Kaykaus I

Names
	'Izz al-Dīn Kaykā'ũs pour Kaykhusraw

Kaykaus I
Kaykaus I
Sultan of Rum
Reign	1211–1220
Predecessor	Kaykhusraw I
Successor	Kayqubad I
Died	1220
Names
Names
	'Izz al-Dīn Kaykā'ũs pour Kaykhusraw
Father	Kaykhusraw I
Mother	Barduliya Khatun

Kaykaus I or Izz ud-Din Kaykaus ibn Kaykhusraw (

Sultan of Rum from 1211 until his death in 1220. He was the eldest son of Kaykhusraw I

.

Succession

Upon the death of Kaykhusraw I at the

Kayqubad I, challenged his succession. Kayqubad initially garnered some support among the neighbors of the sultanate, Leo I, the king of Cilician Armenia, and Tughrilshah, his uncle and the independent ruler of Erzurum. At the same time, Kayferidun imperiled the recently acquired port of Antalya by seeking aid from the Cypriot Franks. Most of the emirs, as the powerful landed aristocracy of the sultanate, supported Kaykaus. From his base in Malatya, Kaykaus seized Kayseri and then Konya, inducing Leo to change sides. Kayqubad was forced to flee to the fortress at Ankara, where he sought aid from the Turkman tribes of Kastamonu. Kaykaus soon apprehended both of his brothers and secured the throne for himself.^[2]

During this time of considerable danger, Kaykaus negotiated a peace settlement with

Nicaea. This treaty marked the end of hostilities between the Seljuq state and the Empire of Nicaea, though Turkmen nomads continued occasionally to trouble the border.^[3]

With Antalya secure and the western marches at peace, Kaykaus turned his attentions to the east. First, Cilicia captured Ereğli and Ulukışla, which were captured by the Armenian Kingdom.^{[citation needed]} Then, in the Cilicia Campaign, the Armenians was firmly subjugated.^{[citation needed]} In 1218, Kaykaus allied with Al-Afdal, one of Saladin's sons, who sought to regain his power and offered Kaykaus Aleppo in return.

Conquest of Sinop

Greek) of Kaykaus I at Sinop

Kaykaus’ most significant contribution to the Seljuq state was the acquisition the

Mediterranean port at Antalya, and a wedge was driven between the Empire of Trebizond and the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea. The transfer was affected on Sunday 1 November with both the sultan and the Grand Komnenos present. Alexios was entertained for several days and then politely asked to return to Trebizond.^[4]

After the transfer, European and Byzantine trade continued in the city. Kaykaus named an Armenian, Rais Hetoum, to govern the mixed Greek and Turkish population.[5] Churches in the city of Sinop were converted to mosques, on Kaykaus's command.^[6] Between April and September 1215 the walls were reconstructed under the supervision of the Greek architect, Sebastos. Fifteen Seljuq emirs contributed to the cost. The work is commemorated by a bilingual Greek and Arabic inscription on a tower near the western gate.^[4]

In 1216, Kaykaus attacked Aleppo in support of his vassal Al-Afdal, an exiled

Ayyubid.^[7] He was defeated by Al-Ashraf.^[7] Kaykaus was working to create an alliance with Badr al-Din Lu'lu', Emir of Mosul, against the Ayyubids, but he died in 1220 and the alliance collapsed.^[7]

Identity

According to

Masud II.^[a]^[8]

Monuments

In 1212 Kaykaus built a madrasa in Ankara [6] and in 1217 the Şifaiye Medresesi in Sivas. The latter was designed as a hospital and medical school. The sultan’s mausoleum is in the south eyvan of the building under a conical dome. The façade includes a poem by the sultan in blue faience tiles.^[1]

Notes

^ .. Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I, his grandson ‘Izz al-Din Kayka’us II and the latter’s son Mas‘ud II — had dual Christian and Muslim identity, an identity which was further complicated by dual Turkic/Persian and Greek ethnic identity.^[8]