Kalina people
Total population | |
---|---|
44,741 | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Venezuela | 33,824 (2011)[1] |
Suriname | 3,000 (2002)[1] |
Guyana | 3,100 (2020)[2] |
French Guiana | 3,000 (2002)[1] |
Brazil | 1,817[3] |
Languages | |
Kali'na Various local languages | |
Religion | |
Animism, Christianity, Native American religions | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Island Caribs |
The Kalina, also known as the Caribs or mainland Caribs and by several other names, are an
Name
The
The Kalina call themselves Kalina or Karìna [kaɽiɁnʲauɽaŋ], spelled variously.
History
Lacking a written form of language before the arrival of Europeans, Kali'na history was passed down orally from one generation to the next through tales of myth and legend.
For a long time, the few Europeans studying the history of the Amerindian people of this area did not distinguish between the various Caribbean tribes. Once the period of exploration was over, interest in the study of these people diminished greatly and did not re-emerge until the end of the 20th century, when a few French expatriates, notably Gérard Collomb, became interested in the Kali'na, and the Kali'na themselves began to relate their history, in particular Félix Tiouka, president of the Association of Amerindians of French Guiana (AAGF), and his son Alexis.
For the reasons given, historical information regarding the Kali'na is rare and incomplete.
Pre-Columbian era
Making up for lack of written records,
The weak historical clues available indicate that before 1492, the Kali'na inhabited the coast (from the mouth of the
They were prolific travelers even though they weren't nomads. They often traveled by land and by sea as far as the area around the Orinoco river to visit family, trade, and marry.[13] They often went to the area surrounding the Essequibo river (now in Guyana) to collect pebbles of red porphyry (takuwa), which Kali'na women prized for polishing their pottery.[14] The term takuwa also refers to jade, which was often traded in the Americas in general.[15]
Colonization
The Palanakiłi arrive
In their first contact with Europeans, the Kali'na thought they were dealing with the spirits of the sea, Palanakiłi, a name they use to this day when referring to whites.[16][17]
One of the first consequences of the arrival of Europeans, as in the case of many other Native American peoples, was a decrease in population due to violence inflicted by European soldiers genocide, and diseases brought over by the Europeans. The Kali'na quickly succumbed in large numbers, because their immune systems were not adapted to the viruses and bacteria of the Old World.
At that time, the Kali'na knew only stone axes and hardwood machetes. These men brought with them axes and machetes of iron, they showed that they cut much better ... This time, the Palanakiłi had brought good things.[18]
Amerindians in Paris
The second half of the nineteenth century saw the heyday of World's Fairs, in which European countries were displaying their wealth with colonial "villages" representing the colonized cultures. Although the World's Fairs of Paris did not have "Amerindian villages", public curiosity was such that Kali'na were sent to the capital twice - once in 1882 and again in 1892 - to be exhibited as oddities at the Jardin d'Acclimatation.[19],[20]
1882
Fifteen Kali’na, all members of one family living in
The Kali'na today
The part of South America where the Kali'na live is very sparsely populated. However, the people of this ethnic group are such an extreme minority in all of the countries in which they are well established that locally they are a majority only in certain very secluded areas. Their current geographic distribution covers only a small fraction of their Pre-Columbian territory.
Brazil
The Kali'nas in Brazil are localized in two groups.
French Guiana
Still present in significant numbers in their original territory, the region between the
Suriname
Kali'na are a strong presence on the left bank of the Maroni River and on the banks of the
Guyana
In Guyana, Kali'na are stereotyped as the most "proud, aggressive, and warlike" of the Amerindian groups. Kalina were paid by plantation owners to capture indigenous slaves as well as recapture African slaves who escaped.[29] One of the smaller indigenous groups in Guyana, Kali'na are settled on the Barama and Pomeroon Rivers, and in the Northwest of the country.[30]
Malaria has had a detrimental impact on the population of Kalina in Guyana, and is exacerbated by hinterland mining that creates still-water pools that serve as vectors for the disease. Many Kalina are also employed in the mining sector.[31]
Venezuela
The country where their numbers are the greatest, Kali'na can be found in two distinct zones: in the
Culture
Kasiri, a cassava-derived beer, is an important part of traditional Kalina celebrations.[32]
For Kalina of
Music
They use mostly percussion instruments. Their sanpula (or sambula) is a large drum with two skins stretched over either end of the shell by hoops pulled together with cord and is played with a mallet. They also have two kinds of maracas, called a kalawasi (or kalawashi) and a malaka.
Their flute, the kuwama, is still made but is more and more often replaced by the European flute. There is also a terra cotta horn called a kuti'
Language
They speak
Thanks to the relatively significant number of speakers, it is one of the most likely Amazonian tongues to survive. Some experiments with written transcription were undertaken in French Guiana.[33] Linguistic standardization of a Kali'na writing system however is plagued by the diversity of the many different forms of the written language currently in use, which have been influenced by the languages of the colonists of the countries in which the Kali'na live, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and English. Thus, even as far as their ethnonym is concerned, Kali'na, there are no fewer than nine different writing systems. Kali'na therefore remains a primarily oral language.
See also
- mythology of the Orinocoregion
- Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Notes
- ^ a b c "Galibi do Oiapoque". Socio Ambiental. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ "Carib, Galibi in Guyana". Joshua Project. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Anonby, Stan (2007). "A report on the creoles of Amapá". Journal of Language Survey Reports: 7–9.
- ISBN 978-0978170769. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
- ^ JSTOR j.ctt24hxr2.
- S2CID 144195511.
- ^ ISBN 978-0978170769. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
- ISBN 2-84450-068-4, henceforth referred to as Na'na.
- ^ (in French) Stéphane Vacher, Sylvie Jérémie, Jérôme Briand ; Amérindiens du Sinnamary (Guyane), Archéologie en forêt équatoriale ; Documents d’Archéologie française, Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris, 1998.
- ^ Na'na, p. 35.
- ^ Na’na, p. 45.
- ^ Na’na, p. 41.
- OCLC 937751323.
- OCLC 880789716.
- ^ Boomert, Arie (1987). Gifts of the Amazons: "green stones", pendants and beads as items of ceremonial exchange in Amazonia and the Caribbean. Caracas: Antropologica.
- ^ Na’na, p. 31.
- ^ There is also a river version of these spirits, Tunakiłi, which appeared in the form of a young woman who overturned canoes and drowned people.
- ^ (in French) Oral history of the Kali’na, Na’na, p. 32.
- ^ a b (in French) Gérard Collomb, Félix Tiouka et M.P. Jean-Louis, Pau:wa Itiosan:bola : Des Galibi à Paris en 1892, décembre 1991.
- Saramaca et des Créoles.
- ^ (in French) L. Manouvrier, Sur les Galibis du Jardin d’acclimatation, Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 1882, p. 602-640. Cité dans Pau:wa.
- ^ (in French) J. Noutous, Les Galibis du Jardin d’Acclimatation, La vie moderne, quotidien, Paris, 12 août 1882. Cité dans Pau:wa.
- ^ (in French) Faisant partie de la Collection de la Société de Géographie de Paris, elles peuvent être consultées à la Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Cartes et Plans.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Galibi do Oiapoque
- ^ "Dorpen en Dorpsbesturen". Vereniging van Inheemse Dorpen en Dorpsbesturen (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ISBN 9991410155.
- ^ Dagblad De West, Ramses Kajoeramari niet meer op lijst ndp, 19 maart 2015
- ^ Waterkant, 9 augustus wordt nationale dag Inheemsen Suriname, 27 juli 2006
- JSTOR 481091.
- ^ "Indigenous Nations". Ministry of Indigenous Peoples’ Affairs. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- JSTOR 27864928.
- ^ .
- ^ Mounier, Nichole (September 5, 1997). "Une aventure éditoriale en Guyane française : créer, publier, diffuser des livres pour enfants. 1988-1997". archive.ifla.org. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
References
- (in French) Gérard Collomb and Félix Tiouka ; Na’na Kali’na - Une histoire des Kali’na en Guyane ; Ibis Rouge Éditions, 2000 ; ISBN 978-2-84450-068-7
- (in French) Gérard Collomb, Félix Tiouka and M.P. Jean-Louis ; Pau:wa Itiosan:bola : Des Galibi à Paris en 1892 ; Awala-Yalimapo, December 1991
- (in French) Gérard Collomb ; Kaliña. Des Amérindiens à Paris. Photographies du prince Roland Bonaparte. ; Éditions Créaphis, Paris, 1992.
- (in French) Jean Hurault ; Français et indiens en Guyane. 1604-1972 ; Paris, 1972 ; Guyane Presse Diffusion, Cayenne, 1989.
- (in French) Jil Silberstein ; Kali’na : Une famille indienne de Guyane française ; Albin Michel, 2002 ; ISBN 2-226-13300-3
- (in French) Serge Mam Lam Fouck ; Histoire générale de la Guyane française, Cayenne, Ibis Rouge Éditions, 1996; ISBN 978-2-84450-163-9
- (in French) Other works of Gérard Collomb, researcher at CNRS and specialist in Kali'na culture.
Further reading
- Magaña, Edmundo et Jara, Fabiola. "The Carib sky". In: Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Tome 68, 1982. pp. 105-132. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/jsa.1982.2212] www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1982_num_68_1_2212