Cephalonia
Kefalonia
Κεφαλονιά/Κεφαλλονιά Kefaloniá/Kefalloniá | |
---|---|
EEST) | |
Postal codes | 280 xx |
Area codes | 267x0 |
Car plates | ΚΕ |
Website | www |
Kefalonia or Cephalonia (Greek: Κεφαλονιά), formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia (Κεφαλληνία), is the largest of the Ionian Islands[1] in western Greece and the 6th largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. It is also a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region. It was a former Latin Catholic diocese Kefalonia–Zakynthos (Cefalonia–Zante) and short-lived titular see as just Kefalonia. The capital city of Cephalonia is Argostoli.[2]
History
Antiquity
Legend
An
Kefalonia has also been suggested as the
Kefalonia is also referenced in relation to the goddess
Archaic and Classical Periods
From at least the 6th century BC the island was dominated by four city-states (poleis): Pale (modern Lixouri), Krane (mod. Argostoli), Same (mod. Sami) and Pronnoi.[5] All four minted their own coins, as well as building monumental temples and fortifications, both in the cities themselves and in the surrounding countryside. Ancient writers generally paid little attention to the island throughout antiquity, but there are some notable references, and it seems that the Kefalonian cities were involved in developments and events across the wider Greek world. A certain Melampous, from Kefalonia, won the Lyre and Song contest at the Pythian Games at Delphi in 582 BC.[6] 200 hoplites from Pale fought alongside other Greeks against the Persians in the decisive battle at Plataea,[7] and all four Kefalonian cities allied with Athens during the Peloponnesian War.[8] The island was of strategic value to the Athenians, as it lies close to the entry to the Bay of Corinth. The Corinthians attempted, unsuccessfully, to attack Krane in 431 BC, and, 10 years later, Athens settled a group of Spartan deserters on the island.[9] Finally, a group of Kefalonian soldiers were recruited by the Athenian general Demosthenes as part of the ill-fated Sicilian Expedition in 415-413 BC.[10]
Hellenistic and Roman Periods
The Kefalonian cities retained close ties with Athens after the end of the Peloponnesian War, despite the Spartan victory. Athenian influence, including heavy direct taxation in the 4th century BC, may have been a stimulus for a new planned and fortified town at Same, which increasingly seems to have dominated the smaller polis of Pronnoi.[5]
The Kefalonian cities once again contributed troops and ships to broader Greek military events, this time Alexander the Great's invasion and conquest of the Persian Empire. In the subsequent centuries, the island was drawn ever close to the Aetolian League.[5] As a result it was invaded by the Macedonian king Philip V in 218 BC[11] and then by the Roman republic in 189 BC, who conquered Same after a protracted siege.[12] From then onwards, Kefalonia lost its strategic importance, and so declined in social and economic terms. Archaeologically, the Roman period is dominated by lavish villas on the coasts, contrasted with little activity in the old towns.[5] The ancient links to Athens seem to have remained strong, as the emperor Hadrian gifted the island to the city during his reign.[13]
Middle Ages
In the late
Following the loss of the bulk of Italy, and the expansion of the Muslims into the Western Mediterranean, the island became a strategically important base of operations for the
The loss of
Venetian rule
Turkish rule lasted only until 1500, when Cephalonia was
Because of the liberal situation on the island, the Venetian governor Marc'Antonio Giustiniani (1516–1571) printed Hebrew books and exported them to the whole eastern Mediterranean. In 1596 the Venetians built the Assos Castle, one of Cephalonia's main tourist attractions today. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the island was one of the largest exporters of currants in the world with Zakynthos, and owned a large shipping fleet, even commissioning ships from the Danzig shipyard. Its towns and villages were mostly built high on hilltops, to prevent attacks from raiding parties of pirates that sailed the Ionian Sea during the 1820s.
French, Ionian state period and British rule
Venice was conquered by France in 1797 and Cephalonia, along with the other Ionian Islands, became part of the
In the following year, 1798, the French were forced to yield the Ionian Islands to a combined Russian and Turkish fleet. From 1799 to 1807, Cephalonia was part of the Septinsular Republic, nominally under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, but protected by Russia.
By the Tilsit Treaty in 1807, the Ionian Islands were ceded back to France, which remained in control until 1809.
In 1809, the
A few years later Greek nationalist groups started to form. Although their energy in the early years was directed to supporting the Greeks in the revolution against the Ottoman Empire, it soon started to turn towards the British. By 1848, calls for enosis with Greece were gaining strength and there were rebellions against British rule in Argostoli and Lixouri, which led to some relaxation in the laws and to freedom of the press. Union with Greece was now a declared aim, and in 1849, as revolution was sweeping across Europe, a growing restlessness resulted in another rebellion against the British state, which was suppressed by the island's governor, Sir Henry George Ward when 21 people were hanged, several were shot and hundreds were flogged by the cat-o-nine-tails.[15]
Cephalonia, along with the other islands, were transferred to Greece in 1864 as a gesture of goodwill when the British-supported Prince William of Denmark became King George the First of the Hellenes.
Union with Greece
In 1864, Cephalonia, together with all the other Ionian Islands, became a full member of the Greek state.
World War II
In
Approximately five thousand of the nine thousand surviving Italian soldiers were executed in reprisal by the German forces. The book Captain Corelli's Mandolin by Louis de Bernières, which was later made into a film, is based on this event. While the war ended in central Europe in 1945, Cephalonia remained in a state of conflict due to the Greek Civil War. Peace returned to Greece and the island in 1949. [citation needed]
Earthquake of 1953
Cephalonia lies just to the southeast of a major
A series of four earthquakes hit the island in August 1953, and caused major destruction, with virtually every house on the island destroyed. The third and most destructive of the quakes took place on 12 August 1953 at 09:24 UTC (11:24 local time), with a magnitude of 6.8 on the Moment magnitude scale. Its epicentre was directly south of the southern tip of Cephalonia, and caused the entire island to be raised 60 cm (24 in) higher, where it remains, with evidence in water marks on rocks around the coastline.
The 1953 Ionian earthquake disaster caused huge destruction, with only regions in the north escaping the heaviest tremors and houses there remaining intact. Damage was estimated to run into tens of millions of dollars, equivalent to billions of drachmas, but the real damage to the economy occurred when residents left the island. The majority of the population left the island soon after, seeking a new life elsewhere.
Recent history
The
In mid-November 2003, an earthquake measuring 5.3 on the
On the morning of 20 September 2005, an early-morning earthquake shook the south-western part of the island, especially near Lixouri and nearby villages. The earthquake measured 4.9 on the Richter magnitude scale, and its epicentre was located off the island at sea. Service vehicles took care of the area, and no damage was reported. From 24 to 26 January 2006, a major snowstorm blanketed the entire island, causing extensive blackouts. The island was recently struck yet again by another forest fire in the south of the island, beginning of 18 July 2007 during an unusual heatwave, and spreading slowly. Firefighters along with helicopters and planes battled the blaze for some days and the spectacle frightened residents on that area of the island.
In 2011, the eight former municipalities of the island lost their independence to form one united municipality. After losing its role as the capital of the island in the 19th century, Lixouri lost also its role as a seat of a municipality after 500 years. The Technological Educational Institute of the Ionian Islands closed one faculty in Lixouri and one in Argostoli.
In January 2014, an earthquake measuring 5.9 on the
Archaeology
In the southwestern portion of the island, in the area of
Cephalonia is extremely interesting archaeologically; finds go back to 40,000 BP. Without doubt, the most important era for the island is the Mycenaean era, from approximately 1500BC to 1100 BC. The archaeological museum in Cephalonia's capital, although small, is of great importance due to its exhibits from this era.
The most important archaeological discovery in Cephalonia (and indeed in Greece) of recent decades is that, in 1991, of the Mycenaean
In late 2006, a Roman grave complex was uncovered as the foundation of a new hotel was being excavated in
A dissertation published in 1987 claims that Saint Paul, on his way from Palestine to Rome in AD 59, was shipwrecked and confined for three months not on Malta but on Cephalonia.[16][17]
According to
Population: historical evolution
In the ancient period, the people lived in four cities on the island. Krani, Sami(or Samos), Pale and Pronnoi(Proni) formed a federation called "tetrapolis".[18]
In more recent times the population reached 70,000, in 1896, but declined gradually in the 20th century. The great 1953 Ionian earthquake forced many people to leave the island.[19] Many of those who left moved to Patras or Athens, or emigrated to America and Australia, following relatives who had left the island decades before. In the same period people from poorer areas of Greece such as Epirus and Thrace came to the island. The population has hovered between 35,000 and 42,000 since then; in the 2011 census, it was 35,801.[20]
Year | Population |
---|---|
1879 | 68,321[21] |
1896 | 70,077[22] |
1920 | 55,030[23] |
1940 | 58,437[24] |
1961 | 39,793[25] |
1981 | 41,319[26] |
2001 | 34,544[27] |
2011 | 35,801[20] |
Most of the indigenous people of Cephalonia have surnames ending in "-atos", such as the Alexatos (Greek: Αλεξάτος) families, and almost every settlement on the island has a name ending in "-ata", such as Metaxata, Chavriata, Frangata, Lourdata, Favata, Delaportata and others.
Ecclesiastical history
In 1222 the Frankish Crusaders established the Diocese of
Geography
The main island of the regional unit is Cephalonia and has a size of 773 km2 (300 mi2), with a population density of 55 people per km2 (140/mi2). The town of Argostoli has one-third of the island's inhabitants. Lixouri is the second major settlement, and the two towns together account for almost two-thirds of the prefecture's population.
The other major islands are: Petalas Island and Asteris Island, but they are uninhabited.
Cephalonia lies in the heart of an
Important natural features include
The island has a rich biodiversity, with a substantial number of endemic and rare species. Some areas have been declared a site in the European Union's Natura 2000 network.
Mountains
The island's highest mountain is Mount Ainos, with an elevation of 1628 meters; to the west-northwest are the Paliki mountains, where Lixouri is found, with other mountains including Geraneia (Gerania) and Agia Dynati. The top of Mount Ainos is covered with fir trees and is a natural park.
Forestry is rare on the island; however its timber output is one of the highest in the Ionian islands, although lower than that of Elia in the Peloponnese. Forest fires were common during the 1990s and the early 2000s, and still pose a major threat to the population.
Capes
- Cape Agios Georgios: approximate coordinates 38°10′00″N 20°26′00″E / 38.1667°N 20.43333°E
- Cape Kounopetra
- Cape Atheras: north-western corner of island
Flora
Most of the Ainos mountain range is designated as a
Fauna
Cephalonia is well known for its endangered loggerhead turtle population, also known as the Caretta caretta turtle, which nests on many of the beaches along the south coast of the island. The turtles can also be seen in the waters of Argostoli harbour, in Koutavos Lagoon, while walking on De Bosset Bridge. A small population of the endangered Mediterranean monk seal, Monachus monachus, also lives around the island's coast, especially on parts of the coast which are inaccessible to humans due to the terrain. Caves on these parts of the coast offer ideal locations for the seals to give birth to their pups and nurse them through the first months of their lives. The most famous breeding ground in Cephalonia is a cave on Foki beach, located on the north-east coast near Fiskardo.
The European pine marten also inhabits the island.
Over 200 species of birds have been spotted on the island.[30]
Climate
Cephalonia has hot, sunny summers and mild rainy winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, it has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). During winter it can occasionally snow on the mountain peaks of the island's mountains. The winter months can experience up to 156 mm of rainfall, resulting in high levels of humidity on the island. Winter temperature on Kefalonia average at 14-15 °C during the day and 8-9 °C during the night. During the summer months there is usually little to no rainfall. Temperatures range from nearly 30 °C during the day to around 21 °C at night.
Climate data for Argostoli (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
14.1 (57.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.9 (85.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.3 (52.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
20.6 (69.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 93.1 (3.67) |
100.0 (3.94) |
66.6 (2.62) |
49.7 (1.96) |
20.4 (0.80) |
10.5 (0.41) |
1.3 (0.05) |
5.6 (0.22) |
31.3 (1.23) |
94.7 (3.73) |
155.9 (6.14) |
150.0 (5.91) |
779.1 (30.68) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 70 |
Source: Meteo-climat-bzh[31] |
Economy
Wine and raisins are the oldest products exported, being important until the 20th century. Today fish farming and calcium carbonate are most important.
Most Greek ship-owner families have their origin in the islands of Andros, Chios or Cephalonia.[32]
Agriculture
The primary agricultural occupations are animal breeding and olive growing, with the remainder largely composed of grain and vegetables. Most vegetable production takes place on the plains, which cover less than 15% of the island, most of which is rugged and mountainous, suitable only for goats. Less than a quarter of the island's land is arable.
Until the 1970s, most Cephalonians lived in rural areas, while today, two-thirds of the population lives in urban areas, with the other third in rural towns and villages close to farmland.
The island has a long
Olive oil production
Olive oil production is a major component of Cephalonia's economy. Until the 18th century, the quantity of olive oil produced on the island just covered the needs of the residents. However, the pressure of Venetian conquerors' for olive plantation, especially after the loss of Peloponnese and Crete, resulted in increasing the production to such a degree that the first exports to Venice began. Before the 1953 Ionian earthquake, there were 200 oil presses operating on the island; today, there are thirteen. There are over one million olive trees on Cephalonia, covering almost 55% of the island's area. Olive oil is very important to the island's local, agricultural economy. "Koroneiki" and "theiako" are the two main varieties cultivated on the island, followed by a smaller number of "ntopia" and "matolia". Kefalonian olive oil has a green tone, a rich, greasy touch, and low acidity.
Tourism
Tourism to Cephalonia started in the early 19th century. The royal family of Greece sent their children in the summer Lixouri, in the early 20th century, but the island was not discovered by most tourists until the 1980s. Cephalonia is a popular holiday destination for many Italians, due to its proximity to Italy.[citation needed][34]
Two cultural attractions, the fishing villages of
Culture
Monasteries and churches
Across the broader island, two large
Music
The Ionian Islands have a musical tradition called the Ionian School. Lixouri has the Philharmonic Orchestra (since 1836) and Argostoli the Rokos Vergottis Conservatory. Richard Strauss visited Lixouri some times where he had an affair with the pianist Dora Wihan (born Weiss).
The Ionian Islands also developed a distinctive culture primarily as they did not experience Ottoman occupation, instead having ties to Venice, and musically drew from Italian influences, and Western Harmonics. This evolved into a unique musical style among the Greeks, the Cantada (Serenade) very similar to the Latin/Spanish/Italian Cantar (to sing). The Cantadas are an example of the Ionian music. Cantadas are still very popular and can be heard even today.
Literature and film
The novelists Nikos Kavvadias (1910–1975) and the Swiss Georges Haldas (1917–2010) spent parts of their life on the island. Andreas Laskaratos was a satirical poet and wrote about the society in the town of Lixouri. Lord Byron wrote parts of "Prelude" and "Don Juan" in Livatho.
Additionally, a theory was proposed by Greek researcher Libieris Liberatos as to the true identity of the island setting from Shakespeare's "The Tempest" being Cephallonia.[36]
Perhaps the best known appearance of Cephalonia in popular culture is in the novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin, by the English author Louis de Bernières. The book is believed to have been inspired by the village of Farsa, just outside Argostoli. The love story comprising the theme of the book is set before and after the Acqui Division massacre,[37] during the Second World War. A film adaptation was released in 2001. During filming there was lively debate between the production team, local authorities as well as groups of citizens, as to the complex historical details of the island's antifascist resistance. As a result, political references were omitted from the film, and the romantic core of the book was preserved, without entering complex debates about the island's history. In 2005, Riccardo Milani made his TV film, Cefalonia, also about the massacre, with music by Ennio Morricone.
Museums
- Korgialeneios Museum (under the Korgialeneios Library) in Argostoli
- Kosmetatos Foundation in Argostoli
- Archaeological Museum of Argostoli
- Iakovatios-Library (and museum) in Lixouri
- Museum in Fiskardo
- Kefalonia Natural History Museum
- Nautical Museum of Sami
Higher education
- Ionian University, Argostoli Campus (Department of Food Science and Technology[38] and Department of Department of Digital Media and Communication[39])
- Ionian University, Lixouri Campus (Department of Ethnomusicology [40])
- National Merchant MarineAcademy, Argostoli
- The Music School of Kefalonia – Rokos Vergotis Conservatory, Argostoli
Sport
Baseball
- AINOS Kefalonia
Cycling
- AINOS Kefalonia podilatikos omilos 26710-25029
Football (soccer)
|
|
|
|
Other sports
- Nautical Racing Club of Kefalonia and Ithaca
- Natura & Pet – Veterinary pharmacy
Transportation
Harbours and ports
There are five harbours and ports in the prefecture and you can get to Kefalonia by boat: in Argostoli, where the port stretches 1 kilometre around the bay, while Lixouri is situated 4 km (2 mi) across the bay from Argostoli, on the Lixouri peninsula. There is a road connection to the rest of the island, but driving from Lixouri to Argostoli involves a 30 km (19 mi) detour.
Roads
The first larger roads were built by the British in the 19th century. In the 20th century asphalted roads were built, and since 1995 almost all streets connecting villages and beaches are covered with asphalt. Since c. 2000 the Lixouri bypass was built and a four lane street south of Argostoli was constructed. Some important roads include:
- Greek National Road 50, commonly Argostoli-Sami Road
- Argostoli-Poros Road
- Argostoli-Fiskardo Road (with link to Lixouri).
- Road linking Poros and Sami
Public transportation
The ferry between Argostoli and Lixouri goes every hour and every half-hour in the season. There are a few bus lines serving the more rural areas of Kefalonia, but often only two times a day. The KTEL bus cooperation offers services from Lixouri, Poros and Argostoli to the mainland.
Airport
Cephalonia has one airport,
In December 2015 the privatisation of Kefalonia Airport and 13 other regional airports of Greece was finalised with the signing of the agreement between the
Administration
Cephalonia is a distinct
The municipality of Argostoli consists of the following municipal units (former municipalities):
The municipality of Sami consists of the following municipal units:
The municipality of Lixouri coincides with the former municipality Paliki.
The regional unit has an area of 786.575 km2.[45] The Cephalonia regional unit also includes a number of uninhabited islands of the Echinades group. They are administered by the municipal unit of Pylaros. The most significant are as follows:
Notable people and residents
- Antiquity
- Cephalus, hero-figure in Greek mythology, Patriarch of all Kephalonians (Cephallenians)
- Odysseus of Ithaca, king of the Cephalonians
- Epiphaneswas born on Cephalonia in the late 1st century or early 2nd century to Carpocrates (his father), and Alexandria of Kephallenia. He is the legendary author of On Righteousness, a notable Gnostic literary work that promotes communist principles.
- Gaius Antonius Hybrida, the uncle of the famed triumvir Mark Antony and co-consul of Cicero, who was exiled to Cephalonia in 59 BC.
- Middle Ages to 1800
- Juan de Fuca (Ioannis Phokas) (1536–1602), captain and explorer[50]
- Constantine Phaulkon (1647–1688), adventurer, first counsellor to King Narai of Ayutthaya[51]
- Giacomo Pylarini (1659–1718), doctor who gave the first smallpox inoculation outside of Turkey and contributed to the later development of vaccination against smallpox, by Edward Jenner.
- Ilias Miniatis (1669–1714), clergyman, writer and preacher. Born in Lixouri
- Leichoudes brothers, founders of the Slavic Greek Latin Academyin Moscow
- Andreas Metaxas (Greek: Greek: Ανδρέας Μεταξάς) (1786 – September 19, 1860), prime minister of Greece born on the island of Cephalonia.
- 1800 to recent past
- Giovanni Carandino, also known as Ioannis Karandinos (Greek: Ιωάννης Καραντηνός) was a Greek mathematician and translator of the major French mathematical works in the early 19th century.
- Panayis Athanase Vagliano, Greek: Greek: Παναγής Βαλλιάνος a.k.a. Panaghis Athanassiou Vallianos, (1814–1902) was a merchant and shipowner, acclaimed as the father of modern Greek shipping.
- Georgios Bonanos, sculptor (1863-1940)
- Nikolaos Xydias Typaldos (1826–1909), painter
- Photinos Panas, (January 30, 1832 – 1903) ophthalmologist, born on the Greek island of Cephalonia, Spartia. In 1860 he obtained his medical degree at Paris. He was the first professor of ophthalmology at the University of Paris, and in 1879 established the ophthalmology clinic at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris.
- Ioannis Metaxas (April 12, 1871 – January 29, 1941), General, appointed Prime Minister of Greece between April and August 1936, and dictator during the 4th of August Regime, from 1936 until his death in 1941.
- Marinos Antypas (1872–1907), lawyer and journalist, one of the country's first socialists
- Christian Zervos (1889–1970) art collector, writer and publisher
- Mikelis Avlichos(1844–1917) Greek Anarchist
- Recent past to present
- Giorgos Kalafatis (1890–1964), founder of Panathinaikos A.O., his family descended from Dilinata of Cephalonia
- Spyridon Marinatos (1901–1974), archaeologist
- Antiochos Evangelatos (1903–1981), composer and conductor
- Dimitrios Loukatos (1908–2003), folklorist-anthropologist and specialist in Greek folklore.[53]
- Nikolaos Platon (1909–1992), archaeologist
- Nikos Kavadias (1910–1975), poet and author
- Gerasimos D. Arsenis, (1931– ) politician, former minister of Finance, Defense and Education.
- Antonis Tritsis (1937–1992), politician, mayor of Athens
- Archie Karas (1950–), a Greek gambler known for turning a ten thousand dollar loan into million dollars before losing it all
- Gerasimos D. Danilatos, physicist and inventor of environmental scanning electron microscope
- Athanassios S. Fokas, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge
- Richard Wright (1943–2008) from 1984 to 1994, keyboard player with Pink Floyd
- Dionisios Vlachos (1964–present), chemical engineer, inventor and director
- rhythmic gymnast; she won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
- Ellie Dimatos, (2007–present), female hockey player, won with team USA the 2024 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship
Gallery
-
Church in Russian style, Antipata
-
Facade of Evangelistria church
-
Drogarati cave
-
Port of Argostoli
-
Street of Fiskardo
-
Assos
-
Belltower of the Monastery of Agios Gerasimos
-
St. Marina in Soullaroi (Illari)
-
Salad from Cephalonia (local name "pissara")
In popular culture
Cephalonia (spelt Kephallonia in game) is the home of Alexios and Kassandra, main characters of the videogame Assassin's Creed Odyssey (2018).[54]
The 1994 novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin by Louis de Bernières, and the 2001 film adaptation of the same name, are primarily set in Cephalonia.[55]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text".
- ^ Robert L. Fowler, 'The myth of Kephalos as aition of rain-magic' (Pherekydes FrGHist 3F34), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 97 (1993), pp. 29–42
- ^ Gatopoulos, Derek (March 27, 2007). "Engineers to Help Find Homer's Ithaca". USA Today, Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
- ^ .
- ^ Pausanias 10.7.4.
- ^ Herodotus 9.28
- ^ Thucydides 2.30
- ^ Thucydides 2.33, 5.35
- ^ Thucydides 7.31
- ^ Polybius 5.3
- ^ Livy 38.28-9
- ^ Cassius Dio 69.16
- ^ ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- ^ "The English in the Ionian Islands". www.ionion.com.
- ^ Loggerhead Turtles In Agnes Seppelfricke: Paulus war nie auf Malta
- ^ "Hmc - St. Paul The Apostle". Imk.gr. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1860). The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge. p. 654.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Odysseus Unbound: The Search for Homer's Ithaca – excerpt. Robert Bittlestone, Cambridge University Press, 2005. Page relating the account of a local to the 1953 great earthquake.
- ^ a b 2011 Greek census: "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός". Hellenic Statistical Authority. (in Greek)
- ^ 1879 Greek census : Στατιστική της Ελλάδος. Πληθυσμός 1879 (PDF). Athens: Ministry of the Interior. 1881. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-08. (in Greek and French)
- ^ 1896 Greek census : Στατιστικά αποτελέσματα της απογραφής του πληθυσμού κατά την 5-6 Οκτωβρίου 1896 (PDF). Athens: Ministry of the Interior, Public Economy and Statistics Section. 1897. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-16. (in Greek and French)
- ^
Ministry of National Economy. 1935. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-05-30. (in Greek and French)
- ^
Ministry of National Economy, General Statistical Service of Greece. 1950. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-10-24. (in Greek and French)
- ^
National Statistical Service of Greece. 1962. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-10-24. (in Greek and French)
- ^
National Statistical Service of Greece. 1982. (in Greek and French)
- ^
National Statistical Service of Greece. 2003.
- ^ "Ιστοσελίδα ΕΚΒΥ / Προστατευόμενες περιοχές". www.ekby.gr. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
- ^ "kefaloniainfo.net". www.kefaloniainfo.net. Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
- ^ "Loggerhead Turtles In". Allkefalonia.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-09. Retrieved 2013-07-23.
- ^ "moyennes 1981/2010".
- S2CID 214118524.
- ISBN 0198600984
- ^ Das, Pankaj (Aug 13, 2023). "The best beaches in Kefalonia: 10 Must-Visit Coastal Wonders". dasstravelssolo.
- ^ Greece, Kefalonia-all about this beautiful island in. "Kefalonia Greece". Kefalonia Greece. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
- ^ "Shakespeare's Mistake" Libieris Liberatos
- ^ "Cefalonia 1943". La Storia siamo noi. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ "DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY | Contact". fst.ionio.gr.
- ^ "Contact | Department of Digital Media and Communication".
- ^ "DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOMUSICOLOGY | Contact". ethnomus.ionio.gr.
- ^ "By boat - Kefalonia Tours".
- ^ "kefalonia cruises". 18 December 2020.
- ^ "Airsealines.com". www.airsealines.com. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
- ^ "Τροποποίηση του άρθρου 1 του ν. 3852/2010" [Amendment of Article 1 of l. 3852/2010] (in Greek). Government Gazette. p. 1164.
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
- ^ Arnold, Charles. Die Inseln des Mittelmeers. (German.)
- ^ Data from GTP. Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Προσδιορισμός και χαρτογράφηση των ορνιθολογικά ευαίσθητων στα αιολικά πάρκα περιοχών της Ελλάδας, Ελληνική Ορνιθολογική Εταιρεία (Griechische Ornithologische Gesellschaft) PDF Online[permanent dead link] (1,883 MB), griechisch
- ^ OCLC 9227578.
Lusi, Spiridion Count of, born 1741 studied on the island of Cephalonia, who died in 1811, at Potsdam, educated at the Greek College in Venice, Padua
- ISBN 9788400074593.
- Medium.com. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- OCLC 35652011.
GENERAL MELISSINO – In these Memoirs we have frequently spoken of general Melissino, whose name will long live in Russia. He originally came from Cephalonia and prided himself on his Greek origin, which he was fond of recollecting.
- ^ Folklore, April, 2004 by Thornton B. Edwards
- ^ "Assassin's Creed: Odyssey put to the test". The Star. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. 21 October 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
Further reading
- Acta Archaeologica, volume 73/2 (December 2002) is a special issue dealing with the archaeology of Kephallenia.
- ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- Leontsini, Maria (2014). "The Ionian Islands During the Byzantine Period: An Overview of their History and Monuments". In Hirst, Anthony; Sammon, Patrick (eds.). The Ionian Islands: Aspects of their History and Culture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 26–63. ISBN 978-1-4438-6278-3.
- Zečević, Nada (2014). The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th-15th centuries). Belgrade: Makart. ISBN 9788691944100.
- Soustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia (in German). Vienna: ISBN 978-3-7001-0399-8.