE onwards, many populations in the Tarim Basin, including the Ārśi underwent
According to the Book of the Later Han, General Ban Chao went on a punitive campaign against Yanqi in 94 CE after they attacked and killed the Protector General Chen Mu and Vice Commandant Guo Xun in 75 CE. The king of Yanqi was decapitated and his head displayed in the capital. Later rebellions were subdued by Ban Chao's son Ban Yong in 127 CE.
- It has "15,000 households, 52,000 individuals, and more than 20,000 men able to bear arms. It has high mountains on all four sides. There are hazardous passes on the route to Qiuci (Kucha) that are easy to defend. The water of a lake winds between the four mountains, and surrounds the town for more than 30 li [12.5 km]."[5]
Agnideśa became a tributary state of Tang China in 632 CE. In 644, during the
According to Book of Zhou (636 CE) the kingdom of Yanqi (Karashahr) was a small country with poor people and nine walled towns, and described the country and their custom thus:[6]
- Marriage is about the same as among the Chinese. All the deceased are cremated and then buried. They wear mourning for seven full days, after which they put it off. The adult men all trim their hair to make a head decoration. Their written characters are the same as those of India.
- It is their custom to serve "Heavenly God(s)" but they also show reverence and trust in the doctrines of the Śākya, and follows His Way.
- The climate is cold, and the land good and fertile. For cereals, they have rice, millet, pulse, wheat, and barley. For animals, they have camels, horses, cows, and sheep. They raise silk-worms but do not make silk, merely using [the silk fiber] for padding. It is their custom to relish grape wine, and also to love music. It is some ten li north of a body of water, and has an abundance of fish, salt, and rushes. In the fourth year of the period Pao-ting, its king sent an envoy to present its renowned horses.[6][7]
By the mid-9th century, the area had been conquered by the
Between the mid-13th century and the 18th century, Karasahr was part of the
Karashahr may have been known to late medieval Europeans as Cialis, Chalis, or Chialis,[b] although Korla, Krorän, and other city names are instead favored by some scholars.
In the early 17th century, the Portuguese
The British traveller Francis Younghusband briefly visited Karasahr in 1887 on his overland journey from Beijing to India. He described it as being "like all the towns hereabouts, is surrounded by a mud wall, and the gateways are surmounted by the usual pagoda-like towers. There is a musketry wall round outside the main wall, but it is now almost in ruins. Inside the wall are some yamens, but only a few houses. Outside, to the south, are a few shops and inns."[15]
An early-20th-century traveler described the situation in Karashahr as follows:
- "The whole of this district round Kara-shahr and Korla is, from a geographical and political point of view, both interesting and important; for whilst all other parts of Chinese Turkestan can only be reached either by climbing high and difficult passes—the lowest of which has the same elevation as Mont Blanc—or traversing extensive and dangerous waterless deserts of sand-hills, here we find the one and only convenient approach to the land through the valleys of several rivers in the neighbourhood of Ili, where plentiful water abounds in the mountain streams on all sides, and where a rich vegetation makes life possible for wandering tribes. Such Kalmuck tribes still come from the north-west to Tal. They are Torgut nomads who pitch their yurts round about Kara-shahr and live a hard life with their herds ...
- Just as these Mongols wander about here at the present day, so the nomadic tribes of an earlier period must have used this district as their entrance and exit gate. The Tochari (Yue-chi) [Pinyin: Yuezhi], on their way from China, undoubtedly at that time passed through this gate to get into the Ili valley ..."[16]
Rulers
(Names are in modern Mandarin pronunciations based on ancient Chinese records)
- Shun (舜) 58
- Zhong (忠) 88
- Guang (廣) 91
- Yuan Meng (元孟) 94–127
- Long An (龍安) 280
- Long Hui (龍會) 289
- Long Xi (龍熙) 306
- Long Jiushibeina (龍鳩屍卑那) 385
- Tang He (唐和) 448
- Che Xie (車歇) 449
- Qu Jia (麴嘉) 497
- Long Tuqizhi (龍突騎支) 605
- Long Lipozhun (龍栗婆准) 644
- Long Xuepoanazhi (龍薛婆阿那支) 645
- Long Xiannazhun (龍先那准) 649
- Long Tuqizhi (龍突騎支) 650
- Long Nentu (龍嫩突) 651
- Long Yantufuyan (龍焉吐拂延) 719
- Long Chang'an (龍長安) 737
- Long Tuqishi (龍突騎施) 745
- Long Rulin (龍如林) 767–789? / Tang general – Yang Riyou 789
See also
Footnotes
References
- ^ a b www.xzqh.org (in Chinese)
- ^ Saran (2005, p. 61)
- Great Tang Records of the Western Regions "vol. 1"
- ISBN 90-04-05884-2.
- ^ Book of the Later Han cited by Hill (2009, pp. 45, 427–431).
- ^ a b Linghu Defen. Zhou Shu [Book of Zhou].
- ^ Miller, Roy Andrew, ed. (1959). Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty. Translated by Miller. University of California Press. pp. 9–10.
- ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2, in 4 volumes.
- ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2.
- ^ a b Ricci, Matteo (1615). Trigault, Nicolas (ed.). De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu [On the Christian Mission among the Chinese by the Society of Jesus] (in Latin). Augsburg, DE. There is also Ricci, Matteo; Trigault, Nicolas (1617). full Latin text available – via Google Books.
- ISBN 0-231-03801-1.
- ISBN 0-231-03801-1.
- ISBN 978-1-60520-150-4.
- ^
- ISBN 1-4212-6550-8(hdcv).
- ^ von Le Coq, A. (1985) [1928]. Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan: An account of the activities and adventures of the second and third German Turfan expeditions. Translated by Barwell, Anna (Reprint ed.). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 145–146.
Sources
- Hill, John E. (2004). The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A third century Chinese account composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.
- Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A study of the silk routes during the later Han dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE. Charleston, SC: BookSurge. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Puri, B.N. (2000) [1987]. Buddhism in Central Asia. (reprint ed.) Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
- Saran, Mishi (2005). Chasing the Monk's Shadow: A journey in the footsteps of Xuanzang. New Delhi: Penguin / Viking. ISBN 0-670-05823-8.
- Stein, Aurel M. (1990) [1912]. Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal narrative of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 2 vols. (reprint ed.) Delhi, IN: Low Price Publications.
- Stein, Aurel M. (1980) [1921]. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. (orig ed.) London & Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. (reprint ed.) Delhi, IN: Motilal Banarsidass.[1]
- Stein Aurel M. (1981) [1928]. Innermost Asia: Detailed report of explorations in central Asia, Kan-su and eastern Iran, 5 vols. (orig ed.) Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. (reprint ed.) New Delhi, IN: Cosmo Publications.
- Yu, Taishan (March 2004). A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Western Regions. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations. Sino-Platonic Papers. Vol. 131. University of Pennsylvania.
External links
- Silk Road Seattle - University of Washington (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full-text historical works, maps, photos, etc.)