Kazimierz

Kazimierz
Neighbourhood of Kraków
Polish Gothic Corpus Christi Basilica can be seen in the background.
Kazimierz District Stare Miasto on the map of Kraków after the latest subdivisions
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Lesser Poland
County	Kraków County
City	Kraków

Kazimierz (Polish pronunciation:

The boundaries of Kazimierz are defined by an old island in the Vistula river. The northern branch of the river (Stara Wisła – Old Vistula) was filled-in at the end of the 19th century during the partitions of Poland and made into an extension of Stradomska Street connecting Kazimierz district with Kraków Old Town.^[1]

Early history

Three

Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the Pons Regalis, the only major, permanent bridge across the Vistula (Polish: Wisła) for several centuries. This bridge connected Kraków via Kazimierz to the Wieliczka Salt Mine and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last bridge at this location (at the end of modern Stradomska Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the filling-in of the Old Vistula river bed under Mayor Mikołaj Zyblikiewicz made it obsolete.

Jewish Kazimierz

Jews had played an important role in the Kraków regional economy since the end of the 13th century, granted the freedom of worship, trade and travel by Bolesław the Pious in his General Charter of Jewish Liberties issued already in 1264. The Jewish community in Kraków had lived undisturbed alongside their ethnic Polish neighbours under the protective King Casimir III the Great, the last king of the Piast dynasty. Nevertheless, in the early 15th century pressured by the Synod of Constance some dogmatic clergy began to push for less official tolerance. Accusations of blood libel by a fanatic priest in Kraków led to riots against the Jews in 1407 even though the royal guard hastened to their rescue.^[2]

As part of the re-founding of the Kraków university, starting in 1400, the Academy began to buy outbuildings in the Old Town. Some Jews moved to the area around modern Plac Szczepański.

The golden age of the Oppidum came to an end in 1782, when the Austrian Emperor Joseph II disbanded the kahal.

After the 1795 Third Partition of Poland, Kraków was acquired by Austria, and Kazimierz lost its status as a separate city and became a district of Kraków. In 1822, the walls were torn down, removing any physical reminder of the old borders between Jewish and ethnic Polish Kazimierz. The richer Jewish families had moved out of the overcrowded streets of eastern Kazimierz, but because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues in the old Oppidum, maintaining Kazimierz's reputation as a “Jewish district” long after the concept ceased to have any administrative meaning.

By the 1930s,^[9] Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses scattered across the city and much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like Podgórze. In a tourist guide that was published in 1935, Meir Balaban, a Reform rabbi and professor of history at the University of Warsaw, lamented that the Jews who remained in the once vibrant Oppidum were “only the poor and the ultraconservative.” However, this same exodus was the reason why most of the buildings in the Oppidum are preserved today in something close to their 18th century shape.

During the Second World War, the Jews of Krakow, including those in Kazimierz, were forced by the

Postwar Jewish Kazimierz

After the Second World War, on 11 August 1945, the Kraków pogrom took place in Kazimierz, in which the Kupa Synagogue was burned down and many Jews were assaulted by a Polish mob. During the war, the Nazis had largely destroyed Kazimierz, and the communist authorities left it a crumbling ruin. It became a dark and dangerous place, devoid of Jews.^[11]

Since 1988, a popular annual Jewish Cultural Festival has drawn Cracovians back to the heart of the Oppidum and re-introduced Jewish culture to a generation of Poles who have grown up without Poland's historic Jewish community. In 1993, Steven Spielberg shot his film Schindler's List largely in Kazimierz (in spite of the fact that very little of the action historically took place there) and this drew international attention to Kazimierz. The filming crew used different locations of Kazimierz to create scenes from the movie: Oskar Schindler's apartment (Straszewskiego 7), Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego bridge, “Plac Zgody” (in fact, Szeroka street in Kazimierz), the courtyard of the Drezner family (between Jozefa and Beera Meiselsa streets), the scene with Leopold Pfefferberg on an empty street (the intersection of Jakuba and Ciemna streets), ghetto hospital scene (today: a police station on Szeroka street)^[12] Since 1993, there have been parallel developments in the restoration of important historic sites in Kazimierz and a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops. In addition, some Jews have moved to Kazimierz from Israel and the United States. Kazimierz as well as Krakow has had a small growth in the Jewish population recently.^[11]

A Jewish youth group now meets weekly in Kazimierz and the Remah Synagogue, which actively serves a small congregation of mostly elderly Cracovian Jews.

Each year at the end of June, the Jewish Culture Festival takes place in Kazimierz.^[13] It is Europe's largest Jewish festival of culture and music and attracts visitors from around the world. Music at the festival is very diverse and played by bands from the Middle East, the United States and Africa, besides others.

• 
  Interior of the Tempel Synagogue
• 
  Ariel Jewish restaurant, Szeroka Street, Kazimierz 2009
• 
  Kazimierz in 2009
• 
  Helena Rubinstein's birth house (green)
• 
  Great Mikvah on Szeroka
• 
  Landau's House [pl]
• 
  Polish Jews Monument
• 
  Jan Karski Monument
• 
  Bawół Square mural. The mural takes inspiration from art nouveau era artist Ephraim Moses Lilien
• 
  Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków, annual cultural event organized since 1988 in Kazimierz
• 
  Courtyard of the Drezner family, known as Schindler's List Passage. Alleyway used as location for the film
• 
  Haredi Jews

  in the Szeroka Street Square
• 
  Galicia Jewish Museum
• 
  Jewish Community Centre of Krakow
• 
  Remah Cemetery established in 1535

Sights

Christian part

See map:

1. Market Square (Wolnica) with a town hall, now housing an ethnographic museum

Kazimierz's square-shaped market square (Wolnica square) sized 195 x 195m used to be almost as large as the Krakow Market Square and served similar functions - trading activities took place there, it was town hall's location, where the highest administrative and judicial authorities of the city of Kazimierz had their seat. From each side of this square, there were leading three streets. On the corners of the square, two gothic temples were built, and both of them survived to this day in a great state. Today's Wolnica Square, half the size of the original one, gained its borders after Kazimierz was incorporated into Krakow in 1800. In its south-eastern part, there is a sculpture/fountain, Three Musicians - the work of the Krakow artist Bronisław Chromy. The only evidence of Kazimierz's former urban independence is the lofty town hall at Wolnica Square. Once gothic (relics of the 14th-century walls are preserved in the basement), it burned twice and was rebuilt each time. As a result of these changes, it gained battlement attics, rare in Krakow, and a tower covered with a modest helmet. After Kazimierz was incorporated into Krakow, the town hall lost its function. With time, it was adapted to the needs of an industrial and commercial school, and later a primary school for Jewish youth.^[14]

2. Gothic St Catherine's Church

3. Gothic Corpus Christi Church

4. Baroque Church on the Rock (Skałka), the site of Saint Stanislaus's martyrdom

5.

Museum of Municipal Engineering

Jewish part

See map:

6. Old Synagogue, now housing a Jewish History museum

7. Remah Synagogue

8. High Synagogue

9. Izaak Synagogue

10. Kupa Synagogue

11. Tempel Synagogue, still active

12.

Old Jewish Cemetery in Krakow

Gallery

Churches

• 
  Corpus Christi Church, 1405
• 
  St. Catherine Church, 1426
• 
  Skałka, 1751
• 
  Trinity Church, 1758

Synagogues

• 
  Old Synagogue, 15th century
• 
  Remah Synagogue, 1557
• 
  High Synagogue, 1563
• 
  Wolf Popper Synagogue, 1620
• 
  Kupa Synagogue, 1643
• 
  Izaak Synagogue, 1644
• 
  Kowea Itim le-Tora Synagogue, 1810
• 
  Tempel Synagogue, 1862
• 
  Bne Emuna Prayerhouse, 1886. Today it houses the

  Judaica Foundation - Center For Jewish Culture
• 
  Chewra Thilim Synagogue, 1896. Now a restaurant
• 
  Deiches Synagogue, 1910

See also

• Kraków Ghetto
• Galicia Jewish Museum
• Jewish Community Centre of Krakow
• Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków
• Judaica Foundation – Center For Jewish Culture
• Old Jewish Cemetery in Kraków
• New Jewish Cemetery, Kraków

References

• Bałaban, Majer Przewodnik po żydowskich zabytkach Krakowa Krakow: B'nei B'rith, 1935.
• Bałaban, Majer Historja Żydów w Krakowie i na Kazimierzu, 1304-1868 (Vol. I, II) Krakow: KAW, 1991. (reprint)
• Burek, Edward (ed.) Encyklopedia Krakowa. Krakow: PWM, 2000.
• Michalik, Marian (ed.) Kronika Krakowa. Krakow: Kronika, 2006.
• Simpson, Scott Krakow Cambridge: Thomas Cook, 2006.
• Świszczowski, Stefan Miasto Kazimierz pod Krakowem Krakow: WLK, 1981.
• Jakimyszyn, Anna Żydzi krakowscy w dobie Rzeczypospolitej Krakowskiej Krakow-Budapeszt 2008.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kazimierz.

• The Jewish Cultural Festival in Krakow
• The Galicia Jewish Museum
• Jewish Community in Kazimierz on Virtual Shtetl

50°03′06″N 19°56′41″E / 50.05167°N 19.94472°E / 50.05167; 19.94472