Kargil

Coordinates: 34°33′34″N 76°07′32″E / 34.5594°N 76.1256°E / 34.5594; 76.1256
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the municipality in Indian-administered Ladakh, Kashmir region. For its namesake district, see Kargil district. For the film, see Kargil (film). For Kargil War, see Kargil War.
Not to be confused with Cargill.

Kargil
City administered by India
Official languages
Ladakhi (Bhoti), Purigi, Brokskat, English[3]
Other spokenShina, Balti
Websitekargil.nic.in
Map

Kargil /ˈkɑːrɡɪl/ or Kargyil[4][5] is a town in Indian-administered Ladakh, neighbouring the disputed Kashmir region.[1] It is the joint capital of Ladakh, an Indian-administered union territory in the Trans-Himalaya. It is also the administrative capital of the Kargil district. It is the second-largest urban centre in Ladakh after Leh.[6] Kargil is located 204 kilometres (127 mi) east of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir, and 234 kilometres (145 mi) to the west of Leh. It is situated on the bank of the Suru River near its confluence with the Wakha river, the latter providing the most accessible route to Leh.[7]

Etymology

The Ladakh Chronicles spell the name of Kargil as Wylie: dkar skyil, THL: kar kyil.[8] The word can be interpreted as meaning a bright or wholesome expanse.[9]

Modern newspapers are said to spell the name as Wylie: dkar `khyil, THL: kar khyil.[10] It can also be interpreted as a bright or wholesome mountainous amphitheatre.[11] This phrase occurs often in Tibetan literature.

The Kargil basin does give the feel of an expanse surrounded by low-pitched mountains, with the low Khurbathang plateau at the southeastern corner. This is in sharp contrast to the deep gorges that give access to the valley.[7][12]

The people of Kargil however relate the name to Khar (fort) and rkil (centre) and interpret it as a central place among many forts.[13] Radhika Gupta has opined that it is a fitting description for a place that is equidistant from Srinagar, Leh and Skardu.[13]

Location

Location of Kargil with respect to Kashmir, Baltistan and Leh

Kargil is located at the confluence of multiple river valleys: the

Sod Valley to the east leading to the Indus Valley near Batalik. In addition, at a short distance to the north, the Dras River valley branches off from the Suru valley leading to the Zoji La pass and Kashmir. Further north along the Suru valley, one reaches the Indus valley, leading to Skardu
. Thus, Kargil is located at a key junction of routes between Kashmir, Ladakh and Baltistan.

Scholar Janet Rizvi states that the Indus Valley between Marol and Dah is a narrow gorge and was not easily traversable in the pre-modern period. So the normal trade route between Baltistan and Leh also ran via Kargil, using the Suru valley and Wakha Rong.[7][14]

After the

Indo-Pakistan War of 1971, Indian forces pushed the Line of Control north of the ridgeline, ensuring Kargil's security. A key village called Hunderman
came under Indian control as a result of this push.

History

The Sod Valley had a strong fort called Sod Pasari (Wylie: sod pa sa ri, now known as Pasar Khar) by the 16th or 17th century. It controlled "Lower Purig", including the Sod Valley, the lower portion of Wakha Rong and, likely the Kargil basin itself.[16][17] By the 18th or 19h century, it also had a sub-branch at Pashkum[a] (Wylie: pas kyum) southeast of Kargil town in the Wakha Rong valley.[17]

Dogra period

Ruins of the old fort at Sod

During Zorawar Singh's invasion of Ladakh in 1834, the Dogras attacked both these forts and destroyed them.[18][19] Afterwards, Zorawar Singh stationed a Kardar (administrator) for Kargil and Drass, and probably built a fort at Kargil for this purpose. In 1838, the people of the region revolted against the Dogras and the killed the Kardar.[20][21]

In 1840, after another rebellion in Ladakh, Zorawar Singh deposed the Gyalpo and annexed Ladakh. He also decided to invade Baltistan.[22] On the way to Baltistan, he made a detour to Sod, routed the rebels and, according to the Dogra narrative, "annexed" the whole of Purig. He appointed kardars for Drass and Suru.[23][b]

After Zorawar Singh's death in Tibet, there was another rebellion in Ladakh and Purig. But Dogras sent fresh forces under Wazir Lakhpat, who beat back the Tibetans and reestablished status quo ante. On returning, the Wazir garrisoned the Kargil fort and took all the Rajas of the region as prisoners.[24]

Alexander Cunningham described the Kargil fort as a square of about sixty yards on the left bank of the Suru River immediately above its junction with Wakha Rong. It was able to defend the bridge over the Suru River and completely command the Kashmir–Ladakh road.[25]

In 1854, there were three ilaqas (subdistrics) in the present day Kargil distric, at Kargil, Dras and Zanskar respectively. They were headed by civil officers called Thanadars.[26] It would appear that the growth of Kargil as an administrative centre and a town owes to this establishment.

During the reign of Pratap Singh, a wazarat (district) was established for all the frontier regions (including Gilgit), and Kargil was made a tehsil of the wazarat. Sometime later, Gilgit was separated, and Kargil, Skardu and Leh made up the Ladakh wazarat. The district headquarters shifted between the three locations each year.[27]

Importance to Central Asian trade route

In historical times, Ladakh was a busy entrepôt for Silk Route trade between Central and South Asia. Both Leh and Kargil benefitted from the trade between South and Central Asia as posts and halting places on the caravan routes from Srinagar to Leh, and on to Central Asia until the mid-20th century. During the colonial period, the significance of this trade route in Kargil town manifested in the form of a serai, a rest-house, and post and telegraph offices. The small wooden shops and large emporiums of Kargil's small bazaar offered matches, kerosine oil, several varieties of sugar and tea, cotton cloth from Bombay and Manchester, and cheap glass and tinsel ornaments.[6]

Independent India

Kargil War Memorial

The

Kashmir divisions in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan renamed the Skardu tehsil Baltistan
and divided it into further districts.

At the end of

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the two nations signed the Simla Agreement, converting the former ceasefire line with some adjustments into a Line of Control, and promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary.[28]

In 1999 the area saw infiltration by Pakistani forces, leading to the Kargil War. Fighting occurred along a 160 km long stretch of ridges overlooking the only road linking Srinagar and Leh.[29] The military outposts on the ridges above the highway were generally around 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) high, with a few as high as 5,485 metres (18,000 ft). After several months of fighting and diplomatic activity, the Pakistani forces were forced to withdraw to their side of the Line of Control by their Prime minister Nawaz Sharif after he visited the USA.[30]

Geography

Kargil town with the Suru river in the foreground and mountain background

Kargil has an average elevation of 2,676 metres (8,780 feet), and is situated along the banks of the Suru River (Indus). The town of Kargil is located 205 km (127 mi) from

Northern Areas across the LOC. Like other areas in the Himalayas, Kargil has a temperate climate. Summers are hot with cool nights, while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping below −20 °C (−4 °F).[32]

Demographics

The total population of Kargil town increased almost tenfold from 1,681 persons in 1961 to 16,338 persons in 2011. The level of urbanisation concomitantly increased from 3.7% to 11.6%. In the same period, the population of the entire Kargil district was tripled from 45,064 to 140,802.[6] As per the Census India 2011, the town has population of 16,338, of which 10,082 are males and 6,256 are females. The population of children between age 0-6 is 1,569 which is 9.6% of total population. The sex-rationis around 621 compared to 889 which is average of the former erstwhile Jammu & Kashmir state. The literacy rate of the town is 75.53%, out of which 85.57% are male literate and 59.35% are females literate. [2]

Religion

Islam and Buddhism are the major predominant religions, followed by Sikhism and Hinduism. The population has 94% of the followers of islamic faith particularly by Shi'ism. Buddhism is the second religion with 8% adherents and Sikhism forms 0.1% of the population respectively.[33]


Religion in Kargil City (2011)[33]

  Islam (94%)
  Buddhism (6%)

Media and communications

All India Radio's channel AIR Kargil AM 684 is broadcast from a radio station at Kargil.[34] Greater Ladakh is the largest circulated bi-lingual newspaper in the Union Territory that publishes once in a week.[citation needed]

Transportation

Air

Srinagar International Airport
.

Rail

There is no rail-connectivity to Kargil yet. The Srinagar-Kargil-Leh railway line is proposed which will connect Srinagar and Leh via Kargil. The nearest major railway station to Kargil is Jammu Tawi railway station located at a distance of 472 kilometres.

Road

An Indian national highway (NH 1) connecting Srinagar to Leh cuts through Kargil.

Kargil-Skardu Road

The all-weather Kargil-Skardu road once linked Kargil to Skardu, a city in Gilgit-Baltistan. Since the 1948 Kashmir War, the road has been closed. Whilst the Indian Government has proposed opening the road as a humanitarian gesture, the Pakistani government has refused.[35][36][37]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Alternative spellings: Pashkyum and Paskyum.
  2. ^ The mention of "Suru" could be a reference to Kargil.

References

  1. ^
    due weight
    in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below).
    (a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
    (b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
    (c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328,
    ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3
     Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
  2. ^ a b District Census Handbook: Kargil, Directorate of Census Operations, 2011, pp. 22–23
  3. ^ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  4. ^ Cunningham, Ladak (1854), p. 148.
  5. ISBN 978-0-253-01309-5
    .
  6. ^
    ISSN 2073-445X
    .
  7. ^ a b c Rizvi, Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia (1996), pp. 19–20.
  8. Francke, August Hermann (1926). Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2
    . Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing. p. 128 – via archive.org.
  9. ^ THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool, The Tibetan & Himalayan Library. Term: "dkar skyil".
  10. ISBN 9789390752270
  11. ^ THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool, The Tibetan & Himalayan Library. Term: "dkar 'khyil".
  12. ^ View of the Kargil valley from the north, Google Maps, retrieved 17 January 2023.
  13. ^ a b Radhika Gupta, Allegiance and Alienation (2013), p. 49.
  14. JSTOR 23002056
  15. ^ LOC Kargil to Kargil, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 26 January 2023.
  16. ^ Francke, A History of Western Tibet (1907), p. 103.
  17. ^
    S2CID 230579183
  18. ^ Cunningham, Ladak (1854), pp. 334–335.
  19. ^ Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2 (1926), pp. 128–129.
  20. ^ Charak, General Zorawar Singh (1983), p. 43.
  21. ^ Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya (2001), p. 191.
  22. ^ Charak, General Zorawar Singh (1983), p. 45.
  23. ^ Charak, General Zorawar Singh (1983), p. 50.
  24. ^ Charak, General Zorawar Singh (1983), p. 111.
  25. ^ Cunningham, Ladak (1854), p. 282.
  26. ^ Cunningham, Ladak (1854), p. 274.
  27. ^ Aggarwal, Beyond Lines of Control 2004, p. 35.
  28. ISBN 1-86508-119-1
    . Pg 4
  29. ^ "1999 Kargil Conflict". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
  30. ^ "War in Kargil – The CCC's summary on the war" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
  31. ^ Profile of Kargil District Archived 18 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Official website of Kargil District
  32. ^ "Climate & Soil conditions". Official website of Kargil District. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
  33. ^ a b "Kargil City Population". Census India. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  34. ^ "How one Ladakhi Woman Kept Kargil's AIR Station Running, Despite Enemy Shelling!". The Better India. 26 July 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  35. ^ "Moving on the Kargil-Skardu road". The Indian Express. 24 April 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  36. ^ "The Kargil-Skardu Route: Implications of its Opening by Zainab Akhter". Ipcs.org. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  37. ^ "Q. 368 Present status of Kargil to Skardu Road | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses". Idsa.in. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2013.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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