Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary
Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary | |
---|---|
ដែនជម្រកសត្វព្រៃកែវសីមា (previously Seima Protection Forest, Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area) | |
Location | Cambodia |
Nearest city | Senmonorom |
Coordinates | 12°20′08″N 106°50′32″E / 12.335611°N 106.842095°E |
Area | 2,926.9 km2 (1,130.1 sq mi)[1] |
Established | 12 August 2002[2] |
Governing body | Ministry of Environment |
Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary (
Landscape and climate
Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary (KSWS) lies between 60 and 750 metres (200 and 2,460 ft) above sea level, and is situated in the southeast corner of Cambodia along the border with Vietnam. The northwest section of KSWS forms part of Cambodia's Eastern Plains, while the montane southeast section constitutes the south-western edge of the
As in much of Cambodia, two main seasons predominate in KSWS: tropical wet and dry. During the wet season, which runs between April and October, the area receives an average of 2,200–2,800 millimetres (87–110 in) of rainfall.[5] Temperatures range annually from 16 to 36 °C (61 to 97 °F).
The protected area covers part of the Prek Te, and a large part of the Prek Chhlong watersheds, providing ecosystem services to residential and agricultural areas.
Biodiversity
Mixed forest types and a range of elevation gives rise to a rich collection of biodiversity, both flora and fauna. A total of 959 plant, fungi, and animal species have been recorded in the area,[7] the highest reported number for any Cambodian protected area.[2] A total of 356 bird species have been recorded, exceeding the highest number recorded on eBird for any site in Cambodia[2][8] and with at least 21 Picidae species, KSWS has one of the highest global diversities of any site.[2][9]
Seven primate species are found in the protected area, including the vast majority of the world's population of the black-shanked douc langur, with an estimated 25,000 individuals.[10][11] The next largest population, found in Vietnam, is only 500 individuals. A total of 1,432 southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon are found in the evergreen and semi-evergreen forest areas,[10][11] including the world's only habituated groups of this species, at Jahoo Gibbon Camp.[12][13][14]
Significant threatened ungulate populations are present, including Eld's deer, sambar deer, banteng, and the largest living wild bovid, the gaur.
In 2016, the tiger was acknowledged as having been driven to extinction in Cambodia, and in KSWS the last record of tiger was from 2006.[15]
At least 15 newly discovered species have been
- Kerivoula titania)
- Indochinese thick-thumbed bat (Glischropus bucephalus)
- O'Reang horned frog (កង្កែបស្នែងអូររាំង, Ophryophryne synoria)
- Mouhot's litter frog (កង្កែបស្លឹកមួហួត, Leptobrachium mouhoti)
- Red-eyed green pit-viper (Trimeresurus rubeus)
- Scincella nigrofasciata, a skink species
- Cyana angkorensis, a moth species
- Naarda furcatella, a moth species
- Dichomeris hainanensis, a moth species
- Dichomeris magnimacularis, a moth species
- Thubana seimaensis, a moth species
- Promalactis apicuncata, a moth species
- Promalactis quadrilobata, a moth species
- Promalactis seimana, a moth species
- Tanna kimtaewooi, a cicada species
A total of 75
National, regional, and global importance
In addition to having the highest number of species recorded in any Cambodian protected area,[2] KSWS has been highlighted as an area of biodiversity importance under a range of prioritization frameworks.
Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance
The Keo Seima
Biodiversity hotspot
Under the framework developed by Conservation International, KSWS forms part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity hotspot.[17]
Endemic Bird Area (EBA), Important Bird Area (IBA)
The protected area forms part of the EBA 144, South Vietnam Lowlands Endemic Bird Area,[18] recognized for its breeding populations of three restricted-range bird species that characterize the EBA: Germain's peacock-pheasant, Orange-necked partridge and Grey-faced tit-babbler.
KSWS is also covered parts of two Important Bird Areas: KH026 (the Mondulkiri - Kratie Lowlands)[19] and KH027 (Snoul / Keo Sema / O Reang).[20] These are prioritized for conservation of Orange-necked partridge, Siamese fireback, Green peafowl, White-winged duck, and Great hornbill, and for vultures, ibises, sarus crane and green peafowl.
Global 200
Under the Global 200 priority ecoregions for global conservation, KSWS is included in two areas:[21][22]
- Indochina Dry Forests, ecoregion 54. Critical or Endangered.
- Annamite Range Moist Forests, ecoregion 25. Vulnerable.
Last of the Wild
KSWS is included as one of the 569 Last of the Wild areas globally that in 1992 - 1995 were found to have been least affected by human activities,[23] and again included in the v2 2004 update.[24] These areas are:
High Conservation Value Forest
During development of the REDD+ project a number of high conservation values were identified:
- HCV1: Forest areas containing globally, regionally or nationally significant concentrations of biodiversity values
- HCV 1.1: Protected Areas
- HCV 1.2: Threatened and Endangered Species
- HCV 1.3: Endemic Species
- HCV2: Forest areas containing globally, regionally or nationally significant large landscape level forests
- HCV3: Forest areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems
Communities
Unusually for a protected area in Cambodia, KSWS is home to a large human population, predominately of the
Rural livelihoods in the area are typically based on agriculture and forest use, including rain-fed rice paddy, cassava, cashew, rubber and resin tapping from Dipterocarpus species, Dipterocarpus alatus and Dipterocarpus intricatus.[29]
Mondulkiri Province has one of the highest population growth rates in Cambodia.[31]
Management
From first establishment in 2002 until 2016, the site was under management by the Forestry Administration, part of the
REDD+ project
The majority of KSWS is included in a
The project was the first initiative in Cambodia to use an extensive free, prior and informed consent process with independent legal advice,[43] and local communities from 20 villages in and around the protected area have signed agreements to join the KSWS REDD+ project and receive a proportion of profits from the sale of carbon credits.[44]
Threats
Large-scale development projects are under active development, with more planned in the landscape, including mining concessions, active economic land concessions for rubber, new roads, and power transmission lines.[34] Economic Land Concessions (ELC) granted within the protected area and activated between 2010 and 2014 led to the loss of more than 20,000 ha of forest within the protected area, with additional leakage around the ELC boundaries.[45] Renaissance Minerals, owned entirely by Australian Emerald Resources,[46] have two gold exploration licenses that fall entirely within the protected area and the adjacent protected area, Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary.[47][48] KSWS shares its eastern border with Vietnam, and cross-border trade contributes to illegal logging of high value timber species. Migration from other provinces and local demand for expanding farming land continues to drive conversion of forest to agriculture in areas in close proximity to roads, existing agriculture, and markets.[34]
Poaching with snares threatens many terrestrial species,[49] with a young Asian elephant calf killed at the site in 2016.[50][51][52] Populations of some other key species may be declining as a result of intensive snaring.[10][53][54] Elephants are also threatened by agricultural encroachment, with one baby elephant killed in 2018 when becoming trapped in a hole left by the use of fire to illegally clear forest for agriculture,[55] and 11 elephants becoming trapped in an irrigation pool in 2017; in this case, all 11 elephants were successfully rescued by local communities, local authorities, and NGOs including the Wildlife Conservation Society, World Wide Fund for Nature, the Elephant Valley Project.[56][57][58]
References
- ^ a b c d "Sub-decree No.83 on Establishment of Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary - Sub-decree No.83 on Establishment of Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary - OD Mekong Datahub". data.opendevelopmentmekong.net (in Burmese). Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Griffin, Olly. 2019. The Biodiversity of Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary ជីវចម្រុះនៅក្នុងដែនជម្រក សត្វព្រៃកែវសីមា https://cambodia.wcs.org/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?EntryId=37002&PortalId=133&DownloadMethod=attachment
- ^ Royal Government of Cambodia. Prakas on creation of Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area in Samling Logging Concession in Mondulkiri and Kratie Provinces, 260 260 SPrK/KSK § (2002). https://data.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/en/dataset/3f4ce171-0b2b-483e-8c0c-03b0dabeebf1
- ^ a b "Sub-decree No.143 on Establishment of protected forest and biodiversity conservation Keo Seima in Mondulkiri and Kratie". Open Development Mekong. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ^ a b c Evans, T. D., O’Kelly, H. J., Soriyun, M., Hor, N. M., Phaktra, P., & Pheakdey, S. (2013). Seima Protection Forest. In Evidense-based Conservation Lessons from the lower Mekong. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR (pp. 157–86). EarthScan from Routledge.
- ^ Walston, J., Davidson, P., & Soriyun, M. (2001). A Wildlife Survey of Southern Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia, 95.
- ^ S2CID 230013063.
- ^ Sullivan, B.L., C.L. Wood, M.J. Iliff, R.E. Bonney, D. Fink, and S. Kelling. 2009. eBird: a citizen-based bird observation network in the biological sciences. Biological Conservation 142: 2282-2292.
- ^ Styring, A. R. (2002). Local, regional, and global patterns of woodpecker (Picidae) diversity: Ecological explanations and practical applications. Louisiana State University, Louisiana, USA. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3767
- ^ S2CID 245405123.
- ^ a b Nuttall, M., Menghor, N., & O’Kelly, H. (2013). Monitoring of key species in the Seima Protected Forest (p. 29). Phnom Penh, Cambodia: WCS.
- ^ "Jahoo | Ecotourism, Gibbon Conservation and Research". 2020-08-25. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
- ^ "Trekking to Jahoo Gibbon Camp in the Wilds of Mondulkiri". Khiri Travel. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ^ Barca, B., & Vincent, C. (2019). Field Guide: Jahoo Gibbon Camp. (H. Washington & Griffin, Olly, Eds.). Andoung Kraloeng, Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary, Mondulkiri, Cambodia: WCS.
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- ^ a b "Verra project database. Reduced Emissions From Deforestation And Degradation In Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary".
- S2CID 4414279.
- ^ "BirdLife Data Zone. South Vietnamese lowlands EBA 144".
- ^ "BirdLife Data Zone. Mondulkiri - Kratie Lowlands".
- ^ "BirdLife Data Zone. Snoul / Keo Sema / O Reang".
- JSTOR 3298564.
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- ^ "Downloads » Global Human Footprint (Geographic), v2: Last of the Wild, v2 | SEDAC". sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ "Seima village gains protection for its land rights". cambodia.wcs.org. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ "Mondolkiri Minority Group Granted Communal Land Title". Open Development Cambodia (ODC). 22 March 2012. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ "PRESS RELEASE: 3 indigenous communities to receive communal land titles" (PDF). United Nations. 2011.
- ^ "Registered indigenous communal land". Open Development Cambodia (ODC). 23 June 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ ISSN 0264-8377.
- ^ "Cambodia". programs.wcs.org. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ NIIS (2019) General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019. National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning. http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Provisional%20Popula tion%20Census%202019_English_FINAL.pdf
- ^ Sub-decree No. 69 on the Transfer of the Protected Forest, Forest Conservation and Production Forest Areas, and Economic Land Concessions between MAFF, and MoE. https://data.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/en/dataset/-sub-decree-no-69-on-the-transfer-of-the-protected-forest-forest-conservation-and-production-forest
- ^ "WCS Cambodia > Home". cambodia.wcs.org. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ^ S2CID 216085910.
- ^ Twitter https://twitter.com/wcscambodia. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "WCS Cambodia". facebook.com. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
- ^ "Jahoo Gibbon Camp | World Hope International". 2019-11-15. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
- ^ "Jahoo | Ecotourism, Gibbon Conservation and Research". Retrieved 2020-09-25.
- ^ "Elephant Valley Project". 2020.
- ^ a b "Seima REDD+". seimaredd.wcs.org. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ Yeang, D. (2012). Community tenure rights and REDD+: a review of the Oddar Meanchey Community Forestry REDD+ Project in Cambodia. ASEAS - Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 5(2), 263-274. https:// doi.org/10.4232/10.ASEAS-5.2-5
- ^ Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary Project Description v7.1 2015. y Wildlife Conservation Society for the Ministry of Environment of the Royal Government of Cambodia https://verra.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/CCB_PROJ_DESC_ENG_C0047_11NOV2016.pdf
- ^ "The Application of FPIC Standards in Cambodia – MRLG". www.mrlg.org. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
- ^ "Carbon credit sales to benefit villagers". Khmer Times.
- ^ Vizzuality. "Interactive World Forest Map & Tree Cover Change Data | GFW". globalforestwatch.org. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
- ^ "Home Page | Emerald Resources". www.emeraldresources.com.au. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
- ^ "Renaissance Minerals (Cambodia) Limited | Emerald Resources". www.emeraldresources.com.au. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
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- ^ "ELIE assists baby elephant caught in snare". 7 July 2017.
- ^ "Elephant skeleton to go on display in Phnom Penh". Phnom Penh Post.
- ^ "Baby Elephant Dies During Rescue From Trap in Mondolkiri". The Cambodia Daily.
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- ^ "Juvenile elephant found dead in hole in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary". Phnom Penh Post.
- ^ "11 elephants rescued from mud-filled bomb crater". CBS News.
- ^ "11 Asian Elephants Rescued from Mud-Filled Bomb Crater". Live Science.
- ^ "Rescuing 11 Asian Elephants from a mud hole". ScienceDaily.