Kennedy Space Center

John F. Kennedy Space Center

Clockwise from the top: Vehicle Assembly Building, Shuttle Landing Facility, Launch Control Center, Launch Complex 39, KSC Headquarters Building, and the Visitor Complex
KSC shown in white; CCSFS in green
Abbreviation	KSC
Named after	John F. Kennedy
Formation	July 1, 1962; 61 years ago (1962-07-01)
Type	NASA facility
Location	Merritt Island, Florida
Coordinates	28°31′27″N 80°39′03″W / 28.52417°N 80.65083°W / 28.52417; -80.65083
Owner	NASA
Director	Janet E. Petro[1]
Budget	US$2.074 billion[2]: 52  (2023)
Staff	13,253[2]: 50  (2023)
Website	www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/home/index.html
Formerly called	Launch Operations Center
[3]

Part of a series on the
United States space program
NASA U.S. Space Force
Human spaceflight programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Space Shuttle Shuttle–Mir International Space Station Commercial Crew Constellation Artemis Lunar Gateway
Robotic spaceflight programs CRS Explorers GLS Large Strategic Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Mariner Mars Exploration New Millennium Pioneer Planetary Missions Discovery New Frontiers Solar System Exploration Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Vanguard Viking Voyager X-37
NASA Astronaut Corps Mercury Gemini Apollo Space Shuttle
Spaceports Eastern Range Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Kennedy Space Center Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska Western Range Vandenberg Space Force Base
Space launch vehicles Alpha Antares Atlas V Delta IV Heavy Electron Falcon 9 Full Thrust Falcon Heavy LauncherOne Minotaur I III IV V C New Glenn New Shepard Pegasus Space Launch System Starship Vulcan Centaur
National security space United States Space Force National Reconnaissance Office United States Space Command
Civil space Department of Energy national laboratories Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Office of Space Commerce Space Weather Prediction Center Department of State Office of Space Affairs Office of Science and Technology Policy
Commercial space industry Astra Ball Aerospace Bigelow Aerospace Blue Origin Boeing Firefly Aerospace Lockheed Martin Raytheon Rocket Lab Northrop Grumman Sierra Nevada Corporation SpaceX SSL United Launch Alliance Virgin Galactic Virgin Orbit
v t e

The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC, originally known as the NASA Launch Operations Center), located on

Though the first Apollo flights and all Project Mercury and Project Gemini flights took off from the then-Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the launches were managed by KSC and its previous organization, the Launch Operations Directorate.^[5][6] Starting with the fourth Gemini mission, the NASA launch control center in Florida (Mercury Control Center, later the Launch Control Center) began handing off control of the vehicle to the Mission Control Center in Houston, shortly after liftoff; in prior missions it held control throughout the entire mission.^[7][8]

Additionally, the center manages launch of robotic and commercial crew missions and researches food production and

There are about 700 facilities and buildings grouped throughout the center's 144,000 acres (580 km²).[11] Among the unique facilities at KSC are the 525-foot (160 m) tall Vehicle Assembly Building for stacking NASA's largest rockets, the Launch Control Center, which conducts space launches at KSC, the Operations and Checkout Building, which houses the astronauts dormitories and suit-up area, a Space Station factory, and a 3-mile (4.8 km) long Shuttle Landing Facility. There is also a Visitor Complex on site that is open to the public.

Formation

Since 1949, the military had been performing launch operations at what would become Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. In December 1959, the Department of Defense transferred 5,000 personnel and the Missile Firing Laboratory to NASA to become the Launch Operations Directorate under NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.^[12]

President

NASA began land acquisition in 1962, buying title to 131 square miles (340 km²) and negotiating with the state of Florida for an additional 87 square miles (230 km²).[14] The major buildings in KSC's Industrial Area were designed by architect Charles Luckman.^[15] Construction began in November 1962, and Kennedy visited the site twice in 1962, and again just a week before his assassination on November 22, 1963.^[16]

On November 29, 1963, the facility was named by President Lyndon B. Johnson under Executive Order 11129.^[17][18] Johnson's order joined both the civilian LOC and the military Cape Canaveral station ("the facilities of Station No. 1 of the Atlantic Missile Range") under the designation "John F. Kennedy Space Center", spawning some confusion joining the two in the public mind. NASA Administrator James E. Webb clarified this by issuing a directive stating the Kennedy Space Center name applied only to the LOC, while the Air Force issued a general order renaming the military launch site Cape Kennedy Air Force Station.^[19]

Location

Located on

From 1967 through 1973, there were 13 Saturn V launches, including the ten remaining Apollo missions after Apollo 7. The first of two uncrewed flights, Apollo 4 (Apollo-Saturn 501) on November 9, 1967, was also the first rocket launch from KSC. The Saturn V's first crewed launch on December 21, 1968, was Apollo 8's lunar orbiting mission. The next two missions tested the Lunar Module: Apollo 9 (Earth orbit) and Apollo 10 (lunar orbit). Apollo 11, launched from Pad A on July 16, 1969, made the first Moon landing on July 20. The Apollo 11 launch included crewmembers Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin, and attracted a record-breaking 650 million television viewers.^[21] Apollo 12 followed four months later. From 1970 to 1972, the Apollo program concluded at KSC with the launches of missions 13 through 17.

Skylab

On May 14, 1973, the last

As the Space Shuttle was being designed, NASA received proposals for building alternative launch-and-landing sites at locations other than KSC, which demanded study. KSC had important advantages, including its existing facilities; location on the Intracoastal Waterway; and its southern latitude, which gives a velocity advantage to missions launched in easterly near-equatorial orbits. Disadvantages included: its inability to safely launch military missions into polar orbit, since spent boosters would be likely to fall on the Carolinas or Cuba; corrosion from the salt air; and frequent cloudy or stormy weather. Although building a new site at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico was seriously considered, NASA announced its decision in April 1972 to use KSC for the shuttle.^[24] Since the Shuttle could not be landed automatically or by remote control, the launch of Columbia on April 12, 1981 for its first orbital mission STS-1, was NASA's first crewed launch of a vehicle that had not been tested in prior uncrewed launches.

In 1976, the VAB's south parking area was the site of Third Century America, a science and technology display commemorating the

On October 28, 2009, the Ares I-X launch from Pad 39B was the first uncrewed launch from KSC since the Skylab workshop in 1973.

Expendable launch vehicles (ELVs)

Beginning in 1958, NASA and military worked side by side on robotic mission launches (previously referred to as unmanned),

Though almost all robotics missions launched from the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS), KSC "oversaw the final assembly and testing of rockets as they arrived at the Cape."^[8] In 1965, KSC's Unmanned Launch Operations directorate became responsible for all NASA uncrewed launch operations, including those at Vandenberg Space Force Base. From the 1950s to 1978, KSC chose the rocket and payload processing facilities for all robotic missions launching in the U.S., overseeing their near launch processing and checkout. In addition to government missions, KSC performed this service for commercial and foreign missions also, though non-U.S. government entities provided reimbursement. NASA also funded Cape Canaveral Space Force Station launch pad maintenance and launch vehicle improvements.

All this changed with the

In the 1990s, though KSC was not performing the hands-on ELV work, engineers still maintained an understanding of ELVs and had contracts allowing them insight into the vehicles so they could provide knowledgeable oversight. KSC also worked on ELV research and analysis and the contractors were able to utilize KSC personnel as a resource for technical issues. KSC, with the payload and launch vehicle industries, developed advances in automation of the ELV launch and ground operations to enable competitiveness of U.S. rockets against the global market.[8]

In 1998, the

On 16 November 2022, at 06:47:44 UTC the Space Launch System (SLS) was launched from Complex 39B as part of the Artemis 1 mission.^[28][29]

Space station processing

As the International Space Station modules design began in the early 1990s, KSC began to work with other NASA centers and international partners to prepare for processing before launch onboard the Space Shuttles. KSC utilized its hands-on experience processing the 22 Spacelab missions in the Operations and Checkout Building to gather expectations of ISS processing. These experiences were incorporated into the design of the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF), which began construction in 1991. The Space Station Directorate formed in 1996. KSC personnel were embedded at station module factories for insight into their processes.^[8]

From 1997 to 2007, KSC planned and performed on the ground integration tests and checkouts of station modules: three Multi-Element Integration Testing (MEIT) sessions and the Integration Systems Test (IST). Numerous issues were found and corrected that would have been difficult to nearly impossible to do on-orbit.

Today KSC continues to process ISS payloads from across the world before launch along with developing its experiments for on orbit.^[30] The proposed Lunar Gateway would be manufactured and processed at the Space Station Processing Facility.

Current programs and initiatives

The following are current programs and initiatives at Kennedy Space Center:^[31]

• Commercial Crew Program^[32]
• Exploration Ground Systems Program^[33]
  • NASA is currently designing the next heavy launch vehicle known as the Space Launch System (SLS) for continuation of human spaceflight.
  • On December 5, 2014, NASA launched the first uncrewed flight test of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), currently under development to facilitate human exploration of the Moon and Mars.^[34][35]
• Launch Services Program^[36]
• Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa)^[37]
• Research and Technology[9]
• Artemis program
• Lunar Gateway
• International Space Station Payloads^[30]
• Camp KSC: educational camps for schoolchildren in spring and summer, with a focus on space, aviation and robotics.^[38]

Facilities

The KSC Industrial Area, where many of the center's support facilities are located, is 5 miles (8 km) south of

Facilities at the Kennedy Space Center are directly related to its mission to launch and recover missions. Facilities are available to prepare and maintain spacecraft and payloads for flight.[40]^[41] The Headquarters (HQ) Building houses offices for the Center Director, library, film and photo archives, a print shop and security.^[42] When the KSC Library first opened, it was part of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. However, in 1965, the library moved into three separate sections in the newly opened NASA headquarters before eventually becoming a single unit in 1970.^[43] The library contains over four million items related to the history and the work at Kennedy. As one of ten NASA center libraries in the country, their collection focuses on engineering, science, and technology. The archives contain planning documents, film reels, and original photographs covering the history of KSC. The library is not open to the public but is available for KSC, Space Force, and Navy employees who work on site.^[43] Many of the media items from the collection are digitized and available through NASA's KSC Media Gallery Archived December 6, 2020, at the Wayback Machine or through their more up-to-date Flickr gallery.

A new Headquarters Building was completed in 2019 as part of the Central Campus consolidation. Groundbreaking began in 2014.^{[11][44][45][46]}

The center operated its own 17-mile (27 km) short-line railroad.^[47] This operation was discontinued in 2015, with the sale of its final two locomotives. A third had already been donated to a museum. The line was costing $1.3 million annually to maintain.^[48]

Payload manufacture and processing

• The
  U.S. National Register of Historic Places dating back to the 1960s and was used to receive, process, and integrate payloads for the Gemini and Apollo programs, the Skylab program in the 1970s, and for initial segments of the International Space Station through the 1990s.^[49] The Apollo and Space Shuttle astronauts would board the astronaut transfer van to launch complex 39 from the O&C building.^[50]
• The three-story, 457,000-square-foot (42,500 m²)
  ISO 14644-1 class 5 standards.^[51]
  Opened in 1994, it is the largest factory building in the KSC industrial area.
• The Vertical Processing Facility (VPF) features a 71-by-38-foot (22 by 12 m) door where payloads that are processed in the vertical position are brought in and manipulated with two overhead cranes and a hoist capable of lifting up to 35 short tons (32 t).[52]
• The Hypergolic Maintenance and Checkout Area (HMCA) comprises three buildings that are isolated from the rest of the industrial area because of the hazardous materials handled there.
  Hypergolic-fueled modules that made up the Space Shuttle Orbiter's reaction control system, orbital maneuvering system and auxiliary power units were stored and serviced in the HMCF.^[53]
• The Multi-Payload Processing Facility is a 19,647 square feet (1,825.3 m²)^[54] building used for Orion spacecraft and payload processing.
• The Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility (PHSF) contains a 70-by-110-foot (21 by 34 m) service bay, with a 100,000-pound (45,000 kg), 85-foot (26 m) hook height. It also contains a 58-by-80-foot (18 by 24 m) payload airlock. Its temperature is maintained at 70 °F (21 °C).^[55]
• The Blue Origin rocket manufacturing facility is located immediately south of the KSC visitor complex. Completed in 2019, it serves as the company's factory for the manufacture of New Glenn orbital rockets.^[56]

Launch Complex 39

Since December 1968, all launch operations have been conducted from launch pads A and B at LC-39. Both pads are on the ocean, 3 miles (4.8 km) east of the VAB. From 1969 to 1972, LC-39 was the "Moonport" for all six Apollo crewed Moon landing missions using the Saturn V,^[57] and was used from 1981 to 2011 for all Space Shuttle launches.

Human missions to the Moon required the large three-stage Saturn V rocket, which was 363 feet (111 meters) tall and 33 feet (10 meters) in diameter. At KSC, Launch Complex 39 was built on Merritt Island to accommodate the new rocket. Construction of the $800 million project began in November 1962. LC-39 pads A and B were completed by October 1965 (planned Pads C, D and E were canceled), the VAB was completed in June 1965, and the infrastructure by late 1966.

The complex includes:

• the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), a 130,000,000 cubic feet (3,700,000 m³) hangar capable of holding four Saturn Vs. The VAB was the largest structure in the world by volume when completed in 1965.^[58]
• a transporter capable of carrying 5,440 tons along a crawlerway to either of two launch pads;
• a 446-foot (136 m) mobile
  Mobile Launcher Platforms
  , each containing a fixed launch umbilical tower;
• the Launch Control Center; and
• a news media facility.

Launch Complex 48

Launch Complex 48 (LC-48) is a multi-user launch site under construction for small launchers and spacecraft. It will be located between

As a part of promoting commercial space industry growth in the area and the overall center as a multi-user spaceport,[61]^[62] KSC leases some of its properties. Here are some major examples:

• Exploration Park to multiple users (partnership with Space Florida)
• Shuttle Landing Facility to Space Florida (who contracts use to private companies)
• CST-100 Starliner
  )
• Launch Complex 39A, Launch Control Center Firing Room 4 and land for SpaceX's Roberts Road facility (Hanger X) to SpaceX
• O&C High Bay to Lockheed Martin (for Orion processing)
• Land for FPL's
  Florida Power and Light (FPL)^[63][64][65]
• Hypergolic Maintenance Facility (HMF) to United Paradyne Corporation (UPC)[66]

Visitor complex

It was announced on May 29, 2015, that the Astronaut Hall of Fame exhibit would be moved from its current location to another location within the Visitor Complex to make room for an upcoming high-tech attraction entitled "Heroes and Legends". The attraction, designed by Orlando-based design firm Falcon's Treehouse, opened November 11, 2016.[68]

In March 2016, the visitor center unveiled the new location of the iconic countdown clock at the complex's entrance; previously, the clock was located with a flagpole at the press site. The clock was originally built and installed in 1969 and listed with the flagpole in the

NASA lists the following Historic Districts at KSC; each district has multiple associated facilities:[71]^[72][73]

• Launch Complex 39: Pad A Historic District
• Launch Complex 39: Pad B Historic District
• Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) Area Historic District
• Orbiter Processing Historic District
• Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) Disassembly and Refurbishment Complex Historic District
• NASA KSC Railroad System Historic District
• NASA-owned Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Industrial Area Historic District

There are 24 historic properties outside of these historic districts, including the Space Shuttle Atlantis, Vehicle Assembly Building, Crawlerway, and Operations and Checkout Building.^[71] KSC has one National Historic Landmark, 78 National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listed or eligible sites, and 100 Archaeological Sites.^[74]

Other facilities

• The Rotation, Processing and Surge Facility (RPSF) is responsible for the preparation of solid rocket booster segments for transportation to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). The RPSF was built in 1984 to perform SRB operations that had previously been conducted in high bays 2 and 4 of the VAB at the beginning of the Space Shuttle program. It was used until the Space Shuttle's retirement, and will be used in the future by the Space Launch System^[75] (SLS) and OmegA rockets.

Weather

Florida's peninsular shape and temperature contrasts between land and ocean provide ideal conditions for electrical storms, earning Central Florida the reputation as "lightning capital of the United States".^[76][77] This makes extensive lightning protection and detection systems necessary to protect employees, structures and spacecraft on launch pads.^[78] On November 14, 1969, Apollo 12 was struck by lightning just after lift-off from Pad 39A, but the flight continued safely. The most powerful lightning strike recorded at KSC occurred at LC-39B on August 25, 2006, while shuttle Atlantis was being prepared for STS-115. NASA managers were initially concerned that the lightning strike caused damage to Atlantis, but none was found.^[79]

On September 7, 2004, Hurricane Frances directly hit the area with sustained winds of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) and gusts up to 94 miles per hour (151 km/h), the most damaging storm to date. The Vehicle Assembly Building lost 1,000 exterior panels, each 3.9 feet (1.2 m) x 9.8 feet (3.0 m) in size. This exposed 39,800 sq ft (3,700 m²) of the building to the elements. Damage occurred to the south and east sides of the VAB. The shuttle's Thermal Protection System Facility suffered extensive damage. The roof was partially torn off and the interior suffered water damage. Several rockets on display in the center were toppled.^[80] Further damage to KSC was caused by Hurricane Wilma in October 2005.

The conservative estimate by NASA is that the Space Center will experience 5 to 8 inches of sea level rise by the 2050s. Launch Complex 39A, the site of the Apollo 11 launch, is the most vulnerable to flooding, and has a 14% annual risk of flooding beginning in 2020.^[81][82]

KSC directors

Since KSC's formation, ten NASA officials have served as directors, including three former astronauts (Crippen, Bridges and Cabana):

In popular culture

In addition to being frequently featured in documentaries, Kennedy Space Center has been portrayed on film many times. Some studio movies have even gained access and filmed scenes within the gates of the space center. If extras are needed in those scenes, space center employees are recruited (employees use personal time during filming). Films with scenes at KSC include:^[94]

• Moonraker
• Stowaway to the Moon
• SpaceCamp
• Apollo 13
• Contact
• Armageddon^[95]
• Space Cowboys
• Swades
• Transformers 3: Dark of the Moon
• Tomorrowland
• Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!
• First Man
• Geostorm
• Men in Black 3

The location appears as a major plot point in the finale of Stone Ocean, the 6th part of the manga and anime series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure.

KSC is also one of the two primary settings of the 1965–1970 television series

.

See also

• Air Force Space and Missile Museum
• Astronaut beach house
• Launch Complex 34 – used for the smaller Apollo Saturn I and Saturn IB
  rockets
• Launch Complex 37 – used for the smaller Apollo Saturn I and Saturn IB
  rockets
• List of memorials to John F. Kennedy
• List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
• Mobile launcher platform
• NASA Causeway
• Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045 (Kennedy Space Center will be in the path of totality)
• Swamp Works
• Crawler-transporter

References

Citations

1. ^ Kennedy Space Center gets first woman director, Janet Petro, after Bob Cabana promoted to NASA.
2. ^ ^{a b} "2023 Kennedy Space Center Annual Report" (PDF). NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
3. ^ "Kennedy Business Report" (PDF). Annual Report FY2010. NASA. February 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
4. ^ "Kennedy Space Center Implementing NASA's Strategies" (PDF). NASA. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
5. ^ "Appendix 10 – Government Organizations Supporting Project Mercury". NASA History Program Office. NASA. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
6. ^ "2. Project Support from the NASA Centers". Mercury Project Summary (NASA SP-45). NASA. October 1963. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
7. ^ "Mercury Mission Control". NASA. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
8. ^
   ISBN 978-0-8130-3069-2
   .
9. ^ ^{a b} "Research & Technology". Kennedy Space Center. NASA. March 3, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
10. ^ "NASA Partnerships Launch Multi-User Spaceport". NASA. May 1, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
11. ^ ^{a b} "Kennedy Creating New Master Plan". NASA. March 12, 2012. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
12. ^ "Kennedy Space Center Story". NASA. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
13. ^ "History of Cape Canaveral Chapter 3 | Spaceline". Retrieved May 27, 2021.
14. ^ Charles D. Benson; William Barnaby Faherty. "Land, Lots of Land – Much of It Marshy". Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations. NASA. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
15. ^ Muschamp, Herbert (January 28, 1999). "Charles Luckman, Architect Who Designed Penn Station's Replacement, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
16. ^ ^{a b} "Kennedy History Quiz". NASA. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
17. ^ "The National Archives, Lyndon B. Johnson Executive Order 11129". Retrieved April 26, 2010.
18. ^ "Kennedy Space Center Story". NASA. 1991. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
19. ^ Benson, Charles D.; Faherty, William B. (August 1977). "Chapter 7: The Launch Directorate Becomes an Operational Center – Kennedy's Last Visit". Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations. History Series. Vol. SP-4204. NASA. Archived from the original on November 6, 2004.
20. ^ "See All Attractions | Kennedy Space Center". www.kennedyspacecenter.com. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
21. ^ "Apollo 11 Mission Overview". April 17, 2015.
22. ^ "14 May 1973, 17:30:00 UTC, T plus 000:00:00.22". This Day in Aviation. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
23. ^ "Cape Canaveral LC39B". Astronautix.com. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
24. ^ Heppenheimer, T. A. (1998). The Space Shuttle Decision. NASA. pp. 425–427. Archived from the original on October 30, 2004.
25. ^ Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Science.ksc.nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
26. ^ "Style Guide for NASA History Authors and Editors". NASA's History Office. NASA. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
27. ^ "Presidential Directive on National Space Policy". NASA. White House. February 11, 1988. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
28. ^ Artemis I Launch to the Moon (Official NASA Broadcast) – Nov. 16, 2022, retrieved November 16, 2022
29. ^ "NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch". NASA. November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
30. ^ ^{a b} "Kennedy Space Center Payload Processing". NASA. March 2, 2015. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
31. ^ "Kennedy Space Center". NASA. March 27, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
32. ^ "Commercial Crew Program". NASA. March 31, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
33. ^ "Exploration Ground Systems". NASA. March 3, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
34. ^ Garcia, Mark (April 12, 2015). "Orion Overview". NASA. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
35. ^ "Orion Explained: NASA's Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (Infographic)". Space.com. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
36. ^ "Launching Rockets". NASA. April 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
37. ^ "Small Satellite Missions". NASA. April 13, 2015. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
38. ^ "Camp Kennedy Space Center and Space Camp". NASA. April 28, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
39. ^ "Hangar S History". Kennedy Space Center. NASA. May 18, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
40. ^ "iv. Kennedy Space Center Planning and Development Office – What We Offer – Physical Assets". Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
41. ^ "Kennedy Space Center Resource Encyclopedia". NASA – Kennedy Space Center. 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
42. ^ Headquarters Building (HQ) Archived August 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Science.ksc.nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
43. ^
    S2CID 60797881
    – via Academia.edu.
44. ^ "Kennedy Space Center Central Campus". NASA. March 25, 2015. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
45. ^ "Central Campus of the Kennedy Space Center" (PDF). Kennedy Space Center Fact Sheets. NASA. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
46. ^ "Media Invited to Groundbreaking for New Kennedy Space Center Headquarters". NASA. October 2, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
47. ^ "The NASA Railroad" (PDF). Kennedy Space Center Fact Sheets. NASA. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
48. ^ Dean, James (May 24, 2015). "NASA Railroad rides into sunset". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. p. 25A. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
49. ^ "Operations and Checkout Building". Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
50. ^ Mansfield, Cheryl L. (July 15, 2008). "Catching a Ride to Destiny". NASA. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
51. ^ Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) Archived February 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Science.ksc.nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
52. ^ Vertical Processing Facility Archived October 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Science.ksc.nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
53. ^ "Hypergolic Maintenance and Checkout Facility". Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
54. ^ Granath, Bob (August 25, 2016). "Multi-Payload Processing Facility Provides 'Gas Station' for Orion". NASA. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
55. ^ "Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility". Science.ksc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
56. ^ Bergin, Chris; Munson, Noel (March 29, 2017). "Blue Origin working towards making the Cape its Orbital Launch Site". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
57. ^ Benson, Charles D.; Faherty, William B. (August 1977). "Preface". Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations. History Series. Vol. SP-4204. NASA.
58. ^ "Senate". Congressional Record: 17598. September 8, 2004.
59. ^ Kelly, Emre (June 14, 2019). "Meet Launch Complex 48, NASA's new small rocket pad at Kennedy Space Center". Florida Today. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
60. ^ Draft Environmental Assessment for Launch Complex 48 (PDF). NASA. February 19, 2019. pp. ii–iii. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
61. ^ "Partnering with KSC". Archived from the original on November 4, 2015.
62. ^ "The Front Page Archive". Doing Business With Kennedy. NASA. March 26, 2015. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
63. ^ "Partnering with KSC".
64. ^ "Solar Energy Centers". FPL.
65. ^ "Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy Center". Sustainability. NASA. June 7, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
66. ^ "Partnering with KSC".
67. ^ Stratford, Amanda (January 12, 2010). "NASA's new image". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A.
68. ^ Dean, James. "KSC Visitor Complex introduces 'Heroes and Legends'". Florida Today. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
69. ^ "Iconic KSC countdown clock gets a new home". News 13. March 1, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
70. ^ "Honoring Apollo 10 | Apollo Program 50th Anniversary Celebrations". Archived from the original on April 8, 2019.
71. ^ ^{a b} "Historic Properties at Kennedy Space Center As of January 2015" (PDF). Environmental Planning – Cultural Resources. NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
72. ^ "Understanding NASA's Historic Districts" (PDF). Environmental Program at KSC. NASA. June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
73. ^ "Environmental Planning – Cultural Resources". Environmental Program at KSC. NASA. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
74. ^ "NASA's Historic Preservation Program: Celebrating and Managing Significant Historic Resources" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
75. ^ "NASAfacts: Rotation, Processing and Surge Facility (RPSF) at Kennedy Space Center" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
76. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6
    .
77. ^ "Lightning: FAQ". UCAR Communications. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
78. ^ KSC – Lightning and the Space Program Archived September 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 28, 2008
79. ^ "NASA Checks Shuttle After Lightning Strike Near Launch Pad". Space.com. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
80. ^ "NASA Assesses Hurricane Frances Damage". NASA Press Release. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
81. ^ Horn-Muller, Ayurella; Joy, Rachael (November 14, 2019). "Could Kennedy Space Center launch pads be at risk as climate changes? Experts say yes". Climate Central / Florida Today. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
82. ^ "Future Flood Risk: John F. Kennedy Space Center & Cape Canaveral Air Force Station" (PDF). Climate Central. October 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
83. ^ NASA – Biography of Dr. Kurt H. Debus. Nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
84. ^ NASA – Biography of Lee R. Scherer. Nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
85. ^ NASA – Biography of Richard G. Smith. Nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
86. ^ NASA – Biography of Forrest S. McCartney. Nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
87. ^ NASA – Biography of Robert L. Crippen. Nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
88. ^ NASA – Biography of Jay F. Honeycutt. Nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
89. ^ NASA – Biography of Roy Bridges. Nasa.gov. Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
90. ^ NASA – NASA KSC Director Announces Retirement Archived May 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Nasa.gov (February 24, 2008). Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
91. ^ NASA – Biography of William W. (Bill) Parsons. Nasa.gov (February 24, 2008). Retrieved on May 5, 2012.
92. ^ "Cabana to Succeed Parsons as Kennedy Space Center Director" (Press release). NASA. September 30, 2008. Archived from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
93. ^ Kennedy Space Center gets first woman director, Janet Petro, after Bob Cabana promoted to NASA, Orlando Sentinel, June 30, 2021, retrieved July 1, 2021
94. ^ Sangalang, Jennifer (January 19, 2018). "Hey, girl: Casting call for Ryan Gosling movie 'First Man' at Kennedy Space Center". Florida Today. USA Today Network. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
95. ^ "Armageddon Production Notes". Michael Bay. October 4, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2018.

Sources

• Benson, Charles W.; Faherty, William Barnaby (1978). Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations. Scientific and Technical Information Office, NASA. Archived from the original on November 17, 2004..
• Middleton, Sallie. "Space Rush: Local Impact of Federal Aerospace Programs on Brevard and Surrounding Counties," Florida Historical Quarterly, Fall 2008, Vol. 87 Issue 2, pp. 258–289.
• Reynolds, David West (September 2006). Kennedy Space Center: Gateway to Space. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books.
  ISBN 978-1-55407-039-8
  . Retrieved January 30, 2010.
•  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kennedy Space Center.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cape Canaveral.

• Official website
• KSC Visitor Complex Web site
• Streaming audio of KSC radio communications
• Astronauts Memorial Foundation Web site
• "America's Space Program: Exploring a New Frontier", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places lesson plan
• "Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms", a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage travel itinerary
• A Field Guide to American Spacecraft
• Documentary of the U.S. Space Program Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine in Florida