Kayqubad I
Kayqubad I | |
---|---|
Seljuq | |
Father | Kaykhusraw I |
Mother | Raziya Khatun, a daughter of Manuel Maurozomes |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād ibn Kaykhusraw (
Kayqubad's reign represented the apogee of
Early life
Kayqubad was the second son of Seljuk Sultan Kaykhusraw, who bestowed upon him at an early age the title malik and the governorship of the important central Anatolian town of Tokat. When the sultan died following the battle of Alaşehir in 1211,[3] both Kayqubad and his elder brother Kaykaus struggled for the throne. Kayqubad initially garnered some allies among the neighbors of the sultanate: Leo I, the king of Cilician Armenia and Tughrilshah, the brothers' uncle and the independent ruler of Erzurum. Most of the emirs, as the powerful landed aristocracy of the sultanate, supported Kaykaus. Kayqubad was forced to flee to the fortress at Ankara, where he sought aid from the Turkman tribes of Kastamonu. He was soon apprehended and imprisoned by his brother in a fortress in western Anatolia.[4]
Reign
Upon his brother Sultan Kaykaus's unexpected death in 1219/1220 Kayqubad was released from captivity and succeeded to the Seljuk throne as its new Sultan.[citation needed]
In the Cilicia Campaign of 1225, Kayqubad the great subjugated the Kingdom of
In 1221/1222 Kayqubad launched a naval attack on Sudak which defeated the combined forces of Rus and Cumans.[5] He attacked the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1221 taking the city of Alanya from its governor, Kir Fard.[6]
In 1227/1228, Kayqubad advanced into
At first, Kayqubad sought an alliance with his
Death
He was given poison during a feast at Kayseri[11] and died at an early age on 31 May 1237, the last of his line to die in independence.[12]
Historian Ibn Bibi mourned his death with these words,"With Kayqubad's death, the back of Islam was broken and the bond of kingdom and religion snapped".[13]
Succession
Kayqubad had three sons: Kaykhusraw II, eldest son of his Greek wife Mah Pari Khatun,[14] Rukn al-Din and Kilic Arslan, sons of his Ayyubid princess wife Malika Adila Khatun.[15] According to Ibn Bibi, Kayqubad wanted Rukn al-Din as his successor who was the elder one of his two sons from his Ayyubid wife, Malika Adila Khatun, but Kaykhusraw usurped the throne and had Rukn al-Din, Kilic Arslan and their mother strangled.[16][17]
Architectural and cultural legacy
Kayqubad sponsored a large-scale building campaign across
Kayqubad, like the other Seljuq sultans of Rum, was quite well-versed in the fine arts and would recite quatrains in Persian during wine-drinking parties.[19]
Identity
According to Rustam Shukurov, it is very probably that Kayqubad and his brother Kaykaus I, who both spent considerable time in Byzantium with their father, had the same dual religious (Christian and Muslim) and dual ethnic (Turkic/Persian and Greek) identity as Kaykhusraw I, Kaykaus II, and Mesud II.[20]
Relations with scholars
Kayqubad I had good relations with the Muslim scholars, Sufis and poets. Many Muslim Sufis and poets such as Mūhyūddīn İbnūl-Arābī, Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī, Ahi Evran, Necmeddīn-i Dāyē, Kāniî-i Tūsī, Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi and Sultanulūlemā Bâhâeddīn Veled came to Anatolia during his reign.
Portrayal in media
In the Turkish historical television series, Diriliş: Ertuğrul, Kayqubad I is portrayed by Turkish actor Burak Hakkı.
References
- ^ Cahen 1997, p. 817-818.
- ^ a b Lambton & Lewis 1977, p. 248.
- ^ Redford 1991, p. 70.
- ^ Cahen 1968, p. 120-121.
- ^ Spinei 2009, p. 148.
- ^ Özcan 2010, p. 278.
- ^ Yazıcızâde Ali, Tevârih-i Âl-i Selçuk, s. 489-499
- ^ Kemaleddin İbnü’l-Adim, Zübdetü’l-Haleb min Tarih-i Haleb, s. 482-485
- ^ Claude Cahen, Anatolia Before the Ottomans, p. 85-86.
- ^ Cahen 1968, p. 130.
- ^ Savvides 1981, p. 190.
- ^ Wolff & Hazard 1969, p. 704.
- ^ Anooshahr 2008, p. 116.
- ^ Peacock & Yildiz 2013, pp. 118–119, 121.
- ^ Cahen 1968, p. 133.
- ^ Eastmond 2017, p. 197.
- ^ Cahen 1997a, p. 811.
- ^ Redford 1993, p. 220.
- ^ Koprulu 2006, p. 220.
- ^ Peacock & Yildiz 2013, p. 133.
Sources
- Anooshahr, Ali (2008). The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A comparative study of the late medieval and early modern periods. ISBN 978-11-34-04134-3. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Central Islamic lands since 1918. Vol. 1B. ISBN 978-052-129-135-4. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ISBN 1-59740-456-X.
- Cahen, Claude (1997). "Kaykubad; Kaykubad I". In Van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. IV. Brill. pp. 817–818.
- Cahen, Claude (1997a). "Kaykhusraw; Kaykhusraw II". In Van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. IV. Brill. pp. 816–817.
- Crane, H. (1993). "Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 36 (1). Leiden: Brill: 1–57. JSTOR 3632470.
- Eastmond, Antony (2017). Tamta's World. ISBN 978-11-07-16756-8. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- Koprulu, M. (2006). Early Mystics in Turkish Literature. Translated by Leiser, Gary; Dankoff, Robert. Routledge.
- Peacock, A. C. S. (2006). "The Saljūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of 'Alā' al-Dīn Kayqubād". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 16 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 133–149. S2CID 55636025.
- Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur, eds. (2013). The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0857733467.
- Redford, Scott (1991). "The Alaeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered". Artibus Asiae. 51 (1/2). Zürich: Artibus Asiae Publishers: 54–74. JSTOR 3249676.
- Redford, Scott (1993). "Thirteenth-Century Rum Seljuq Palaces and Palace Imagery". Ars Orientalis. 23, Pre-Modern Islamic Palaces.
- Savvides, A.G.C. [in Greek] (1981). Byzantium in the Near East: Its Relations with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in Asia Minor, the Armenians of Cilicia and the Mongols, A.D. C. 1192-1237, Volume 16. Kentron Vyzantinōn Ereunōn - Original from University of Michigan. p. 190. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- Wolff, R.L.; Hazard, H. W., eds. (1969). The Later Crusades, 1189-1311 — XX: The Aiyubids. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 693–714.
- Sümer, Farok (2002). KEYKUBAD I (in Turkish). Ankara: Published in 25th Volume of TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 358–359. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- Özcan, Koray (2010). "The Anatolian Seljuk City An Analysis on Early Turkish Urban Models in Anatolia". Central Asiatic Journal. 54 (2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 273–290.
- Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. BRILL. ISBN 9789047428800.
Further reading
- Yalman, Suzan (2012). "ʿALA AL-DIN KAYQUBAD ILLUMINATED: A RUM SELJUQ SULTAN AS COSMIC RULER". Muqarnas Online. 29 (1): 151–186. .