Karl Fiehler
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (February 2014) |
Mayor of Munich | |
---|---|
In office 20 March 1933 – 4 May 1945 | |
Preceded by | Karl Scharnagl |
Succeeded by | Karl Scharnagl |
Reichsleiter | |
In office 2 June 1933 – 8 May 1945 | |
Personal details | |
Born | SS-Obergruppenführer | 31 August 1895
Karl Fiehler (31 August 1895 – 8 December 1969) was a German
Early life
Fiehler was born in Braunschweig, German Empire. As a child, he attended a secondary modern school in Munich and afterwards he began a merchant apprenticeship, which he continued in Schleswig-Holstein in 1914. Fiehler served in World War I and was decorated with the Iron Cross, second class. In 1919 he entered the local government of the City of Munich as an administration trainee and in 1922 successfully passed the examination for the administrative and clerical grade.
Nazi Party career
By 1920 he had already joined the Nazi Party with the membership number 37. In 1923, Karl Fiehler became a member of the Stoßtrupp-Hitler (Shock Troop-Hitler), that had been established to provide personal protect for Hitler. On 8 and 9 November 1923 he participated actively in the failed Beer Hall Putsch. For his participation Fiehler was sentenced to 15 months' confinement in Landsberg fortress.
From 1924 until 1933 he was an honorary alderman and in 1929 he outlined the principles of Nazi local politics in his 80-page booklet "National Socialist Municipal Policy", printed by the Munich publishing house "Franz-Eher-Verlag", which was the central party publisher of the NSDAP. During the 1930s he published on several occasions concerning local politics in Germany from a National Socialist point of view.
Fiehler, who—as an early Nazi Party member—was not only allowed to call himself proudly "Alter Kämpfer" (Old Combatant), which meant members who had joined the Party before the Nazi takeover on 30 January 1933, but could also call himself one of the "Alte Garde" (Old Guard) pre-eminent in the hierarchy as (party members with membership numbers under 100,000) and climbed the party career ladder rapidly. From 1927 until 1930 he was Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Chapter Leader) of the Nazi Party in Munich.
In power
Following the
From November 1933 until 1945 Fiehler was also a member from electoral constituency 24, Upper Bavaria-Schwabia, of the Nazi Reichstag which existed after the Enabling Act of 1933 and the so-called Gleichschaltung (synchronization). On 30 January 1942, Fiehler was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer and was assigned to the Stab Reichsführer-SS (RFSS) (Staff Reichsführer-SS) Heinrich Himmler on 1 April 1936 where he remained until 9 November 1944.[2]
Mayor of Munich
On 9 March 1933 the
All parties and organizations opposing the political Gleichschaltung were forbidden as a result of the National Socialist takeover, in Munich as well as throughout Germany. The "
In 1933 the "German Association of Cities" (
During the 1930s a number of model buildings, prime examples of grandiose Nazi architecture, had been erected by Paul Ludwig Troost, the predecessor of Albert Speer as Hitler's "Court Master Builder", in Munich. A radical remodelling of Munich was intended, in which Fiehler wanted to illustrate as editor of the pictorial book München baut auf. Ein Tatsachen- und Bildbericht über den nationalsozialistischen Aufbau in der Hauptstadt der Bewegung ("Munich Rebuilds. A Factual and Pictorial Report on National Socialist Reconstruction in the Capital of the Movement"). By amalgamations on a grand scale, particularly in the west (Pasing district), the Munich population figure increased considerably from 746,000 (1936) to 889,000 (1943). Nevertheless, major projects like the relocation of the Munich Central Station to Laim district, did not get beyond the planning stage.
Persecution of the Jews
Munich under Fiehler became the vanguard wherever it concerned actions against Jews. In the spring of 1933 the first systematic boycott against Jewish shops was very zealously carried out by Fiehler. On 30 March he decreed this sanction with anticipatory obedience, as the "official" date was actually 1 April. The SA and SS had been terrorising Jewish businessmen since the very beginning of March and had been taking them into Schutzhaft (protective custody). Fiehler proscribed—without any legal basis—municipal contracts with so called "non-German" companies. SA sentries bedaubed the fronts of Jewish shops with inscriptions like "Jew", the "Star of David" or "On vacation in Dachau!". Shop windows were smashed and their clients were intimidated, being mobbed by SA men who molested, registered and even photographed them. Later on the City of Munich hurried, in a quite exceptional manner, with the demolition of Jewish places of worship. The Minister of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, had already commenced the destruction of Munich's main synagogue in June 1938, just to find out, whether the public's reaction would be shock or indifference. The apathetic behaviour of the population would encourage the Nazis to further new outrages.
On 9 November 1938 almost the whole Nazi Party elite convened for a social evening at the invitation of the Lord Mayor Fiehler in the Great Hall of Munich's Old Guildhall. A vicious anti-Semitic diatribe by Goebbels was, for the attendant SA and party-leaders, the signal for a general hunt on Jews. Numerous men and women were killed, tortured and injured in this night of pogrom, which was euphemistically referred to as
Munich's Municipal Cemeteries Department under Fiehler behaved in an absurd, strictly anti-Semitic, manner. It adamantly refused even deceased Christians of Jewish descent cremation or burials. Moreover, so-called "
During
Downfall and death
In the early afternoon of 30 April 1945, the first American soldiers led by 27-year-old Lieutenant Wolfgang F. Robinow approached Munich's central square Marienplatz. With the surrender of the town hall, the Nazi Party rule had ended in Munich. Fiehler had already left a long time before the occupation of Munich took place. On 4 May 1945, four days before the official end of World War II in Europe, the victorious American Forces reinstated Karl Scharnagl as Lord Mayor of the Bavarian capital.
In January 1949 Fiehler, who was married and had three daughters, was sentenced to two years in a labour camp, the confiscation of one fifth of his property and a twelve-year employment ban after Spruchkammerverfahren (proceedings before denazification tribunals). However he did not have to serve the sentence because the previous three and a half years of his detention were credited to the term of his imprisonment. Fiehler died on 8 December 1969 in the village of Dießen on Lake Ammersee in the foothills of the Bavarian Alps.
Decorations
- Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
- Wound Badge (1918) in Black
- The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (1935)
- War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd class
- Golden Party Badge of the NSDAP
- Blood Order
- Anschluss Medal
- Sudetenland Medal
- NSDAP Long Service Award in Bronze, Silver and Gold
- SS Honour Ring(Totenkopfring)
- Sword of honor of the Reichsführer-SS
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland (1943)[3]
See also
- List of SS-Obergruppenführer
- List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
- Nazi Germany: Nazi Party and Nazi government leaders and officials
- List of SS personnel
- List of Munich municipal leaders since 1818 (German Wikipedia)
Notes
- ISBN 978-1-929631-57-5.
- ^ a b Williams 2015, p. 319.
- ISBN 978-952-222-847-5.
References
- Literature by Karl Fieler in the catalogue of the "Deutsche Bibliothek" (the German National Library in Frankfurt on the river Main and Leipzig)
- Albert Anton Feiber Archived 2012-11-06 at the Institut für Zeitgeschichte" (Engl.: "Institute of Contemporary History") and curator of the "Dokumentation Obersalzberg" (a permanent exhibition at Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden on Hitler's favourite holiday resort), writes presently within the scope of a research project his dissertation on the topic: "Karl Fiehler. Eine politische Biographie" (Engl.: "Karl Fiehler. A political biography").
- Klee, Ernst: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945. - 3. ed. - Frankfurt a.M.: S. Fischer, 2005. - pbk, 736 p. - (Fischer-Taschenbücher; 16048). - ISBN 3-596-16048-0. - EUR 16,95
- Large, David C.: Where ghosts walked: Munich's road to the Third Reich. - New York; London: W.W. Norton, 1997. - xxv, 406 p: ill; 25 cm. - Hardcover. - ISBN 0-393-03836-X. -$32.50, £23.00 (list prices) (see English Review by Raffael Scheck and German Review by Dr. Claus-Christian W. Szejnmann)
- München - "Hauptstadt der Bewegung": Bayerns Metropole und der Nationalsozialismus / Münchner Stadtmuseum. Ed. by Richard Bauer ... 2nd ed. - Wolfratshausen: Ed. Minerva, 2002. - 488 p. - ISBN 3-932353-63-3. - EUR 28,00
- Pfoertner, Helga: Mahnmale, Gedenkstätten, Erinnerungsorte für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus in München 1933–1945. - München: Literareon im Utz-Verl. - 3 volumes, bound in boards:
- Vol. 1: A to H. - 2001. - vii, 225 p. - ISBN 3-89675-859-4. - EUR 19,80
- Vol. 2: I to P. - 2003. - 309 p. - ISBN 3-8316-1025-8. - EUR 19,80
- Vol. 3: Q to Z. - 2005. - 199 p. - ISBN 3-8316-1026-6. - EUR 19,80
- Vol. 1: A to H. - 2001. - vii, 225 p. -
- Rosenfeld, Gavriel D.: Munich and memory : architecture, monuments, and the legacy of the Third Reich. - Berkeley; London: University of California Press, 2000. - Hardcover. - xxiii, 433 p. - (Weimar and now; 22). - ISBN 0-520-21910-4. - $50.00, £27.50 (list price)
- Vieregg, Hildegard: Wächst Gras darüber? München: Hochburg des Nationalsozialismus und Zentrum des Widerstands / Museumspädagogisches Zentrum München (MPZ). - München: MPZ, 1993. - 240 p. - (MPZ-Themenhefte zur Zeitgeschichte). - ISBN 3-929862-25-5. - EUR 5,11
- Williams, Max (2015). SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard. Vol. I. Fonthill Media LLC. ISBN 978-1-78155-433-3.
- Wistrich, Robert S.: Who's who in Nazi Germany. - London; New York: Routledge, 1995. - x, 296p. - (Rev. ed. Previous ed. published London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982). - ISBN 0-415-11888-3(pbk, $26,95 list price)
External links
- Short biography with a contemporary photo of Karl Fiehler on the City of Munich Website (Directorate) (in German)
- "Festungshaft" (Engl.: "fortress confinement"), Website of the City of Landsberg on the river Lech (in German)
- Information about the Riga Ghetto (Rumbula.org - The Holocaust in Latvia) (in English)
- Homepage of Kaunas' 9th Fort Museum (in English)
- The Terezín Memorial ("Ghetto Theresienstadt"), national cultural monument of the Czech Republic (in English)
- Hawley, Charles: The US Soldier Who Liberated Munich Recalls Confronting the Nazi Enemy (Spiegel Online, English Site, 29 April 2005)
- Newspaper clippings about Karl Fiehler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW