Kazi Nazrul Islam

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"Nazrul" and "Nazrul Islam" redirect here. For other persons with the same name, see Nazrul Islam (disambiguation). For other uses, see Kazi Nazrul Islam (disambiguation).

Bangladeshi
(1976)
Occupations
  • Poet
  • Short-story writer
  • Song composer
  • Lyricist
  • Playwright
  • Singer
  • Film maker
  • Flautist
  • Novelist
  • Essayist
  • Journalist
  • Literary translator
  • Soldier
  • Actor
  • Political activist
  • Social reformer
  • Revolutionary
Years active1922–1942
Spouses
Nargis Asar Khanum
​
​
(m. 1921; div. 1937)​
Pramila Devi
​
​
(m. 1924; died 1962)​
Children4, including Kazi Sabyasachi
Awards
Websitekazinazrulislam.org

Kazi Nazrul Islam PB EP IA (Bengali: কাজী নজরুল ইসলাম, pronounced [kad͡ʒi ˈnod͡ʒɾul islam] ⓘ; 24 May 1899 – 29 August 1976), also known as the Rebel Poet, was a popular Bengali poet, writer, lyrist and the national poet of Bangladesh.[1] Nazrul produced a large body of poetry, music, messages, novels, and stories with themes that included equality, justice, anti-imperialism, humanity, rebellion against oppression and religious devotion.[2] Nazrul Islam's activism for political and social justice as well as writing a poem titled as "Bidrohī", meaning "the rebel" in Bengali, earned him the title of "Bidrohī Kôbi" (Rebel Poet).[3] His compositions form the avant-garde music genre of Nazrul Gīti (Music of Nazrul).[4][5][6][7]

Born into a

Calcutta after the war ended. He criticized the British Raj and called for revolution through his famous poetic works, such as "Bidrohī" ('The Rebel') and "Bhangar Gan" ('The Song of Destruction'),[10] as well as in his publication Dhūmketu ('The Comet'). His nationalist activism in Indian independence movement led to his frequent imprisonment by the colonial British authorities. While in prison, Nazrul Islam wrote the "Rajbôndīr Jôbanbôndī" ('Deposition of a Political Prisoner').[11] His writings greatly inspired Bengalis of East Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War
.

Nazrul Islam's writings explored themes such as freedom, humanity, love, and revolution. He opposed all forms of bigotry and fundamentalism, including religious, caste-based and gender-based.[12] Nazrul wrote short stories, novels, and essays but is best known for his songs and poems. He introduced the ghazal songs in the Bengali language[13][14][15][16] and is also known for his extensive use of Arabic and Persian influenced Bengali words in his works.[17][18][19]

Nazrul Islam wrote and composed music for nearly 4,000 songs (many recorded on

Pick's disease,[21] a rare incurable neurodegenerative disease. It caused Nazrul Islam's health to decline steadily and forced him to live in isolation. He was also admitted in Ranchi (Jharkhand) psychiatric hospital for many years. At the invitation of the Government of Bangladesh, Nazrul Islam's family took him to Bangladesh and moved to Dhaka in 1972. He died on August 29, 1976.[15]

Early life

Nazrul Islam was born on Wednesday 24 May 1899

madrasa, run by a mosque and a dargah respectively, where he studied the Quran, Hadith, Islamic philosophy, and theology. His father died in 1908 and at the age of ten, Nazrul Islam took his father's place as a caretaker of the mosque to support his family. He also assisted teachers in the school. He later worked as the muezzin at the mosque.[27][28]

Attracted to folk theatre, Nazrul Islam joined a leto (travelling theatrical group) run by his uncle Fazle Karim. He worked and travelled with them, learning to act, as well as writing songs and poems for the plays and musicals.

Kalidas'), Bidyan Hutum ('the learned owl'), and Rājputrer Shōng ('the prince's sorrow').[27]

In 1910, Nazrul Islam left the troupe and enrolled at the

Trishal, Mymensingh District. Amongst other subjects, Nazrul Islam studied Bengali, Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian literature and Hindustani classical music under teachers who were impressed by his dedication and skill.[27][29][30]

Nazrul Islam studied up to grade 10 but did not appear for the

Bengal Regiment, he was posted to the Karachi Cantonment, where he wrote his first prose and poetry. Although he never saw active fighting, he rose in rank from corporal to havildar (sergeant), and served as quartermaster for his battalion.[32]

During this period, Nazrul Islam read extensively the works of

Bengali Muslim Literary Journal (Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti) in July 1919.[27]

Career

Bidrohi (The Rebel)

I am the unutterable grief,
I am the trembling first touch of the virgin,
I am the throbbing tenderness of her first stolen kiss.
I am the fleeting glance of the veiled beloved,
I am her constant surreptitious gaze...

I am the burning volcano in the bosom of the earth,
I am the wildfire of the woods,
I am Hell's mad terrific sea of wrath!
I ride on the wings of lightning with joy and profundity,
I scatter misery and fear all around,
I bring earthquakes on this world! "(8th stanza)"

I am the rebel eternal,
I raise my head beyond this world,
High, ever erect and alone!

 – Translation by Kabir Choudhary[35]

Nazrul Islam teaching music to his disciples

Kazi Nazrul Islam joined the army in late 1917. Nazrul Islam left the British Indian army in 1920, when the 49th Bengal Regiment was disbanded,[36] and settled in Calcutta. He joined the staff of the Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti ("Bengali Muslim Literary Society").[37] He published his first novel Bandhan-hara (বাঁধন-হারা, 'Freedom from Bondage') in 1920, on which he continued to work over the next seven years.[27] His first collection of poems, which included "Bodhan", "Shat-il-Arab", "Kheya-parer Tarani", and "Badal Prater Sharab", received critical acclaim.[27]

Nazrul Islam grew close to other young Muslim writers, while working at the Bengali Muslim Literary Society, including

Mohammad Mozammel Haq, Kazi Abdul Wadud, and Muhammad Shahidullah. Nazrul Islam and Muhammad Shahidullah remained close throughout their lives. He was a regular at the social clubs for Calcutta's writers, poets, and intellectuals such as the Gajendar Adda and the Bharatiya Adda. Nazrul did not have the formal education of Rabindranath and as a result his poems did not follow the literary practices established by Rabindranath. Due to this he faced criticism from followers of Rabindranath.[38] Despite their differences, Nazrul looked to Rabindranath Tagore as a mentor.[27] In 1921, Nazrul Islam was engaged to Nargis, the niece of a well-known Muslim publisher, Ali Akbar Khan, in Daulatpur, Comilla.[39] On 18 June 1921, the day of the wedding, upon public insistence by Khan that the term "Nazrul must reside in Daulatpur after marriage" be included in the marriage contract, Nazrul Islam walked away from the wedding ceremony.[40]

Young Nazrul Islam in-front of Dalmadal Cannon in Bishnupur, Bankura, 1920s

Nazrul Islam reached the peak of his fame in 1922 with

Non-Cooperation Movement – the first mass nationalist campaign of civil disobedience against British rule.[27] Nazrul Islam explores the different forces at work in a rebel, the destroyer, and the preserver who is able to express rage as well as beauty and sensitivity. He followed up by writing Pralayollas ('Destructive Euphoria'), and his first anthology of poems, the Agni-veena ("অগ্নি-বীণা", 'Lyre of Fire') in 1922, which enjoyed commercial and critical success. He also published a volume of short stories, the Byathar Dan "ব্যথার দান" ('Gift of Sorrow'),[41] and Yugbani ("যুগবাণী"), an anthology of essays.[42][43]

Nazrul Islam started a bi-weekly magazine, Dhumketu ("ধূমকেতু", 'Comet') on 12 August 1922 that was critical of the British Empire. Earning the moniker of the "rebel poet", Nazrul Islam aroused the suspicion of British Raj authorities.[22][44] The Police raided the office of Dhumketu after it published "Anondomoyeer Agomone" ("আনন্দময়ীর আগমনে"), a political poem, in September 1922. Nazrul Islam was arrested on 23 January 1923 and charged with sedition.[44] He presented a long argument in the court, an excerpt of what he said:

I have been accused of sedition... To plead for me, the king of all kings, the judge of all judges, the eternal truth the living God... I am a poet; I have been sent by God to express the unexpressed, to portray the unportrayed. It is God who is heard through the voice of the poet... I am an instrument of God. The instrument is not unbreakable, but who is there to break God?[45]

Nazrul Islam in the role of Narada, in the stage drama Dhruba.

On 14 April 1923, he was moved from Alipore Jail to Hooghly Jail in Hooghly. He began a 40-day fast to protest mistreatment by the British jail superintendent, breaking his fast more than a month later and eventually being released from prison in December 1923. Nazrul Islam composed numerous poems and songs during his period of imprisonment. In the 1920s, the British Indian government banned many of his writings.[27] Rabindranath Tagore dedicated his play "Basanta" to Nazrul Islam in 1923. Nazrul Islam wrote the poem "Aj Srishti Shukher Ullashe" to thank Tagore.[46] His book Bisher Banshi ('The Flute of Poison'), published in August 1924,[47] was banned by the British Raj.[48] Bisher Banshi called for rebellion in India against the British Raj.[49] Bisher Banshi was read and distributed in secret following the ban.[50]

Plaque in memory of Nazrul Islam in Hooghly Jail

Nazrul Islam was a critic of the

Muzaffar Ahmed, Nazrul also helped organise the Sramik Praja Swaraj Dal (Workers and Peasants Party), a socialist political party committed to national independence and the service of the working class. On 16 December 1925, Nazrul began publishing the Langal ('Plough'), a weekly, and served as its chief editor.[27]

During his visit to Comilla in 1921, Nazrul Islam met a young Bengali Hindu woman, Pramila Devi, with whom he fell in love, and they married on 25 April 1924. Brahmo Samaj criticised Pramila, a member of the Brahmo Samaj, for marrying a Muslim. Muslim religious leaders criticized Nazrul Islam for his marriage to a Hindu woman. He also was criticised for his writings. Despite controversy, Nazrul Islam's popularity and reputation as the "rebel poet" increased significantly.[27][52]

With his wife and young son Bulbul, Nazrul Islam settled at Grace Cottage, Krishnanagar in Krishnanagar in 1926. His work began to transform as he wrote poetry and songs that articulated the aspirations of the working class, a sphere of his work known as "mass music".[53]

Daridro (Poverty)

O poverty, thou hast made me great
Thou hast made me honoured like Christ
With his crown of thorns. Thou hast given me
Courage to reveal all. To thee I owe
My insolent, naked eyes and sharp tongue.
Thy curse has turned my violin to a sword...
O proud saint, thy terrible fire
Has rendered my heaven barren.
O my child, my darling one
I could not give thee even a drop of milk
No right have I to rejoice.
Poverty weeps within my doors forever
As my spouse and my child.
Who will play the flute?

 – Translated by Kabir Chowdhury[54]

In what his contemporaries regarded as one of his greatest flairs of creativity, Nazrul Islam vastly contributed in profusely enriching

Indian Broadcasting Company.[27][59]

Naari (Woman)

I don't see any difference
Between a man and woman
Whatever great or benevolent achievements
That are in this world
Half of that was by woman,
The other half by man.

 – Translation by Sajed Kamal[60]

Nazrul Islam believed in the equality of women, a view his contemporaries considered revolutionary, as expressed in his poem Naari (women).[61] Nazrul Islam's poems strongly emphasised the confluence of the roles of both sexes and their equal importance to life. His poem "Barangana" (Prostitute) stunned society with its depiction of prostitutes who he addresses in the poem as "mother".[62][63] In the poem, Nazrul Islam accepts the prostitute as a human being first, reasoning that this person belonged to the "race of mothers and sisters"; he criticises society's negative views on prostitutes.[64]

An advocate of women rights, Nazrul Islam portrayed both traditional and nontraditional women in his work.[62] He talked about the working poor through his works such as the poem: 'Poverty' (Daridro).[35][65]

Nazrul Islam wrote thousands of songs, known collectively as Nazrul Geeti. The exact number is uncertain. The complete text of 2,260 is known, and the first lines of 2,872 have been collected, but according to musicologist Karunamaya Goswami, it is popularly believed that the total is much higher. Goswami has written that some contemporaries put the number near 4,000.[66]

Religious beliefs

Nazrul Islam was born an Orthodox Sunni Muslim, but engaged in religious syncretism so often such that he was seen by laymen as only a proud pluralist. Nazrul Islam wrote an editorial in Joog Bani in 1920 about religious pluralism,

Come brother Hindu! Come Musalman! Come Buddhist! Come Christian! Let us transcend all barriers, let us forsake forever all smallness, all lies, all selfishness and let us call brothers as brothers. We shall quarrel no more.

— [67]

In another article entitled Hindu Mussalman, published in Ganabani on 2 September 1922, he wrote that the religious quarrels were between priests and Imams and not between laymen Muslims and Hindus. He wrote that the Prophets had become property like cattle but they should instead be treated like a light that is for all men.[68]

Nazrul Islam in Sitakunda, Chittagong District in 1929.[69]

Nazrul Islam criticized religious fanaticism, denouncing it as evil and inherently irreligious. He wrote about human equality in his writings. He also explored the philosophy of the

fundamentalists who opposed his liberal views on religion.[70]

Nazrul Islam's mother died in 1928, and his second son, Bulbul, died of

roza (fasting), hajj (pilgrimage), and zakat (charity). He wrote the song "O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe" on fasting during Ramadan.[71] This was regarded by his contemporaries as a significant achievement, as Bengali Muslims had been strongly averse to devotional music.[72]

Nazrul Islam was not limited to Islamic devotional music but also wrote Hindu devotional music. He composed Agamanis, Bhajans, Shyama Sangeet, and kirtan.[73][74] Nazrul Islam wrote over 500 Hindu devotional songs.[75] However, a section of Muslims criticized for writing Shyama Sangeet and declared him Kafir (infidel). On the other hand, he became displeased with some Hindus for writing devotional songs about Hindu goddesses because he was a Muslim.[76] Nazrul Islam's poetry and songs explored the philosophy of Islam and Hinduism.[68][77] Nazrul Islam's poetry imbibed the passion and creativity of Shakti, which is identified as the Brahman, the personification of primordial energy. He also composed many songs of invocation to Lord Shiva and the goddesses Lakshmi and Saraswati and on the love of Radha and Krishna.[28] Nazrul Islam was an exponent of humanism.[78] Although a Muslim, he named his sons with both Hindu and Muslim names: Krishna Mohammad, Arindam Khaled (Bulbul), Kazi Sabyasachi and Kazi Aniruddha.[79]

Later life

In 1930, his book Pralayshikha was banned and he faced charges of

snake charmers, bhatiali, and bhaoaia consist of tunes of folk-songs on the one hand and a refined lyric with poetic beauty on the other. Nazrul Islam also wrote and published poems for children.[28]

Nazrul Islam's success soon brought him into Indian theatre and the then-nascent

Siraj-ud-Daula.[81] He worked on the plays "Jahangir" and "Annyapurna" by Monilal Gangopadhyay.[81] In 1939 Nazrul began working for Calcutta Radio, supervising the production and broadcasting of the station's musical programs. He produced critical and analytic documentaries on music, such as "Haramoni" and "Navaraga-malika". Nazrul Islam also wrote a large variety of songs inspired by the raga Bhairav.[82]

Illness and death

Dhaka University[83]

Nazrul Islam's wife Pramila Devi fell seriously ill in 1939 and was paralysed from the waist down. To provide for his wife's medical treatment, he mortgaged the royalties of his gramophone records and literary works for 400 rupees.[84] He returned to journalism in 1940 by working as chief editor for the daily newspaper Nabajug ('New Age'), founded by the Bengali politician A. K. Fazlul Huq.[84]

On hearing about the death of Rabindranath Tagore on 8 August 1941, a shocked Nazrul Islam composed two poems in Tagore's memory. One of the two poems, "Rabihara" (loss of Rabi, or without Rabi), was broadcast on the

Pick's disease. His condition was judged to be incurable, Nazrul Islam returned to Calcutta on 15 December 1953.[87] On 30 June 1962 Pramila died,[48] and Nazrul Islam remained in intensive medical care. He stopped working due to his deteriorating health.[88]

Despite receiving treatment and attention, Nazrul Islam's physical and mental health did not improve; and Nazrul Islam soon died from his long-standing ailments on 29 August 1976. In accordance with a wish he had expressed in one of his poems, he was buried beside a mosque on the campus of the University of Dhaka.

Controversy has been reported around the funeral of Nazrul Islam. Nazrul Islam's sons requested the Bangladesh High Commission in Delhi to arrange for the return of their father's body to India by an aircraft so that he be buried beside their mother's grave as per her last wishes. A space had been reserved for his burial next to her grave in the poets native village, Churulia. When the sons arrived in Dhaka for the last rites, they found that they were completed without their attendance and that the poet had been buried in Dhaka University. Popular demand continues in West Bengal for the poet to be buried back in India.[89][90]

Bangladesh observed two days of national mourning, and the Parliament of India observed a minute of silence in his honour.[91]

Criticism

According to literary critic Serajul Islam Choudhury, Nazrul Islam's poetry is characterised by abundant use of rhetorical devices, which he employed to convey conviction and sensuousness. He often wrote without care for organisation or polish. His works have often been criticized for egotism, but his admirers counter that they carry more a sense of self-confidence than of ego. They cite his ability to defy God, or rather orthodox conceptions of God, yet maintain an inner, humble devotion to Him.[45] Nazrul Islam's poetry is regarded as rugged but unique in comparison to Tagore's sophisticated style. Nazrul Islam's use of Persian vocabulary was controversial, but it increased the range of his work.[45]

Legacy

Main article: List of things named after Kazi Nazrul Islam
Nazrul Academy in Churulia, Asansol, West Bengal, India which is also the birthplace of Kazi Nazrul Islam.
Kazi Nazrul Islam on stamp of Pakistan
Kazi Nazrul Islam on stamp of Pakistan
Kazi Nazrul Islam on stamp of India
Kazi Nazrul Islam on stamp of India

On 24 May 1972, the newly independent nation of Bangladesh brought Nazrul Islam to live in Dhaka with the consent of the Government of India. The government of Bangladesh conferred upon him the status of "national poet" in 1972.[92][93] In February 1976, during his stay in Bangladesh, he was awarded Bangladeshi citizenship.[27]

He was awarded an Honorary

D.Litt.
by the University of Dhaka in 1974 and in 1976 he was awarded the Ekushey Padak by the President of Bangladesh Justice Abu Sadat Muhammad Sayem.[36][48] Many centres of learning and culture in Bangladesh and India had been founded and dedicated to his memory. The Bangladesh Nazrul Sena is a large public organization working for the education of children throughout the country.[94] The Nazrul Endowment provides funding for research into the life and work of Kazi Nazrul Islam in U.S. Universities like California State University, Northridge and Connecticut State University.[95][96] Nazrul was awarded the Jagattarini Gold Medal, the highest honour for work in Bengali literature by the University of Calcutta, in 1945 and was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award of India, in 1960.[87]

Nazrul Square in DC Hill Park in Chittagong City.

Nazrul Islam's works for children have won acclaim for his use of rich language, imagination, enthusiasm, and an ability to fascinate young readers.[45] Nazrul is regarded for his secularism.[97] His poetry has been translated to several languages including English, Spanish, and Portuguese.[98] The Uzbek poet Erkin Vohidov wrote an epic poem about Nazrul Islam entitled Ruhlar isyoni (The Rise of the Spirits).[99] A major avenue is named after him in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[100] Kazi Nazrul University in Asansol, West Bengal, India is named after him and Kabi Nazrul College In Birbhum, West Bengal.[101] Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University in Mymensingh, Bangladesh is a public university named after him.[102] Kabi Nazrul Government College in Dhaka, Bangladesh is also named after him. There is a cultural institution called Nazrul Academy, which is spread throughout Bangladesh. Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport in Andal, West Bengal, is India's first private greenfield airport.[5] A chair has been named after him in University of Calcutta and the Government of West Bengal has opened a Nazrul Tirtha in Rajarhat, a cultural centre with library, auditorium and movie theatre dedicated to his memory.[5][103] On 25 May 2020, Google celebrated his 121st birthday with a Google Doodle.[104] On 20 November 2020, a documentary film about Kazi Nazrul Islam was released in Dhaka titled Biography of Nazrul. There is a metro station named "Kavi Nazrul" on Blue Line of Kolkata Metro.Nazrul Mancha is a auditorium of kolkata.

See also

  • List of works of Kazi Nazrul Islam

References

  1. ^ Langley, Winston (2007). Kazi Nazrul Islam: The Voice of Poetry and the Struggle for Human Wholeness. University of Minnesota. p. 5.
  2. ^ Hemal, Mahmudul (28 May 2015). "Nazrul's humanist vision". Dhaka Courier. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
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  4. ^ Sheik Hasina. "India-Bangladesh Joint Celebration, 113th birth anniversary of Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and 90th year of his poem 'Rebel'" (PDF). Prime Minister's Office, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  5. ^ a b c Chakraborti, Suman (26 May 2015). "West Bengal government celebrates Kazi Nazrul Islam's birth anniversary". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  6. ^ "Nazrul Jayanti celebrated across Silchar". The Sentinel. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  7. ^ Menon, Anoop (26 April 2017). "List of public holidays in May 2017 to plan out your vacations". Travel India. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018. Tripura will be celebrating Nazrul Jayanti on 26 May
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  9. ^ Bhattacharya, Ashutosh (1977). Bangiya Lok-Sangeet Ratnakar, Vol. 4 (An Encyclopaedia of Bengali Folk-song) (in Bengali). Calcutta: A. Mukherjee & Co. Pvt. Ltd. p. 1802. পশ্চিম বাংলার এক শ্রেণীর জনপ্রিয় লোক-সঙ্গীত লেটো গান, ইহাকে লাটু গান, লোট্যার গানও বলে৷
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  15. ^ a b Shafiqul Islam, Mohammad (25 May 2007). "Nazrul: An ardent lover of humanity". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018. He is best known for his songs, in which he pioneered new forms such as Bengali ghazals
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  50. ISBN 978-81-85604-25-1
    . Learning by heart the poems of his Agnibina and Bisher Banshi, we hid the books in our breasts and passed them secretly to friends. As far as I remember, Bisher Banshi was banned.
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External links

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