Kashubians
Kaszëbi | |
---|---|
Roman Catholicism, Protestantism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other West Slavs Especially other Lechites |
The Kashubians (
The Kashubs are closely related to the
Modern Kashubia
Among larger cities, Gdynia (Gdiniô) contains the largest proportion of people declaring Kashubian origin. However, the biggest city of the Kashubia region is Gdańsk (Gduńsk), the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. Between 80.3% and 93.9% of the people in towns such as Linia, Sierakowice, Szemud, Kartuzy, Chmielno, Żukowo, etc. are of Kashubian descent.[8]
The traditional occupations of the Kashubs have been agriculture and fishing. These have been joined by the service and hospitality industries, as well as
The traditional capital has been disputed for a long time and includes Kartuzy (Kartuzë) among the seven contenders.[11] The biggest cities claiming to be the capital are: Gdańsk (Gduńsk),[12] Wejherowo (Wejrowò),[13] and Bytów (Bëtowò).[14][15]
Population
The total number of Kashubians (Pomeranians) varies depending on one's definition. A common estimate is that over 500,000 people in Poland are of the Kashubian ethnicity, the estimates range from ca. 500,000[16] to ca. 570,000.[17][18] In the Polish census of 2002, only 5,100 people declared Kashubian national identity, although 52,655 declared Kashubian as their everyday language.[19] Most Kashubs declare Polish national identity and Kashubian ethnicity, and are considered both Polish and Kashubian. On the 2002 census there was no option to declare one national identity and a different ethnicity, or more than one ethnicity. On the 2011 census, the number of persons declaring "Kashubian" as their only ethnicity was 16,000, and 233,000 including those who declared Kashubian as first or second ethnicity (together with Polish).[20][21] In that census, over 108,000 people declared everyday use of Kashubian language.[22] The number of people who can speak at least some Kashubian is higher, around 366,000.[18]
County / City | Kashubian descent | % | Can speak at least some Kashubian | % | Total population |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puck | 56,358 | 80,2 | 163,707 | 53,3 | 69,900 |
Wejherowo | 113,097 | 66,1 | 171,100 | ||
Kościerzyna | 49,116 | 74,5 | 65,900 | ||
Kartuzy | 94,136 | 93,8 | 83,592 | 83,3 | 100,300 |
Bytów | 37,757 | 49,2 | 26,544 | 34,6 | 76,700 |
Chojnice | 23,926 | 26,3 | 37,954 | 18,8 | 91,000 |
Lębork | 19,594 | 29,7 | 65,800 | ||
Gdańsk | 13,742 | 30,6 | 45,000 | ||
Gdynia City | 81,090 | 31,8 | 10,223 | 4,0 | 255,000 |
Gdańsk City | 47,163 | 10,3 | 31,211 | 6,2 | 457,900 |
Sopot City | 5,795 | 13,7 | 42,300 | ||
Słupsk | 7,945 | 8,4 | 8,889 | 4,5 | 94,100 |
Słupsk City | 9,504 | 9,3 | 102,200 | ||
Człuchów | 7,814 | 13,3 | 3,713 | 6,3 | 58,800 |
Total | 567,000 | 33,4 | 366,000 | 21,6 | 1,696,000 |
As of 1890, linguist Stefan Ramułt estimated the number of Kashubs (including Slovincians) in Pomerelia as 174,831.[24][25] He also estimated that at that time there were over 90,000 Kashubs in the United States, around 25,000 in Canada,15,000 in Brazil and 25,000 elsewhere in the world. In total 330,000.
History
Kashubs are a Western Slavic people living on the shores of the Baltic Sea. Kashubs have their own unique language and traditions, having lived somewhat isolated for centuries from the common Polish population.
Historical population
Until the end of the 12th century, the vast majority of inhabitants of Pomerania (
Johannes Bugenhagen wrote that at the beginning of the 16th century the German-Slavic language border was near Koszalin. During the 17th century, the border between areas with mostly German-speaking and mostly Slavic-speaking populations ran more or less along the present-day border between West Pomeranian and Pomeranian Voivodeships.
In year 1612, cartographer Eilhard Lubinus – while working on his map of Pomerania – travelled from the direction of Pollnow towards Treblin on his way to Danzig. While staying in the manor house of Stanislaus Stenzel von Puttkamer in Treblin, he noted in his diary: "we have entered Slavic-inhabited lands, which has surprised us a lot." Later, while returning from Gdańsk to Stettin, Lubinus slept over in Wielka Wieś near Stolp, and noted: "in the whole village, we cannot find even one German-speaker" (which caused communication problems). Lubinus also travelled from Chocimino through Świerzno to Trzebielino, he entered Slavic-inhabited land. During another trip, near Wierzchocino, he was not able to find even one German-speaking person.
Over a century later, in 1772–1778, the area was visited by Johann Bernoulli. He noted that villages owned by Otto Christoph von Podewils – such as Dochow, Zipkow and Warbelin – were inhabited entirely by Slavic-speakers. He also noted that local priests and nobles were making great efforts to weed out Slavic language and turn their subjects into Germans.[26] Brüggemann in 1779 wrote that the area to the east of Lupow river was inhabited by "pure-blood Wends", while to the west of this river some rural areas were inhabited by already half-Germanised "Wendischdeutsche".[27]
Perhaps the earliest census figures on
Ethnic group | Population (number) | Population (percent) |
---|---|---|
Poles (Polen), incl. Kashubs (number not specified) | 327,300 | 52% |
Germans (Deutsche), incl. Mennonites (Mennoniten) | 277,350 + 12,650 Mennonites | 44% + 2% (Mennonites) |
Jews (Juden) | 12,700 | 2% |
Total | 630,077 | 100% |
Ethnic group | Population (number) | Population (percent) |
---|---|---|
Germans (Deutsche) | 633,000 | 90.3% |
Slavic Wends and Kashubians (Wenden und Kassuben) | 65,000 | 9.3% |
Jews (Juden) | 2,976 | 0.4% |
Total | 700,766 | 100% |
Karl Andree, Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht (Leipzig 1831), gives the total population of West Prussia as 700,000 – including 50% Poles (350,000), 47% Germans (330,000) and 3% Jews (20,000). Kashubians are included with Poles, while Mennonites with Germans.[29]
Modern estimates of Kashubian population in West Prussia in the early 19th century, by county, are given by Leszek Belzyt and Jan Mordawski:
County (Kreis) | Total population | Kashubians and Poles | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Wejherowo-Puck (Weyersfrey-Putzig) | 35,250 | 28,905 | 82.0%[30] |
Kartuzy (Karthaus) | 29,144 | 24,772 | 85.0%[30] |
Kościerzyna (Berent) | 23,120 | 16,646 | 72.0%[30] |
Chojnice (Konitz) without Tuchola | 23,000 | 15,525 | 67.5%[30] |
Gdańsk Highlands (Danziger Höhe) | 27,000 | 9,450 | 35.0%[30] |
Człuchów (Schlochau) | 32,611 | 8,100 | 25.0%[31] |
Total in Eastern Kashubia: | 170,125 | 103,400 | 60.8% |
According to Georg Hassel, there were 65,000 Slavic-speakers in the whole Provinz Pommern in 1817–1819. Modern estimates for just eastern parts of Pommern (Western Kashubia) in early 1800s range between 40,000 (Leszek Belzyt) and 25,000 (Jan Mordawski, Zygmunt Szultka). The number declined to between 35,000 and 23,000 (Zygmunt Szultka, Leszek Belzyt) in years 1827–1831. In 1850-1860s there were an estimated 23,000 to 17,000 Slavic-speakers left in Pommern, down to 15,000 in 1892 according to Stefan Ramułt. The number was declining due to Germanisation. The bulk of Slavic population in 19th century Pommern was concentrated in its easternmost counties: especially Bytów (Bütow), Lębork (Lauenburg) and Słupsk (Stolp).
Reichstag elections (1867–1912)
In all
Origin
Kashubs descend from the
The tenth century far-traveled Arab writer
Administrative history of Kashubia
The westernmost (
German and Polish impact
German
On the other hand, Pomerelia since the Middle Ages was assigned to the
In the 19th century the Kashubian activist Florian Ceynowa undertook efforts to identify the Kashubian language, and its culture and traditions. Although his efforts did not appeal to locals at the time, Kaszubian activists in the present day have claimed that Ceynowa awakened Kashubian self-identity, thereby opposing both Germanisation and Prussian authority, and Polish nobility and clergy.[38] He believed in a separate Kashubian identity and strove for a Russian-led pan-Slavic federacy,[38] He considered Poles "born brothers".[39] Ceynowa was a radical who attempted to take the Prussian garrison in Preussisch Stargard (Starogard Gdański) during 1846 (see Greater Poland uprising),[40] but the operation failed when his 100 combatants, armed only with scythes, decided to abandon the site before the attack was carried out.[41] Although some later Kashubian activists tried to push for a separate identity, they further based their ideas on a misrepresented reading of the journalist and activist Hieronim Derdowski: "There is no Cassubia without Polonia, and no Poland without Cassubia" (Nie ma Kaszeb bez Polonii a bez Kaszeb Polsci").[39] Further stanzas of Derdowski's tribute also point to the fact that Kaszubs were Poles and could not survive without. The Society of Young Kashubians (Towarzystwo Młodokaszubskie) has decided to follow in this way, and while they sought to create a strong Kashubian identity, at the same time they regarded the Kashubians as "One branch, of many, of the great Polish nation".[39]
The leader of the movement was Aleksander Majkowski, a doctor educated in Chełmno with the Society of Educational Help in Chełmno. In 1912 he founded the Society of Young Kashubians and started the newspaper Gryf. Kashubs voted for Polish lists in elections, which strengthened the representation of Poles in the Pomerania region.[39][42][43][44][45] Between 1855 and 1900, about 100,000 Kashubs emigrated to the United States, Canada, Brazil, New Zealand, and Australia in the so-called Kashubian diaspora, largely for economic reasons.[46] In 1899 the scholar Stefan Ramult named Winona, Minnesota the "Kashubian Capital of America" on account of the Kashubian community's size within the city and its activity.[47] Due to their Catholic faith, the Kashubians became subject to Prussia's Kulturkampf between 1871 and 1878.[48] The Kashubians faced Germanification efforts, including those by evangelical Lutheran clergy. These efforts were successful in Lauenburg (Lębork) and Leba (Łeba), where the local population used the Gothic alphabet.[39] While resenting the disrespect shown by some Prussian officials and Junkers, Kashubians lived in peaceful coexistence with the local German population until World War II, although during the interbellum, the Kashubian ties to Poland were either overemphasized or neglected by Polish and German authors, respectively, in arguments regarding the Polish Corridor.[48]
During the Second World War, Kashubs were considered by the
When integrated into Poland, those envisioning Kashubian autonomy faced a Communist regime striving for ethnic homogeneity and presenting Kashubian culture as merely folklore.[48] Kashubians were sent to Silesian mines, where they met Silesians facing similar problems.[48] Lech Bądkowski from the Kashubian opposition became the first spokesperson of Solidarność.[48]
As a result of political mistrust and coercion to declare Polish identity many Kashubians turned away from Poland and chose opting for Germany.[54]
Language
In 2011 Population Census about 108,100 people declared Kashubian as their language.[55]
The classification of Kashubian as a language or dialect has been controversial.
A "standard" Kashubian language does not exist despite attempts to create one, rather a variety of dialects are spoken that differ significantly from each other.[56] The vocabulary is influenced by both German and Polish.[56]
There are other traditional Slavic ethnic groups inhabiting
In the 16th and 17th century
The first activist of the Kashubian national movement was Florian Ceynowa. Among his accomplishments, he documented the Kashubian alphabet and grammar by 1879 and published a collection of ethnographic-historic stories of the life of the Kashubians (Skórb kaszébsko-slovjnckjé mòvé, 1866–1868). Another early writer in Kashubian was Hieronim Derdowski. The Young Kashubian movement followed, led by author Aleksander Majkowski, who wrote for the paper Zrzësz Kaszëbskô as part of the "Zrzëszincë" group. The group would contribute significantly to the development of the Kashubian literary language. Another important writer in Kashubian was Bernard Sychta (1907–1982).
Cultural traditions
Similarly to the traditions in other parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Pussy willows have been adopted as an alternative to the palm leaves used in Palm Sunday celebrations, which were not obtainable in Kashubia. They were blessed by priests on Palm Sunday, following which parishioners whipped each other with the pussy willow branches, saying Wierzba bije, jô nie bijã. Za tidzéń wiôldżi dzéń, za nocë trzë i trzë są Jastrë ('The willow strikes, it's not me who strikes, in a week, on the great day, in three and three nights, there is the Easter').
The pussy willows, blessed by priests, were treated as sacred charms that could prevent lightning strikes, protect animals, and encourage honey production. They were believed to bring health and good fortune to people as well, and it was traditional for one pussy willow bud to be swallowed on Palm Sunday to promote good health.
According to the old tradition, on Easter Monday the Kashub boys chase girls whipping gently their legs with juniper twigs. This is to bring good fortune in love to the chased girls. This was usually accompanied by a boy's chant Dyngus, dyngus – pò dwa jaja, Nie chcã chleba, leno jaja ('Dyngus, dyngus, for two eggs; I don't want bread but eggs'). Sometimes a girl would be whipped when still in her bed. Girls would give boys painted eggs.[59]
Pottery, one of the ancient Kashubians crafts, has survived to the present day. Famous is
Pope
Today
In 2005, Kashubian was for the first time made an official subject on the Polish matura exam (roughly equivalent to the English A-Level and French Baccalaureat).[62] This development was seen as an important step in the official recognition and establishment of the language. Today, in some towns and villages in northern Poland, Kashubian is the second language spoken after Polish,[63] and it is taught in some regional schools.[64]
Since 2005 Kashubian enjoys legal protection in Poland as an official
In the 2011 census, 233,000 people in Poland declared their identity as Kashubian, 216,000 declaring it together with Polish and 16,000 as their only national-ethnic identity.
Kashubian cuisine
Kashubian cuisine contains many elements from the wider European culinary tradition. Local specialities include:
- Brzadowô zupa – a kind of sweet soup with e.g. apples
- Kaszëbsczi kùch marchewny (Kashubian carrot cake)
- Plińce
- Prażnica
Genetics
According to a study published in 2015, by far the most common
In a 2013 study, Y-DNA haplogroups among the Polish population indigenous to Kociewie (n=158) were reported as follows:
56.3%
Diaspora
Immigrant Kashubians kept a distinct identity among
In 1858 Polish-Kashubians emigrated to
Kashubian immigrants founded
Notable Kashubs
- Lech Bądkowski (1920–1984) writer, journalist, translator, political, cultural, and social activist
- Joshua C. Blank (1984- ) historian, award winning author, teacher, Swastek prize winner
- Józef Borzyszkowski (1946– ) historian, politician, founder of the Kashubian Institute
- Paul Breza (1937– ) American priest, Kashubian-American activist
- Jerzy Łysk (1950– ) Kashubian poet, composer, singer and cultural animator, manager of cultural institutions.
- Jan Romuald Byzewski (1842–1905) Kashubian-born American priest and social activist
- Florian Ceynowa (1817–1881) political activist, writer, linguist, and revolutionary
- Arnold Chrapkowski (1968– ) Father General of the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit
- Hieronim Derdowski (1852–1902) Kashubian-born American writer, newspaper editor, and political activist
- Konstantyn Dominik (1870–1942) auxiliary bishop of Chełmno (now Pelplin)
- Jan Gierszewski (1882-1951), co-founder of the secret WW2 military organization Kashubian Griffin, Code name "Major Rys"[71]
- Günter Grass (1927–2015) Nobel Prize-winning German author of Kashubian descent
- Marian Jeliński (1949– ) Veterinarian, author, Kashubian activist
- Wojciech Kasperski (1981– ) film director, screenwriter
- Zenon Kitowski (1962– ) clarinet player
- Józef Kos (1900–2007) World War I veteran
- Gerard Labuda (1916–2010) historian
- Mark Lilla (1956–) American writer, intellectual historian
- Aleksander Majkowski (1876–1938) author, publicist, play writer, cultural activist
- Marian Majkowski (1926–2012) author, architect
- Paul Mattick (1904–1981) German-American Marxist writer of Kashubian descent
- Mestwin II(1220–1294) ruler of united Eastern Pomerania
- Jerzy Samp (1951–2015) writer, publicist, historian, and social activist
- Wawrzyniec Samp (1939– ) sculptor and graphic artist
- Tsar Nicholas II
- Danuta Stenka (1962– ) actress
- Swantopolk II(1195–1266) powerful ruler of Eastern Pomerania
- Brunon Synak (1943–2013) professor of sociology and a Kashubian activist
- Jerzy Treder (1942–2015), philologist and linguist, known as an expert in Kashubian studies
- Jan Trepczyk (1907–1989) poet, songwriter, lexicographer and creator of the Polish-Kashubian dictionary
- Donald Tusk (1957– ) historian, politician, leader of Civic Platform, Prime Minister of Poland and President of the European Council
- Field Marshal of the Napoleonicera
- Field Marshal
- Friedrich Bogislav von Tauentzien 1710 in Tawęcino (German:Tauenzien), † 21. März 1791 in Wrocław (Breslau)/ Prussian General
- genocidal anti-partisan tactics
- Emil von Zelewski (1854–1891), Prussian officer
- MPPelected in Canada in 1963
In literature
Important for Kashubian literature was Xążeczka dlo Kaszebov by Doctor Florian Ceynowa (1817–1881). Hieronim Derdowski (1852–1902) was another significant author who wrote in Kashubian, as was Doctor Aleksander Majkowski (1876–1938) from Kościerzyna, who wrote the Kashubian national epic The Life and Adventures of Remus. Jan Trepczyk was a poet who wrote in Kashubian, as was Stanisław Pestka. Kashubian literature has been translated into Czech, Polish, English, German, Belarusian, Slovene and Finnish. A considerable body of Christian literature has been translated into Kashubian, including the New Testament and Book of Genesis.
See also
References
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Further reading
- Blank, Joshua C. (2016). Creating Kashubia: History, Memory and Identity in Canada's First Polish Community. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773547209.
- Synak, Brunon (December 1997). "The Kashubes during the post-communist transformation in Poland". S2CID 154827253.
- Polish Cultural Institute (July 2001). "The Kashubian Polish Community of Southeastern Minnesota (MN) (Images of America)".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Borzyszkowski J.: The Kashubs, Pomerania and Gdańsk; [transl. by ISBN 83-89079-35-6
- Obracht-Prondzyński C.: The Kashubs today : culture, language, identity; [transl. by ISBN 978-83-89079-78-7
- Szulist W.: Kaszubi w Ameryce : Szkice i materiały, MPiMK-P Wejherowo 2005 (English summary).
- "The Kashubs Today" Archived 4 March 2016 at the ISBN 978-83-89079-78-7
External links
- Kashubs 2002
- (in Polish) https://web.archive.org/web/20040926021346/http://www.zk-p.pl/
- (in English and Polish) http://kaszebsko.com/who-we-are-and-what-are-our-objectives.html Archived 20 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- (in English) http://www.kashub.com/
- (in English and German) (Kashubian) (in Polish) https://web.archive.org/web/20080920042828/http://www.kaszubia.com/
- (in Polish, German, and English) https://web.archive.org/web/20030218064812/http://republika.pl/modraglina/kaszlink.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20061005201334/http://www.cassubia-slavica.com/
- (in English) (Kashubian) https://web.archive.org/web/20081106214654/http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/city/kashubia.html
- (in English) Canada's Kashubian community celebrates heritage at Wilno[permanent dead link]
- (in English) The Wilno Heritage Society
- (in English) The Polish Cultural Institute and Museum of Winona, Minnesota
- (in English) Cashubes
- Kaszëbskô Mowa: Freeing the Kashubian Language