Kenneth Waltz
Kenneth Neal Waltz | |
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New York City, New York | |
Alma mater | |
Era | Contemporary philosophy |
Region | Western Philosophy |
School | Neorealism |
Institutions | University of California, Berkeley Columbia University |
Thesis |
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Academic advisors | Structural realism, defensive realism |
Military career | |
Allegiance | First lieutenant |
Battles/wars | World War II Occupation of Japan |
Kenneth Neal Waltz (
Waltz was one of the original founders of neorealism, or structural realism, in international relations theory and later became associated with the school of defensive neorealism. Waltz's theories have been extensively debated within the field of international relations.[4] His 1979 book Theory of International Politics is the most assigned book in International Relations graduate training at U.S. universities.[5]
Early life, education, and military service
Waltz was born on June 8, 1924, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[1] He grew up and attended high school there. He then attended Oberlin College, where he started out majoring in mathematics.[6] That was interrupted to serve in the Army of the United States from 1944 to 1946 during World War II,[7] when he rose in rank from private to first lieutenant. Waltz served in the Pacific theater of the war and was stationed in Japan during the U.S. occupation of Japan.[8]
He graduated from Oberlin with an A.B. degree in 1948,[7] having switched his major to economics.[6] He was a Phi Beta Kappa[7] and also named an Amos Miller Scholar.
In 1949, he married Helen Elizabeth Lindsley,
Returning to Columbia, he obtained his Ph.D. under William T. R. Fox in 1954.[7] During his PhD studies, Waltz was most interested in political theory, but gravitated towards international relations due to the academic job market and the pressure of his dissertation advisor.[8] While preparing for his comprehensive exams, Waltz came up with the ideas that would ultimately become his dissertation and his 1959 book Man, the State and War.[8][1]
Academic career
Waltz became a lecturer and then assistant professor at Columbia from 1953 to 1957.[7] He became one of the early group of scholars at Columbia's Institute of War and Peace Studies and acted as a research assistant from 1952 to 1954 and a research associate from 1954. Later saying that he and his wife had been unsettled by the prospect of raising small children in New York City,[4] Waltz left Columbia for Swarthmore College, where he was an assistant professor and then a professor from 1957 to 1966.[7] He then moved on to Brandeis University for a stint from 1966 to 1971, the last four years of which he held the Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics chair.[7]
In 1971, Waltz joined
Waltz retired from his position at Berkeley and returned to Columbia University in 1997.[3][4] There, he became an adjunct professor as well as a senior research scholar at the Institute of War and Peace Studies.[3]
Waltz served as Secretary of the
Levels of analysis
Waltz's initial contribution to the field of international relations was his influential 1959 book, Man, the State, and War.[1][11] It classified theories of the causes of war into three categories, or levels of analysis.[4][12] He referred to those levels of analysis as "images" and used the writings of one or more classic political philosophers to outline the major points of each image. Each image was given two chapters: the first used the classical philosopher's writings mainly to describe what that image says about the cause of war, and the second usually had Waltz analyze the strengths and weaknesses of that image. Waltz's wife was essential in contributing the research that became the basis for the book.[13]
The first image argued that wars are often caused by the nature of particular statesmen and political leaders such as state leaders, like Napoleon, or by human nature more generally. That is basically consistent with classical realism, which then dominated the international relations discipline, but Waltz would contest it more fully in his next book, Theory of International Politics.
Theories of war that fall under the rubric of Waltz's second image contended that wars are caused by the domestic makeup of states. A prime example that Waltz referred to is
Waltz next assessed the first two images as being less influential in general than the third image but as ultimately necessary in understanding the causes of war. The third image posits that the cause of war is found at the systemic level and the anarchic structure of the international system is the root cause of war. In that context, "
Similarly, when two citizens have a dispute, they can appeal to the courts to render a verdict and, more importantly, the law enforcement agencies to enforce the court's ruling. However, there is no body above nation-states that can establish rules or laws for all the states, decide how they apply in specific cases, and compel the states to honor the court's ruling. As a result, if an issue at stake is important enough to a state, it can achieve a satisfactory outcome only by using its power to impose its will on another state(s). The realization that any state can resort to armed force anytime forces each state to be always prepared for that contingency.
Those themes were fleshed out more fully in Theory of International Politics, which, as the title suggests, explained a theory for international politics as a whole, rather than the narrower focus on what causes war.[citation needed]
Neorealism
International relations theory |
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Politics portal |
Waltz's key contribution to the realm of political science is in the creation of neorealism (or structural realism, as he calls it), a theory of international relations that posits that the interaction of
Waltz emphasizes repeatedly in the book and elsewhere that he is not creating a theory of
Waltz argues that contemporary geopolitics exists in a state of international affairs comparable to that of perpetual international anarchy. He distinguishes the anarchy of the international environment from the order of the domestic one. In the domestic realm, all actors may appeal to and be compelled by a central authority, "the state" or "the government," but in the international realm, no such source of order exists. The anarchy of international politics, with its lack of a central enforcer, means that states must act in a way that ensures their security above all, or they otherwise risk falling behind. He wrote that is a fundamental fact of political life faced by democracies and dictatorships alike. Except in rare cases, they cannot count on the good will of others to help them and so they must always be ready to fend for themselves. Waltz's usage of the term "anarchy" led to a fundamental discursive transformation in international relations, as scholars wrestled with Waltz's ideas. A 2015 study by Jack Donnelly found that the term "anarchy" occurred on average 6.9 times in international relations books prior to 1979 but 35.5 times in those afterward.[14]
Like most other neorealists, Waltz accepted that globalization poses new challenges to states, but he did not believe that states are being replaced because no other non-state actor can equal the capabilities of the state. Waltz suggested that globalization is a fad of the 1990s, and if anything, the role of the state has expanded its functions in response to global transformations.[15]
Neorealism was Waltz's response to what he saw as the deficiencies of classical realism. Although both terms are sometimes used interchangeably, neorealism and realism have a number of fundamental differences. The main distinction between the two theories is that classical realism puts human nature, or the urge to dominate, at the center of its explanation for war, but neorealism stakes a reduced claim on human nature and argues instead that the pressures of anarchy tend to shape outcomes more directly than the human nature of statesmen and diplomats or domestic governmental preferences.[16][citation needed]
Waltz's theory, as he explicitly states in Theory of International Politics, is not a theory of foreign policy and does not attempt to predict specific state actions, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union.[17] The theory explains only general principles of behavior that govern relations between states in an anarchic international system, rather than specific actions. The recurring principles of behavior include balancing of power (the theory was refined by Stephen Walt, who modified the "balance of power" concept to "balance of threat"), entering individually-competitive arms races, and exercising restraint in proportion to relative power. In Theory of International Politics (1979:6) Waltz suggested that explanation, rather than prediction, is expected from a good social science theory since social scientists cannot run the controlled experiments that give the natural sciences so much predictive power.
As a teacher, Waltz trained numerous prominent international relations scholars, including Stephen Walt, Barry Posen, Stephen Van Evera, Bob Powell, Avery Goldstein, Christopher Layne, Benny Miller, Karen Adams, Shibley Telhami, James Fearon, William Rose, Robert Gallucci, and Andrew Hanami.[18] He influenced Robert Jervis and Robert Art.[19][20]
Columbia University colleague Robert Jervis has said of Waltz, "Almost everything he has written challenges the consensus that prevailed at the time"[4] and "Even when you disagree, he moves your thinking ahead."[1] Leslie H. Gelb has considered Waltz one of the "giants" who helped define the field of international relations as an academic discipline.[1]
Bibliography
- Man, the State, and War. Columbia University Press. New York: 1959.
- Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics: The American and British Experience. Little, Brown and Company. New York: 1967.
- Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press. Long Grove, IL: 1979 (reissued 2010).
- The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics. University Press of America. New York: 1983. (coauthored with Robert Art).
- Reflections on Theory of International Politics. A Response to My Critics, in: Keohane, Robert: Neorealism and Its Critics. 1986.
- The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed. W. W. Norton & Company. New York: 1995.
- Realism and International Politics. Routledge. 2008.
Review
- In Man, the State, and War, Waltz proposes a three-images view of looking at international relations behavior. The first image was the individual and human nature; the second image the nation-state, and the third image the international system.
- In Theory of International Politics, Waltz elaborates many of the core principles of neorealist international relations theory, adopting a structural perspective that sets him apart from earlier (classical) realists like E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau, and later giving rise to the Neoclassical realist movement (Randall Schweller, Fareed Zakaria, William C. Wohlforth, Thomas J. Christensen, etc.) which tries to incorporate a structural component while emphasizing the state-society relationship that mitigates structural forces. (This book also popularized the term bandwagoning.)
- In The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, Waltz argues for the virtues of a world with more nuclear weapon states because of their power in nuclear peace.
Awards and honors
Waltz received the Heinz Eulau Award in 1991 for Best Article in the American Political Science Review during 1990 for "Nuclear Myths and Political Realities".[21] He received the James Madison Award for "distinguished scholarly contributions to political science" from the American Political Science Association in 1999.[4] The International Studies Association in 2010 named him their International Security Studies Section Distinguished Scholar.[3]
In 2008, a conference in Waltz's honor was conducted by Aberystwyth University, titled "The King of Thought: Theory, the Subject and Waltz".[1] It celebrated the 50th anniversary of the publication of Man, the State, and War and the 30th anniversary of Theory of International Politics.[3]
Waltz received honorary doctorates from
Dissertation Award
The Kenneth N. Waltz Dissertation Award is a yearly award given by the American Political Science Association to the best defended dissertation on the study of international security and arms control. Students from around the country are allowed to submit their paper to the committee, which has four members. The committee accepts any style, whether its historical, quantitative, theoretical, policy analysis, etc.[22]
See also
Classical realists |
Neorealists
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Neoclassical realists |
Issues and theory
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References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Martin, Douglas (May 19, 2013). "Kenneth Waltz, Foreign-Relations Expert, Dies at 88". The New York Times. p. A22.
- ^ Susan Peterson and Michael J. Tierney with Daniel Maliniak (August 2005). Teaching and Research Practices, Views on the Discipline, and Policy Attitudes of International Relations Faculty at U.S. Colleges and Universities Archived February 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Kenneth N. Waltz (1924–2013)". Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Hollander, Jason (March 28, 2000). "Prof. Kenneth N. Waltz's Political Realism Wins James Madison Lifetime Achievement Award In Political Science". Office of Communications and Public Affairs, Columbia University.
- ISSN 0020-8833.
- ^ a b c Kreisler, Harry (February 10, 2003). "Theory and International Politics: Conversation with Kenneth N. Waltz: Background". Conversations with History. Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Who's Who in America 1984–1985 Volume 2 (43rd ed.). Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1984. p. 3394.
- ^ ISSN 1094-2939.
- ^ Art, Robert (September 1, 2015). "From the Director: September, 2015". MIT Seminar XXI. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- ^ Schouten, Peer. "Theory Talk #40 - Kenneth Waltz". Retrieved 2021-08-10.
- ISSN 1094-2939.
- ISBN 978-0-691-13569-4.
- ISBN 978-1-312-88970-5.
- S2CID 143360196.
- JSTOR 420158.
- S2CID 57560180.
- S2CID 211434333.) Vol. 7, No. 3 (2018), pp. 494–515, for further discussions that Waltz's main predictions still applies after the Cold War.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ^ Walt, Stephen M. (13 May 2013). "Kenneth N. Waltz, 1924-2013". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
- ^ Staff, Mary Zhou | (2013-05-30). "Kenneth Waltz, principal theorist in international relations, dies at 88". The Daily Californian. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
- ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
- ^ "Heinz Eulau Award Recipients" (PDF). American Political Science Association. Retrieved November 21, 2014.[dead link]
- ^ "International Security and Arms Control". The American Political Science Association. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Further reading
- Mouritzen, Hans (1997). "Kenneth Waltz: A Critical Rationalist between International Politics and Foreign Policy". In Neumann, Iver B.; Waever, Ole (eds.). The Future of International Relations: Masters in the Making?. London: Routledge. pp. 66–89. ISBN 978-0-415-14407-0.
- Waever, Ole (2009). "Waltz's Theory of Theory". International Relations. 23 (2): 201–222. S2CID 144102912.
- MacKay, J. (2020). "Kenneth Waltz's approach to reading classic political theory and why it matters." International Theory
External links
- Conversations with History Archived 2019-04-13 at the Wayback Machine 2003 interview with Waltz by Harry Kreisler (video)
- Theory Talks 2011 interview with Kenneth Waltz
- Articles by Kenneth Waltz Archived 2009-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
- Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Kenneth Waltz 2011 interview with Kenneth Waltz, conducted by James Fearon (video)
- The Diplomat Interviews Kenneth Waltz on "Why Iran Should get the Bomb" 2012 interview with Waltz, conducted by Zachary Keck
- Kenneth Neal Waltz Papers at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY