Karl Taylor Compton

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Karl Compton
President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
In office
1930–1948
Preceded bySamuel Wesley Stratton
Succeeded byJames Rhyne Killian
Personal details
Born(1887-09-14)September 14, 1887
Carl Henry Eckart
Rao/Yao Yutai
Philip M. Morse
Wayne B. Nottingham

Karl Taylor Compton (September 14, 1887 – June 22, 1954) was a prominent American physicist and president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1930 to 1948.[1]

The early years (1887–1912)

Karl Taylor Compton was born in

Mennonite
family that had recently immigrated to the United States. He came from a remarkably accomplished family in which his brother Arthur became a prominent physicist and sister Mary a missionary.

Beginning in 1897, Compton's summers were spent camping at Otsego Lake, Michigan while attending Wooster public schools in fall, winter and summer. He took hard labor jobs starting at age eleven to help pay for college, working carrying hods for construction projects, as a farm hand, mule skinner, a book canvasser, in tile and brick factories and surveyed the first mile of paved road in Ohio.

In 1902, Compton skipped a grade and went into

Wehnelt electrolytic interrupter was published in Physical Review.[5] During 1909–1910 he was an instructor in Wooster's chemistry department before entering a graduate program at Princeton University. There he received the Porter Ogden Jacobus Fellowship, and worked with Owen Willans Richardson and jointly published several papers on electrons released by ultraviolet light, electron theory and on the photoelectric effect. Richardson went on to receive the Nobel Prize in some of the areas where Compton contributed. In 1912, Compton received his Ph.D. from Princeton summa cum laude.[6]

Reed College and WW I (1913–1918)

In June 1913, Compton married Rowena Raymond. They moved to

Signal Corps. In December 1917, Compton was attached to the US Embassy in Paris as an associate science attaché
.

Princeton University (1918–1930)

After the

emission spectra of mercury vapor, and collisions of electrons and atoms
. His paper with OT Richardson, "The Photoelectric Effect," in 1912[7] was one of the first verifications of Einstein's 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect.[8]

Rowena died in the fall of 1919. In 1921, Compton married Margaret Hutchinson, with whom he had a daughter, Jean, and a son, Charles Arthur. In 1927, Compton was named director of research at the Palmer Laboratory and Cyrus Fogg Brackett professor. In 1929 he was appointed head of the department. Over one hundred papers were published in his name during his time at Princeton.

In 1923, Compton was elected a member of the

Optical Society of America, a member of the American Chemical Society, the Franklin Institute
and other professional engineering societies.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1930–1954)

In 1930, Compton accepted an invitation from the

economic turmoil and a time when science
was under attack as a source of social ills and national despair. Compton was to strengthen basic scientific research at the Institute while becoming a spokesman for science and technology.

During Compton's service as president, the organization went through a revolutionary change. He developed a new approach to education in science and engineering, the influence of which was felt far beyond MIT. Significantly, he was active in the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, and its president in 1938. He was a leader in establishing new standards for the accreditation of engineering criteria through his role as chairman of the Committee on Engineering Schools of the Engineer's Council for Professional Development. He believed in broad-based education for scientists and engineers that was responsive to the needs of the time, and that science should be an element of industrial progress.

In the early 1930s, Compton joined with members of the APS to form the American Institute of Physics (AIP). While he was chairman of the AIP board during 1931–1936, the organization became a federation of several disparate societies for developing subject areas in physics. It sponsored publication of research results in the rapidly expanding study of physics during that era.

In 1948, Compton resigned his post as President of MIT and was elected president of the MIT Corporation. He held that position until his death on June 22, 1954.

Cooperation with the military (1933–1949)

In 1933, U.S. President

Roosevelt asked Compton to chair a new Scientific Advisory Board that lasted two years. This put him into a forefront of scientists that perceived a need for reliable scientific advice at the highest levels of government. The start of World War II motivated the start of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), created in 1940 under the chairmanship of Vannevar Bush. Compton was a member of the NDRC and became head of Division D which was responsible for assembling a group of academic and industrial engineers and scientists that would study primarily radar, fire control and thermal radiation. In 1941, the NDRC was assimilated into the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) where Compton chaired the United States Radar Mission to the United Kingdom
.

In August 1942, Roosevelt appointed Compton to the Rubber Survey Committee, which investigated and made recommendations to help resolve conflicts on technical direction in the development of synthetic rubber, arising due to the loss of rubber supply during the war.[9]

In 1945, Compton was selected as one of eight members of the

Harry S Truman responded in agreement.[10] From 1946 to 1948, he was a member of the Naval Research Advisory Committee
. Compton chaired the Joint Research and Development Board from 1948 to 1949, when he stepped down for health reasons.

Awards and honors

The lunar crater Compton is named after Compton and his brother Arthur, who was also an influential scientist. Compton was also the recipient of thirty-two honorary degrees.

References

  1. ^ Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production, pp.14-15, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1945.
  2. ^ "Karl Taylor Compton | American physicist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  3. ISBN 9780309047463
    .
  4. ISBN 9780838910047
    .
  5. ISSN 1536-6065
    .
  6. OCLC 247563377 – via ProQuest
    .
  7. ISSN 0036-8075
    .
  8. ISBN 0-486-26126-3
    .
  9. ^ "U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program". Retrieved 4 Jan 2014.
  10. ^ Compton, Karl T. (1946-12-01). "If the Atomic Bomb Had Not Been Used". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
  11. ^ "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  12. ^ "Joseph Priestley Celebration". Dickinson College. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2011.

Further reading

External links

Academic offices
Preceded by President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1930–1948 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Chair of the Research and Development Board
1948–1950 		Succeeded by
William Webster
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Taylor_Compton&oldid=1199103401"