Kazimierz Łaski

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Kazimierz Łaski
Kazimierz Łaski, December 1990
Born	Kazimierz Łaski (1921-12-15)December 15, 1921 Częstochowa, Poland
Died	October 20, 2015(2015-10-20) (aged 93)
Nationality	Poland - Austria
Academic career
Institution	The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (wiiw)
School or tradition	Post-Keynesian economics

Kazimierz Łaski (December 15, 1921 – October 20, 2015) was a Polish-Austrian economist. During the antisemitic purge of 1968 Łaski had to leave Poland and moved to Austria, where he worked for the rest of his life and was widely recognized as a major contributor to Post-Keynesian economics.^[1][2]

Life and career

Kazimierz Łaski was born as Hendel Cygler in

In 1955 he became assistant professor and in 1960 associate professor at the Chair of Political Economy of the Faculty for Foreign Trade at the SGPiS. In this capacity he supervised research and teaching and invited Michał Kalecki, one of the most prominent Polish economists, to give courses at the SGPiS. At the same time, Łaski lectured at the INS and, after its closure, at the University for Social Sciences at the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party (Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych przy KC PZPR – WSNS). In 1957–60, Łaski was deputy-dean and then dean of the Faculty of Economics of Production, and in 1961–63 deputy chancellor of the SGPiS in charge of teaching and research. In 1961–66, he served as a member of the executive committee of the Higher Education Council at the Ministry of Higher Education. He was one of the founders of the Higher Course in Planning for Economists from Developing Countries, chaired its scientific council and thereafter was deputy head of the course in 1963–68. In 1965–68, Łaski was president of the Warsaw Chapter of the Polish Economic Society.

In 1960, Łaski held a Ford scholarship at the Institut de sciences économiques appliquées (with Professor François Perroux) in Paris. In 1964, he was visiting professor at the Institute for Higher Studies and Scientific Research (IHS) in Vienna, and during the academic year 1966–67 Directeur d'études à titre étrangère at the Ecole pratique des hautes études, Sorbonne in Paris.

The "golden age" of the Polish school of economics was interrupted by the

Michał Kalecki's joining of the SGPiS in 1961 marked a new stage in the scientific career of Łaski. He belonged to the inner circle of Kalecki's collaborators, and the main focus of his work shifted to the growth theory of socialist economy. He gave one of the key presentations (together with Włodzimierz Brus) at the Congress of the International Economic Association in Vienna in 1962 and published in Ekonomista several papers on the factors of growth of the national income, on the effects of external trade on the rate of growth, and on the role of the choice of production methods in determining the growth rate of consumption and national income. Among other topics, he analyzed the effects of a one-time reduction of the capital-output ratio on the short- and long-term proportions in the growth process. Łaski also published more general papers on full employment, resource allocation and developing economies. His extensive studies on the growth theory culminated in one of his main works On the theory of socialist reproduction. The book was considered a classical work on the growth theory in socialism, was used as a textbook at Polish universities, and was translated into the Czech language. Together with Michał Kalecki, Łaski chaired a workshop on the growth theory, which soon became an assembly point of a group of predominantly young research fellows interested in the planning theory. Several scholars who subsequently became renowned both in Poland and abroad originated from this group. A further main focus of Łaski's research and teaching activities was the course for economists from the developing countries. In 1968, the circle around Michał Kalecki fell victim to the attacks of the antisemitic campaign. One – though not the only – reason for these attacks was the intellectual autonomy of the circle which contradicted the authoritarian claims of the system, even if Kalecki's associates took a definitely pro-socialist stance. Thereupon Łaski emigrated to Austria.

In Austria prior to the transition crisis (1968–89)

In Austria, Łaski participated first in founding a department of international comparative economics at the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO). He continued his theoretical studies in the field of growth theory in socialist economy. The outcome of this work was his book The Rate of Growth and the Rate of Interest in a Socialist Economy. In this book, the profit rate is a distributional category, and the interest rate is a determinant of choice of production methods. They diverge even under the condition of the “golden rule of accumulation”, assuming capital-intensive technological progress. After being appointed to chair the economics department at the Johannes Kepler University Linz Łaski broadened his research and teaching activities. One of his closest colleagues in Linz was Professor Kurt W. Rothschild. On the one hand, Łaski imparted on his students – apart from the General Theory of John Maynard Keynes – the knowledge of Kalecki's approach, particularly the dynamics of the capitalist economy and the theory of business cycles. On the other hand, he reexamined Marx's theory and also took part in the discussion on transformation of labor values into prices of production, which sparked up again. His criticism of the labor theory of value deepened under the influence of the works of Piero Sraffa and the Cambridge capital controversy. In his paper Marx's Theory of Exploitation and Technical Progress, Łaski put into question even the relationship between the rate of exploitation and the profit rate, particularly in the case when technical progress was accounted for. Łaski also participated in discussions on the theory of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. At the same time he continued studies on Eastern Europe, the main area of his research. Łaski published many papers on the proportions of expanded reproduction and the role of capital imports in socialist economy. In his analysis he took account of inflation, of foreign trade turnovers, and of the “grey economy”. Further topics of his research at that time were the problems of national accounting, and comparisons of consumption volumes between the East and the West, particularly the comparability of price indices in a market and a centrally planned economy. Łaski also worked closely with Włodzimierz Brus, who in the mid-1970s obtained a professorship chair of economics at the University of Oxford. The major result of their long-standing research collaboration was their book Marx and the Market (1989). It contains the final reckoning of the authors with the theory and practice of real socialism on the eve of its collapse. From the 1970s onwards, Łaski had also been in close research collaboration with Josef Steindl and the Indian post-Keynesian economist Amit Bhaduri.

In Austria after collapse of state socialist economies (1989–2015)

Following the breakup of the

For dozens of years Łaski had done much to keep Kalecki's ideas alive. It was not an easy task, because global economics remained dominated by the hard neoliberal paradigm and Kalecki's work did not fit well within that current.^[3] Łaski was a consistent supporter of state interventionism in economy for the sake of maintaining full employment and moderating income differentiation, which in turn he saw as necessary to prevent the recurrent in capitalism extremes of economic cycles.^[2]

Involvement in Poland (1989–2015)

In 1989, at the time of the

• From Marx to the Market: Socialism in Search for an Economic System (with Wlodzimierz Brus), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989
• An Alternative Economic Policy for Central and Eastern Europe, in: Mark Knell (ed), Economics of Transition. Structural Adjustments and Growth Prospects in Eastern Europe, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Brookfield, Vermont, US, 1996, pp. 87–115
• Lessons to be drawn from main mistakes in the transition strategy (with Amit Bhaduri), in: Salvatore Zecchini (ed), Lessons from the Economic Transition. Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s, OECD, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997
• Three Ways to High ... Unemployment, wiiw Working Papers, No. 12, Vienna, January 2000
• Effective Demand versus Profit Maximization in Aggregate Demand/Supply Analysis: A Dynamic Perspective (with Amit Bhaduri and Martin Riese), Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review 210 (2001), pp. 281–93.
• Growth and Savings in USA and Japan (with Roman Römisch), wiiw Working Papers, No. 16, Vienna, July 2001
• Mity i rzeczywistość w polityce gospodarczej i w nauczaniu ekonomii (Myths and reality in economic policy and teaching), INE PAN i Fundacja Innowacja, Warszawa, 2009
• The basic paradigms of the EU economic policy-making need to be changed (with Leon Podkaminer), Cambridge Journal of Economics, February 2012
• Wykłady z makroekonomii. Gospodarka kapitalistyczna bez bezrobocia (Lectures on macroeconomics: capitalist economy without unemployment), Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne, Warszawa 2015

Literature

• Fink, G., G. Pöll and M. Riese (ed.): Foreword, in: Economic Theory, Political Power and Social Justice – Festschrift Kazimierz Laski, Linzer Universitätsschriften, 7, Springer-Verlag, Wien, 1987
• "Ehrung für Wirtschaftskoryphäe" Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, 28. Jänner 2012

References

External links

• "Das Leben ist stärker als die Dogmen", Intervention. European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, Vol 4 (2007), No. 2
• "Schlangen vor den Geschäften oder vor den Arbeitsämtern", Kurswechsel, (2006), No. 4
• "Intellectual trajectories: Kalecki’s place in my career as economist", EAEPE Newsletter, Number 36, Juli-August 2006
• "Entweder den Euro reparieren, oder sich davon verabschieden" Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, 1. Februar 2012
• Kazimierz Łaski on the website of The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (wiiw)
• Complete list of primary literature with access to online publications