Kaziranga National Park
Kaziranga National Park | |
---|---|
Location | Golaghat and Nagaon districts,[1] Assam, India |
Nearest city | Golaghat |
Coordinates | 26°40′N 93°21′E / 26.667°N 93.350°E |
Area | 1,090 km2 (420 sq mi) |
Established | 1905 1974 (as national park) |
Governing body | Government of Assam Government of India |
Website | https://kaziranga.nptr.in/ |
Asia |
Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam, India. The park, which hosts two-thirds of the world's Indian rhinoceroses, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2] According to the census held in March 2018 which was jointly conducted by the Forest Department of the Government of Assam and some recognized wildlife NGOs, the rhino population in Kaziranga National Park is 2,613. It comprises 1,641 adult rhinos (642 males, 793 females, 206 unsexed); 387 sub-adults (116 males, 149 females, 122 unsexed); and 385 calves.[3]
In 2015, the rhino population stood at 2,401. Kaziranga National Park was declared a
Kaziranga is a vast expanse of tall
In 2017, Kaziranga came under severe criticism after a BBC News documentary revealed a hardliner strategy to conservation, reporting the killing of 20 people a year in the name of rhino conservation.[5] As a consequence of this reporting, BBC News was banned from filming in protected areas in India for 5 years.[6] While several news reports claimed that BBC had apologized for the documentary, the BBC stood by its report, with its Director General, Tony Hall, writing in a letter to Survival International that the letter "in no way constitutes an apology for our journalism."[7] As a response to the report, researchers in India have provided more nuanced understanding of the matter, calling out BBC for the carelessness of its journalism, but also pointing to the problems of conservation in Kaziranga[8] and questioning whether shoot-at-sight has been a useful conservation strategy at all.[9]
History of Kaziranga National Park
The history of Kaziranga as a protected area can be traced back to 1904, when Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston, the wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, visited the area.[10] After failing to see a single-horned rhinoceros, for which the area was renowned, she persuaded her husband to take urgent measures to protect the dwindling species which he did by initiating planning for their protection.[11] On 1 June 1905, the Kaziranga Proposed Reserve Forest was created with an area of 232 km2 (90 sq mi).[12]
Over the next three years, the park area was extended by 152 km2 (59 sq mi), to the banks of the Brahmaputra River.[13][failed verification] In 1908, Kaziranga was designated a "Reserve Forest".
In 1916, it was redesignated the "Kaziranga Game Sanctuary" and remained so till 1938, when hunting was prohibited and visitors were permitted to enter the park.[citation needed]. In 1934 Kaziranga was changed to Kaziranha. A few people call it by its original name till today.
The Kaziranga Game Sanctuary was renamed the "Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary" in 1950 by P. D. Stracey, the forest conservationist, in order to rid the name of hunting connotations.[14]
In 1954, the government of Assam passed the Assam (Rhinoceros) Bill, which imposed heavy penalties for rhinoceros poaching.[citation needed] Fourteen years later, in 1968, the state government passed the Assam National Park Act of 1968, declaring Kaziranga a designated national park.[citation needed] The 430 km2 (166 sq mi) park was given official status by the central government on 11 February 1974. In 1985, Kaziranga was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its unique natural environment.
Kaziranga has been the target of several natural and man-made calamities in recent decades. Floods caused by the overflow of the river Brahmaputra, leading to significant losses of animal life.[15] Encroachment by people along the periphery has also led to a diminished forest cover and a loss of habitat.[citation needed] An ongoing separatist movement in Assam led by the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) has crippled the economy of the region,[16] but Kaziranga has remained unaffected by the movement; indeed, instances of rebels from the United Liberation Front of Assam protecting the animals and, in extreme cases, killing poachers, have been reported since the 1980s.[11]
Etymology
Although the
Testimony to the long history of the name can be found in some records, which state that once, while the
Some historians believe, however, that the name Kaziranga was derived from the Karbi word Kajir-a-rong, which means "the village of Kajir" (kajiror gaon). Among the Karbis, Kajir is a common name for a girl child,[citation needed] and it was believed that a woman named Kajir once ruled over the area. Fragments of monoliths associated with Karbi rule found scattered in the area seem to bear testimony to this assertion.
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Grassland of Kaziranga National Park
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Rhinos grazing in the grassland of Kaziranga
Geography
Kaziranga is located between latitudes 26°30' N and 26°45' N, and longitudes 93°08' E to 93°36' E within three districts in the Indian state of
The park is approximately 40 km (25 mi) in length from east to west, and 13 km (8 mi) in breadth from north to south.
Kaziranga has flat expanses of fertile,
Climate
The park experiences three seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. The winter season, between November and February, is mild and dry, with a mean high of 25 °C (77 °F) and low of 5 °C (41 °F).[citation needed] During this season, beels and nullahs (water channels) dry up.[22]: p.06 The summer season between March and May is hot, with temperatures reaching a high of 37 °C (99 °F).[citation needed] During this season, animals usually are found near water bodies.[22]: p.06 The rainy monsoon season lasts from June to September, and is responsible for most of Kaziranga's annual rainfall of 2,220 mm (87 in).[26][citation needed] During the peak months of July and August, three-fourths of the western region of the park is submerged, due to the rising water level of the Brahmaputra. It was found that 70% of the National Park was flooded as on 3 August 2016. The flooding causes most animals to migrate to elevated and forested regions outside the southern border of the park, such as the Mikir hills. 540 animals, including 13 rhinos and mostly hog deer perished in unprecedented floods of 2012.[19][27] However, occasional dry spells create problems as well, such as food shortages and occasional forest fires.[28]
Climate of Kaziranga National Park And Tiger Reserve
Kaziranga National Park has a tropical monsoon climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The park experiences heavy rainfall during the monsoon season, which lasts from June to September, and dry conditions from November to March. The average annual rainfall in Kaziranga is around 2,200 mm (87 inches), For more
Fauna
Kaziranga contains significant breeding populations of 35 mammalian species,
Kaziranga is one of the few wild breeding areas outside Africa for multiple species of large cats, such as
Small mammals include the rare
Kaziranga has been identified by
Kaziranga was once home to seven species of vultures, but the vulture population reached near extinction, supposedly by feeding on animal carcasses containing the drug Diclofenac.[42] Only the Indian vulture, slender-billed vulture, and white-rumped vulture have survived.[42] Game birds include the swamp francolin, Bengal florican, and pale-capped pigeon.[40]: p.03
Other families of birds inhabiting Kaziranga include the
Two of the largest snakes in the world, the reticulated python and Indian rock python, as well as the longest venomous snake in the world, the king cobra, inhabit the park. Other snakes found here include the Indian cobra, monocled cobra, Russell's viper, and the common krait.[29] Monitor lizard species found in the park include the Bengal monitor and the Asian water monitor.[29] Other reptiles include fifteen species of turtle, such as the endemic Assam roofed turtle and one species of tortoise, the brown tortoise.[29] 42 species of fish are found in the area, including the Tetraodon.[29]
Flora
Four main types of vegetation exist in this park.
There is a difference in altitude between the eastern and western areas of the park, with the western side being at a lower altitude. The western reaches of the park are dominated by
Thick evergreen forests, near the Kanchanjhuri, Panbari, and Tamulipathar blocks, contain trees such as
There are many different aquatic floras in the lakes and ponds, and along the river shores. The
Administration
The Wildlife wing of the forest department of the Government of Assam, headquartered at Bokakhat, is responsible for the administration and management of Kaziranga.[22]: p.05 The administrative head of the park is the Director, who is a Chief Conservator of Forests-level officer. A divisional Forest Officer is the administrative chief executive of the park. He is assisted by two officers with the rank of Assistant Conservator of Forests. The park area is divided into five ranges, overseen by Range Forest Officers.[22]: p.11 The five ranges are the Burapahar (HQ: Ghorakati), Western (HQ: Baguri), Central (HQ: Kohora), Eastern (HQ: Agaratoli) and Northern (HQ: Biswanath). Each range is further sub-divided into beats, headed by a forester, and sub-beats, headed by a forest guard.[22]: p.11 The official website Archived 19 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine of the Park is http://kaziranga.assam.gov.in Archived 19 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
The park receives financial aid from the State Government as well as the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change of
Conservation management
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Kaziranga National Park has been granted maximum protection under the Indian law for wildlife conservation. Various laws, which range in dates from the Assam Forest Regulation of 1891 and the Biodiversity Conservation Act of 2002 have been enacted for protection of wildlife in the park.[24]: p.01 Poaching activities, particularly of the rhinoceroses for its horn, has been a major concern for the authorities. Between 1980 and 2005, 567 rhinoceroses were hunted by poachers.[22]: p.10 Following a decreasing trend for the past few years, 18 Indian rhinoceroses were killed by poachers in 2007.[48] Reports have suggested that there are links between these poaching activities and funding of terrorist organizations.[49][50] But these could not be substantiated in later years. Preventive measures such as construction of anti-poaching camps and maintenance of existing ones, patrolling, intelligence gathering, and control over the use of firearms around the park have reduced the number of casualties.[51][52] Since 2013, the park used cameras on drones which are monitored by security guards to protect the rhino from armed poachers.[53]
Perennial flooding and heavy rains have resulted in the death of wild animals and damage to the conservation infrastructures.[21] To escape the water-logged areas, many animals migrate to elevated regions outside the park boundaries where they are susceptible to hunting, hit by speeding vehicles, or subject to reprisals by villagers for damaging their crops.[citation needed] To mitigate the losses, the authorities have increased patrols, purchased additional speedboats for patrol, and created artificial highlands for shelter.[citation needed] Several corridors have been set up for the safe passage of animals across National Highway–37 which skirts around the southern boundary of the park.[54] To prevent the spread of diseases and to maintain the genetic distinctness of the wild species, systematic steps such as immunization of livestock in surrounding villages and fencing of sensitive areas of the park, which are susceptible to encroachment by local cattle, are undertaken periodically.[citation needed]
Visitor activities
Transport
Authorised guides of the forest department accompany all travelers inside the park.
Buses owned by
In popular culture
Kaziranga has been the theme of, or has been mentioned in, several books, songs, and documentaries. The park first gained international prominence after
Kaziranga Trail (Children's Book Trust, 1979), a children's storybook by Arup Dutta about rhinoceros poaching in the national park, won the Shankar's Award.[62] The Assamese singer Bhupen Hazarika refers to Kaziranga in one of his songs.[33] The BBC conservationist and travel writer, Mark Shand, authored a book and the corresponding BBC documentary Queen of the Elephants, based on the life of the first female mahout in recent times—Parbati Barua of Kaziranga. The book went on to win the 1996 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award and the Prix Litteraire d'Amis, providing publicity simultaneously to the profession of mahouts as well as to Kaziranga.[63]
Controversy
In 2017, Kaziranga came under severe criticism after a BBC News documentary revealed a hardliner strategy to conservation, reporting the killing of 20 people a year in the name of rhino conservation.[5] As a consequence of this reporting, BBC News was banned from filming in protected areas in India for 5 years.[6] While several news reports claimed that BBC had apologized for the documentary, the BBC stood by its report, with its Director General, Tony Hall, writing in a letter to Survival International that "the letter 'in no way constitutes an apology for our journalism.'"[7] As a response to the report, researchers in India have provided more nuanced understanding of the matter, calling out BBC for the carelessness of its journalism, but also pointing to the problems of conservation in Kaziranga[8] and questioning whether shoot-at-sight has been a useful conservation strategy at all.[9]
Economic valuation
Kaziranga Tiger Reserve estimated its annual flow benefits to be 9.8 billion rupees (0.95 lakh / hectare). Important ecosystem services included habitat and refugia for wildlife (5.73 billion), gene-pool protection (3.49 billion), recreation value (21 million), biological control (150 million) and sequestration of carbon (17 million).[64]
See also
- Biodiversity of Assam
- Climate of Kaziranga National Park
- Jaws of Death, a documentary
- Kaziranga Elephant Festival
- List of national parks of India
- Manas National Park
- Rhino poaching in Assam
- Tourism in North East India
References
Notes
- ^ National Park, Kaziranga. "Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve". Kaziranga National Park. our My India and Peak Adventure Tour. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- ^ Bhaumik, Subir (17 April 2007). "Assam rhino poaching 'spirals'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ Dutt, Anonna (30 March 2018). "Kaziranga National Park's rhino population rises by 12 in 3 years". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Welcome to Kaziranga". Archived from the original on 30 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Kaziranga: The park that shoots people to protect rhinos". BBC News. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ a b Pinjarkar, Vijay. "Kaziranga report gets BBC banned for 5 years". The Economic Times. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ a b International, Survival. "BBC boss stands by Kaziranga killings exposé". www.survivalinternational.org. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Grasslands of Grey: The Kaziranga Model Isn't Perfect – But Not in the Ways You Think". The Wire. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Shoot-at-sight is not unjustified. But that alone can't stop poaching at Kaziranga". The Indian Express. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ "Kaziranga's centenary celebrations". 18 February 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- ^ a b c Bhaumik, Subir (18 February 2005). "Kaziranga's centenary celebrations". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ Talukdar, Sushanta (5 January 2005). "Waiting for Curzon's kin to celebrate Kaziranga". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Kaziranga National Park–History and Conservation". Kaziranga National Park Authorities.
- ^ Oberai, C. P., & Bonal, B. S. (2002). Kaziranga, the rhino land. Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- ^ Kaziranga Factsheet (Revised) Archived 18 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO, Retrieved on 2007-02-27 [dead link]
- ^ Deka, Arup Kumar. "ULFA & THE PEACE PROCESS IN ASSAM" (PDF). ipcs.org. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ Official Support Committee, Kaziranga National Park (2009). "History-Legends". Assam: AMTRON. Archived from the original on 19 June 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
- ^ a b c Mathur, V.B.; Sinha, P.R.; Mishra, Manoj. "UNESCO EoH Project_South Asia Technical Report No. 7–Kaziranga National Park" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 15–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f "UN Kaziranga Factsheet". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ a b Lahan, P; Sonowal, R. (March 1972). "Kaziranga WildLife Sanctuary, Assam. A brief description and report on the census of large animals". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 70 (2): 245–277.
- ^ a b c : p.21 Section II: Periodic Report on the State of Conservation of Kaziranga National Park, India (PDF) (Report). UNESCO. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h : pp. 20–21 Mathur, V.B.; Sinha, P.R.; Mishra, Manoj. "UNESCO EoH Project_South Asia Technical Report–Kaziranga National Park" (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ "Kaziranga National Park". Archived from the original on 1 May 2006.. WildPhotoToursIndia(Through Archive.org). Retrieved on 2007-02-27
- ^ a b c : p.03 "State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region –Kaziranga National Park" (PDF). UNESCO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- Outlook India. Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 26 February 2007.
- ^ "Kaziranga climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Kaziranga weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ "Assam flood: Over 500 animals dead in Kaziranga". 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012.
- ^ AFP English Multimedia Wire (29 August 2006). "Rare rhinos in India face food shortage". Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "wildlife in Kaziranga National Park". Kaziranga National Park Authorities. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ a b Hussain, Syed Zakir (10 August 2006). "Kaziranga adds another feather – declared tiger reserve". Indo-Asian News Service. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ 'Wild buffalo census in Kaziranga', The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Newsletter No. 3, June 2001
- ^ The Tribune. Archivedfrom the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ "Elephant Survey in India" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 2005. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ "Kaziranga National Park–Animal Survey". Kaziranga National Park Authorities. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2010) The vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India
- ^ "Golden tiger spotted in Assam's Kaziranga National Park | WATCH".
- ^ "Two new mammalian species added to Kaziranga's fauna". The Hindu. 21 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ "Wildlife in Kaziranga National Park". Kaziranga National Park Authorities. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ a b c d : pp.07–10 Barua, M.; Sharma, P. (1999). "Birds of Kaziranga National Park, India" (PDF). Forktail. 15. Oriental Bird Club: 47–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2003) Birds of Kaziranga: a check list. Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation, Guwahati, India
- ^ ]
- ^ Talukdar, B. (1995). Status of Swamp Deer in Kaziranga National Park. Department of Zoology, Guwahati University, Assam.
- ^ Kushwaha, S.& Unni, M. (1986). Applications of remote sensing techniques in forest-cover-monitoring and habitat evaluation—a case study at Kaziranga National Park, Assam, in, Kamat, D.& Panwar, H.(eds), Wildlife Habitat Evaluation Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing / Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. pp. 238–247
- ^ Jain, S.K. and Sastry, A.R.K. (1983). Botany of some tiger habitats in India. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. p71.
- ^ Davis, Wit. "Indian Flooding Update – Hyacinth, Hyacinth Everywhere and no Water to Drink". International Fund for Animal Welfare. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- ^ Silent Stranglers, Eradication of Mimosas in Kaziranga National Park, Assam Archived 4 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine; Vattakkavan et al.; Occasional Report No. 12, Wildlife Trust of India, pp. 12–13. Retrieved on 2007-02-26
- ^ "Another rhino killed in Kaziranga". The Times of India. 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
- ^ "Poachers kill Indian Rhino". The New York Times. 17 April 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2007. [dead link]
- The Telegraph. Archived from the originalon 30 September 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ "Kaziranga National Park–Heroes of Kaziranga". Kaziranga National Park Authorities. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ "Two poachers killed in Kaziranga – Tight security measures, better network yield results at park". The Telegraph. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ "India use drones to protect rhinos from poachers". 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013.
- ^ Bonal, BS & Chowdhury, S (2004), Evaluation of barrier effect of National Highway37 on the wildlife of Kaziranga National Park and suggested strategies and planning for providing passage: A feasibility report to the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India.
- The Telegraph. 31 March 2007. Archived from the originalon 30 September 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ Shrivastava, Rahul; Heinen, Joel (2003). "A pilot survey of nature-based tourism at Kaziranga National Park and World Heritage Site, India". American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 30 December 2005.
- ^ "Kaziranga National Orchid Park". Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ "Kaziranga National Park Travel Guide". About.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ Personalities of Golaghat district. Retrieved on 2007-03-22 Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Robin Banerjee. Retrieved on 2007-03-22 Archived 21 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- The Sentinel (Gauhati)6 August 2003
- ^ Khorana, Meena. (1991). The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults. Greenwood Press
- The Telegraph. Archived from the originalon 15 January 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- Ghosh, S., Nandy, S., & Kumar, A. S. Rapid assessment of recent flood episode in Kaziranga National Park, Assam using remotely sensed satellite data. Current Science, 111(9), 1450–1451.
Further information
- Barthakur, Ranjit; Sahgal, Bittu (2005). The Kaziranga Inheritance. Mumbai: Sanctuary Asia.
- Sandesh, Kadur; Thengummoottil, George (2014). Kaziranga National Park. ASSAM: UNESCO.
- Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2000). The Birds of Assam. Guwahati: Gibbon Books and World Wide Fund for Nature.
- Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2003). Birds of Kaziranga National Park: A checklist. Guwahati: Gibbon Books and The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India.
- Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2004). Kaziranga Wildlife in Assam. India: Rupa & Co.
- Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2010). The vanishing herds : the wild water buffalo. Guwahati, India: Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan.
- Dutta, Arup Kumar (1991). Unicornis: The Great Indian One Horned Rhinoceros. New Delhi: Konark Publication.
- Gee, E.P. (1964). The Wild Life of India. London: Collins.
- Jaws of Death—a 2005 documentary by Gautam Saikia about Kaziranga animals being hit by vehicular traffic while crossing National Highway 37, winner of the Vatavaran Award.
- Oberai, C.P.; B.S. Bonal (2002). Kaziranga: The Rhino Land. New Delhi: B.R. Publishing.
- Shrivastava, Rahul; Heinen, Joel (2007). "A microsite analysis of resource use around Kaziranga National Park, India: Implications for conservation and development planning". The Journal of Environment & Development. 16 (2): 207–226. S2CID 54535379.
- Shrivastava, Rahul; Heinen, Joel (2005). "Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India". Journal of Ecological Anthropology. 9: 20–34. .
External links
- Official website of Kaziranga Archived 19 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- "Kaziranga Centenary 1905–2005". Archived from the original on 14 February 2008.
- "World Conservation Monitoring Centre". Archived from the original on 22 March 2007.
- Department of Environment and Forests (Government of Assam)–Kaziranga
- Chaity- A legend of Human-Animal bondage by Abhishek Chakraborty
- Best things to do in Kaziranga National Park
- Rhino census in India's Kaziranga park counts 12 more